Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Caen: July 1944

Cromwell wa 7th Army Division. makoswe a m’chipululu; tsiku loyamba la kugwira ntchito kwa Goodwood, July 18, 1944. Vuto la makina amtunduwu linali, mwa zina, kuti mawonekedwe awo aang'ono amafanana ndi akasinja a German, omwe anayambitsa zolakwika zakupha.

Patatha pafupifupi mwezi umodzi akumenyana ku Normandy, Caen adakali malo okopa mbali zonse ziwiri. Poteteza kutuluka kwa Allied ku chigwa chakumwera chakum'mawa kwa mzindawu, Ajeremani adasonkhanitsa magulu ambiri ankhondo pagawo lakutsogolo ili.

Patsiku lomaliza la June 1944, General Montgomery, mkulu wa Gulu Lankhondo la 21, anamaliza ntchito ya Epsom. Atalowa mu mzere wa chitetezo cha Germany kumadzulo kwa Caen, adakokera onse a SS Panzer Corps kunkhondo. Kum'mawa kwa mphero, mdani waku Britain anali 12 SS Panzer Corps, Obergruppenführer Dietrich, panthawiyo opangidwa ndi kutuluka magazi koma akumenyanabe ndi 1st SS Panzer Division. "Hitler Youth" ndi gulu la oponya mabomba akasinja (SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt 1), omwe anali otsogolera kutsogolo ku Caen 9. SS-Pz.Div. "Leibstandarte". Kuchokera kum'mwera ndi kumadzulo, kuukira kwa Britain kunabwezeretsedwa ndi II. SS-Pz.Korps Gruppenführer Bittrich monga gawo la 10th SS-Pz.Div. "Hohenstaufen" ndi 2 SS Panzer Division. "Frundsberg", komwe a Kampfgruppe Weidinger ndi magulu awiri ankhondo olimba a XNUMXth SS Panzer Division. "Das Reich". Tsopano magulu ankhondowa anali kuyesa kupezanso malo omwe atayika.

Izi zinali monga momwe Montgomery ankaganizira. Kuyambira pachiyambi, dongosolo lake la kampeni ya Normandy linali kumanga malo osungiramo zida za Rommel ku Caen mpaka Achimerika anali okonzeka kuyambitsa chiwembu kuchokera kumadera awo akumadzulo komanso pamtunda waukulu kuchokera kumbuyo. Zinali, komabe, masewera otchuka ndi moto, chifukwa Ajeremani sanadziteteze okha ku chitetezo chokhazikika. Montgomery adauza gulu lankhondo lachiwiri la Anglo-Canadian 2nd Army kuti lipitilize kuyesetsa kulanda Caen ndikukakamiza kwambiri kuti aletse adani. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, tinayenera kuonetsetsa kuti mbali yathu ya kum’maŵa yakhazikika. Mdani tsopano anali ndi mphamvu zazikulu kwambiri m'gawo la Caen ndipo adatha kuzigwiritsa ntchito pochotsa ziwopsezo zazikulu. Chifukwa chake, kunali kofunika kwambiri pa dongosolo lonse lochitapo kanthu kuti Gulu Lankhondo Lachiwiri silinatisokoneze popunthwa.

Churchill Ng'ona, wokhala ndi zida zowombera moto, adawopseza ankhondo aku Germany.

Zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa m'mabuku ngati zoyesayesa zolephera kulanda Caen zinalidi masewera owopsa ndi gulu lankhondo la Third Reich. Lieutenant General Dempsey, wamkulu wa 2nd Army, adadzudzulidwa chifukwa chothawa mwachangu kuchokera ku Hill 112 yomwe ili pamalo abwino komanso kutulutsa akasinja kumpoto kwa mtsinje wa Odon. Zomwe zidachitika pa Julayi 1 zidawonetsa, komabe, momwe zinaliri zenizeni zowopsa kuti Ajeremani angawononge mlatho wodutsa pa Odon, womwe unagwidwa chifukwa cha Operation Epsom, ndikuwukira mwamphamvu. M'bandakucha, 9th SS Panzer Division. Gulu la Hohenstaufen ndi Nkhondo la Weidinger linaukira kumpoto kwa mtsinjewu pofuna kuyesanso Rore. Nkhondoyo inapitirira tsiku lonse. Gulu la 49 la "West Riding" Infantry Division, lotchedwa "Polar Bears", linakanidwa chifukwa cha chimbalangondo cha polar mu chizindikiro cha unit. Pamapeto pake, kuukira kwa Germany kunalephera chifukwa cha zida zankhondo. Masana, Obersturmbannführer Otto Meyer, mkulu wa SS-Pz.Rgt. 9 (gulu lankhondo la gulu la "Hohenstaufen"), adamaliza lipoti lake lantchito ku likulu ndi mawu ochokera ku Dante: Siyani chiyembekezo chonse chomwe amabwera kuno.

Kuukira kwa Britain kunabwezeretsanso mzere wakutsogolo kunjira yake yakale. Oponya moto a Churchill Ng'ona anavulaza mabomba omwe anali kubisala m'mipanda, omwe anaphedwa ndi asilikali oyenda pansi omwe ankaperekeza akasinja. Nkhondoyo itangotha, munthu wina dzina lake Lord Howe-Hau, yemwe ankaulutsa nkhani zabodza za Chingelezi pa wailesi ya ku Germany, anaimbira foni gulu la 49th Infantry Division. "Ogulitsa nyama" ndipo adalengeza kuti kuyambira pano, asilikali ogwidwa ndi baji ya chimbalangondo adzawomberedwa nthawi yomweyo. Ajeremani anasunga mawu awo. Msilikali ndi asilikali awiri ochokera ku 1st / Tyneside Scots Regiment (1st Battalion Tyneside Scots) omwe adasowa polondera masiku angapo pambuyo pake mosakayikira anaphedwa. Matupi awo adapezeka m'chipinda chapansi pa nsanja ya Juvigny.

Pa Nkhondo ya Rohr, 10th SS Panzer Division. "Frundsberg" idayambiranso kuukira kwa bridgehead kugombe lakumwera kwa Odon. Ajeremani adalanda mudzi wa Baron mwachidule, koma apa adanyansidwa ndi kuukira ndikubwerera kumbuyo kwa Hill 112, akuwomberedwa ndi zida zankhondo panjira. Oyenda ku Britain adanenanso kuti amuna pafupifupi 300-400 a SS adamwalira pamtunda wakumpoto. Magulu awiriwa adataya kwambiri tsiku lomwelo (msilikali wa 1 adamwalira mu 132nd / Tyneside Scots), koma kwa Ajeremani anali olemetsa kwambiri. Kampfgruppe Weidinger, atataya asilikali 642, kuphatikizapo 108 anaphedwa, adachotsedwa kunkhondo ya Caen ndikubwerera ku gulu la kwawo ("Das Reich"). Imodzi mwa magulu a gulu la Hohenstaufen (SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt. 20) pa July 1 inachepetsedwa ndi 328 grenadiers, kuphatikizapo 51 anaphedwa. Gawo lonselo, kuyambira pomwe adalowa kunkhondo pa June 29 mpaka madzulo a July 2, adalemba kutayika kwa asilikali a 1145 ndi 16 Panthers, 10 PzKpfw IVs ndi XNUMX StuGs.

Uwu unali mtengo wa Germany "zopambana zoteteza". Ajeremani analibenso malingaliro onyenga ponena za amene anali kupambana nkhondo yowononga imeneyi. Von Schweppenburg, wamkulu wa Panzer Group West, adalamula kuti magulu ankhondo achotsedwe pagulu la zida zankhondo zapamadzi.

Anathandizidwa ndi von Rundstedt, mkulu wa asilikali a Germany ku Western Europe. Hitler nthawi yomweyo adathamangitsa onse awiri. Kenako Rommel (mtsogoleri wa Gulu Lankhondo B, mnzake wa Montgomery kumbali inayo) adaseka - monga momwe zidakhalira mwaulosi - ndinali wotsatira pamndandandawo.

amatchedwa carpet

Poona momwe zinthu zinalili m'masiku oyamba a Julayi, Montgomery adati: bwalo lankhondo ku Normandy linali litayamba kale kukhala lofunikira kuti lidutse kutsogolo chakumadzulo chakumadzulo. Ndinkayembekezera kuti ndiyambe opaleshoniyi pa Julayi 3, koma zomwe zidachitikazi zidawonetsa kuti malingalirowa anali abwino kwambiri. M'malo mwake, kupambana kudabwera pa Julayi 25 kokha. Inde, kuchedwa kwa mbali yakumadzulo kunakhudza mwachindunji zochita za 2 Army. Anafunika kukakamiza kwambiri adaniwo kuti apitirizebe kum’mawa.

Cholinga china cha zigawengazi chinali bwalo la ndege la Carpiquet, lomwe lili kumadzulo kwa Caen ndi mudzi wapafupi wa dzina lomweli. Mkulu wa Canadian 3 Infantry Division, amene anapatsidwa ntchito imeneyi, anapatsa mmodzi wa brigades ake oyenda pansi, 8 Infantry Division. Inali ndi magulu atatu ankhondo: 1st / Royal (kuchokera ku The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada), 1st / North Shores (kuchokera ku North Shore New Brunswick Rgt) ndi olankhula Chifalansa 1st / Chauds (kuchokera ku gulu la Le Régiment de la Chaudiere). . Iwo analamulidwa ndi brig. Kenneth Blackader. Kwa nthawi yonse ya opaleshoniyo, gulu lankhondo lowonjezera - 1 / Winnipeg (kuchokera ku Royal Winnipeg Fusiliers, gawo la 7th Infantry Regiment) - ndi makampani atatu a Ottawa Cameron Highlanders, gulu lankhondo "lolemera" (makina olemera a Vickers). mfuti ndi matope) anaikidwa pansi pa ulamuliro wake.

Thandizo lankhondo liyenera kuperekedwa ndi 10th Armd Rgt (Fort Garry Horse) - imodzi mwamagulu aku Canada a 2nd Armd Bde, okhala ndi magulu atatu (pafupifupi 60 Shermans onse), komanso magulu atatu a akasinja apadera (imodzi. iliyonse kuchokera ku Churchill AVRE, Crab imodzi ya Shermans ya minesweeping ndi Churchill Crocodile) kuchokera ku British 79th Army Division. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zankhondo za 21 zakumunda (pafupifupi mfuti za 760) zimayenera kuthandizira kuukira kwa Carpiquet, kuwonjezera pa ndege ndi zombo za Royal Navy. Malo oyambira a anthu aku Canada m'mudzi wa Marseilles anali pamtunda wa 2 km kuchokera pomwe adagwira ntchitoyo, yotchedwa "Windsor".

Wotsutsa wawo anali gulu loyamba la 26 Panzer Grenadier Regiment la Hitler Youth Division (I./SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt. 26), kapena m'malo, zomwe zinatsala pambuyo pa Operation Epsom, i.e. pafupifupi 150-200 asilikali (m'malo 1000). Komabe, bwalo la ndegelo linali ndi zipinda zolimba zomangidwa ndi Luftwaffe zomwe zimateteza ku moto wa zida zankhondo, ndipo maukonde a konkire amatha kukhala ngati ngalande. Komanso, panali malo lathyathyathya la bwalo la ndege, anatambasula mozungulira, mkati utali wa 2 Km, kupereka odana akasinja mfuti. ndi akasinja okumbidwa, malo abwino kwambiri amoto. Batire ya mfuti zinayi za 8,8 cm zotsutsana ndi ndege zidayikidwa kunja kwa bwalo la ndege. Hitler Youth. Kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa bwalo la ndege kuli ma PzKpfw IV asanu ochokera ku kampani ya 9 ya gulu la tanki la division (9./SS-Pz.Rgt. 12). Thandizo la zida zankhondo, ngakhale zoperewera chifukwa chosowa zida, zidaperekedwa ndi III./SS-Pz howwitzers, art. 12 komanso gulu lankhondo la rocket (Werfer-Rgt. 83) lomwe lili ndi zida zoyambira za Nebelwerfer.

Dongosolo lokhumudwitsa linali lankhondo ziwiri, 1st / North Shores ndi 1st / Chauds, kuukira mudzi wa Carpike ndi ma hangars kumpoto kwa eyapoti. Panthawiyi, Gawo la 1/Winnipeg lidzalanda kumwera kwa bwalo la ndege ndi malo ake obisalamo. Gulu lililonse lankhondo lidathandizidwa ndi gulu limodzi la Sherman Squadron la Fort Harry Horse Regiment ndi thanki imodzi yodzipereka. Mu gawo lachiwiri la opareshoni, 1st / Queens idayenera kudutsa Karpike yomwe idagwidwa ndipo kuchokera pamenepo idagunda kumalire akum'mawa kwa eyapoti, komwe kunali nyumba zowongolera magalimoto.

Madzulo a July 3, bwalo la ndege linagwidwa ndi sitima yapamadzi yotchedwa HMS Rodney, yomwe ikupita ku Gulf of Sensky. Kuchokera pa mtunda wa makilomita 24, adawombera ma volleys 15 kuchokera pamfuti zake zisanu ndi zinayi za 410-mm. M’bandakucha pa July 4, anthu a ku Canada anapitiriza kuukira, potsatira mkanganowo. 1 / North Shores ndi 1 / Chauds asilikali anatenga mbali ya kumpoto kwa bwalo la ndege ndi mudzi, kumene pafupifupi 50 Hitler Youth grenadiers kuteteza, popanda vuto lililonse.

Panthawiyi, 1st/Winnipeg Division idawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha matope ndi mfuti zamakina pomwe idayandikira ma hangars omwe ali m'mphepete chakumwera kudutsa dziko lotseguka. Pazifukwa zokwiyitsa, ngakhale a Churchill-ng'ona sakanatha kuthamangitsa Ajeremani m'mipanda yawo ndi oponya moto, ndipo gululo linabwerera kumalo awo oyambirira. Anayesanso kachiwiri masana ndipo ulendo uno anakumana ndi chiwembu. Panthers a 1st ndi 2nd / SS-Pz.Rgt. Matanki 12 omwe adasungidwa kumadera akumadzulo kwa Caen adawonongedwa ndi gulu lankhondo la Sherman, lomwe linataya matanki asanu ndi limodzi mwa 15. Apanso 1st/Winnipeg yabwereranso pa lalikulu. Pofika kumapeto kwa tsikulo, 8th Infantry Regiment inkayang'anira mudziwo ndi kumpoto kwa bwalo la ndege, pamene SS inkayang'anira malo ogona m'mphepete mwa kum'mwera ndi nyumba zakummawa.

Anthu a ku Canada anataya asilikali a 377 (ophedwa, ovulala, osowa). Nkhondoyi idawonongera Ajeremani ma grenadier 155 kuchokera ku I./SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt. 26, yomwe yasiya kukhalapo. Kutada, usiku wa July 4-5, SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt, wotumizidwa ku gawo la Achinyamata la Hitler, adalowa nkhondo ya Karpike. 1 (motorized rifle regiment of the Leibstandarte division). Gulu lake lachiwiri lankhondo lidakhala m'mphepete mwakum'mawa kwa bwalo la ndege. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, gulu lachitatu, lothandizidwa ndi makampani awiri a Panther (1st ndi 4th / SS-Pz.Rgt. 12), anaukira mudzi wa Carpiquet kuchokera kumpoto, kuchokera kumbali ya Frankville. Anataya asilikali a 118 (makamaka chifukwa cha moto wa Nebelwerfer ndi zida zomwe zimayenera kumuthandiza!) ndipo m'bandakucha anabwerera kuseri kwa msewu wa Can Baie.

Kupambana kwapakati kwa Operation Windsor kunayambitsanso mkwiyo mumsasa wa Allied. Mkhalidwewo unali wofanana kwambiri ndi nkhondo ya static ya 1914-1918, yomwe inakhumudwitsa kwambiri anthu a ku Britain. Chitsutso china chinali chakuti panthawiyo magulu ankhondo a Allied pansi ku France sakanatha kuchita chilichonse kuti aletse kuphulika kwa mabomba ku England ndi miyala ya V-1 yothamangitsidwa kuchokera kudera la Pas de Calais. Eisenhower anakumbukira kuti panthaŵi ina ya maulendo a Churchill m’nthaŵi imeneyi, Nduna Yaikulu ya ku Britain inasonyeza kukhumudwa kwake kwakukulu ndi mkhalidwe wa ku Caen.

Kenako anakumbutsa mkulu wa asilikaliyo kuti ali ndi ufulu wochotsa munthu aliyense amene amamuona kuti n’ngosakhutiritsa, mosasamala kanthu za udindo kapena dziko. Zinali zomveka kwa Montgomery, yemwe adalimbikirabe kuti zonse zikuyenda bwino.

"A British sanachite kalikonse pano"

Eisenhower anapitirizabe kulangiza ndi kulimbikitsa mkulu wa gulu la asilikali 21, koma chiwerengero cha otsutsa chinakula. Anagwirizana ndi General Patton, mdani wamkulu wa Montgomery pa Nkhondo ya Sicily, yemwe anafika ku Normandy kumayambiriro kwa July ndi likulu la 1st Army. Pa July 3 analemba mu buku lake: Ndinadya ndi Bradley ndi Montgomery. Titadya tinapita ku tenti yankhondo. Kumeneko Montgomery anayesetsa kutifotokozera chifukwa chake a British sanachite chilichonse mpaka pano. Sanagwirebe Caen ngakhale mzindawu unali cholinga chawo cha D-Day.

Montgomery adakhumudwitsidwa ndi Achimereka monga momwe adakhalira nawo. Atangolanda Cherbourg (zomwe zidachitika pa June 29), adayembekezera kuti adutse mwachangu gawo lawo. Sabata ina idadutsa ndipo Asitikali awo oyamba anali adakali m'madambo ndi mipanda kumpoto kwa Saint-Lô, komwe misewu yambiri inkayenda molunjika pamzere wowukira. Komabe, panali zida zankhondo zochepa zolimbana ndi Bradley - 1th SS-Pz.Gren.Div. "Götz von Berlichingen" (gawo la tank grenadier, lomwe linaphatikizapo gulu lankhondo limodzi) ndi 17nd SS-Pz.Div. "Das Reich". Koma iye anaukira kutsogolo yotakata, osalabadira maganizo Montgomery kuukira "mu German", mu kalembedwe Guderian - anasankha penapake malo ake yokoka ndi kumumenya kamodzi.

Chipatala cha Cannes, chikugwira ntchito yake, a Montgomery adati, sichinali choti chikhale nthawi yayitali, motero chinakhala chovuta kwambiri kwa asitikali aku Britain-Canada. Kupititsa patsogolo kwachiwiri kwa Dempsey kunatanthauza kuti panalibe malo okwanira kuti abweretse mphamvu zatsopano kunkhondo. Kuti zinthu ziipireipire, anzeru anachenjeza kuti pamene akuluakulu a boma la Germany pomalizira pake anazindikira kuti sipadzakhala kuwukiridwa kwachiŵiri kwa Pas-de-Calais, iwo adzayamba kusuntha mphamvu zambiri ku Normandy kuposa poyamba. Montgomery adadziwa kuti afunika kumenyanso kwinakwake kuti asasiye ntchitoyo. Iye mwini anati: “Ziri zoonekeratu kuti mdaniyo anali kudera nkhaŵa kwambiri za mbali yake ya kumadzulo, motero ndinatsimikiza mtima kuwirikizanso khama lathu pa 2nd Army kutsogolo kuti tiletse kusamutsidwa kwa magulu ankhondo owonjezera ankhondo ku Amereka.

Cholinga chachitetezo chotsatira chinali kutenga gawo lakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Caen, limodzi ndi likulu la mzindawo, pokankhira mdani kupyola mzere wa Mtsinje wa Orne kupita kumadera akumidzi (Faubourg de Vauxcelles). Mmodzi akuwona kuti Montgomery adaganiza zowononga malowa kuti aletse otsutsa omwe akunena kuti sanagwirebe Caen. Ntchitoyi idaperekedwa m'magulu atatu ankhondo a 115th a Lieutenant General. Crocker, omwe pamodzi anali ndi asilikali pafupifupi 000.