Wankhondo wodziwika bwino wa RAF Supermarine Spitfire, gawo 2

Kopi yosungidwa pano ya Spitfire XVIIE ikuwuluka. Ndegeyi ndi ya Nkhondo ya Britain Memorial Flight ndipo ili ndi dzina la No. 74 Squadron RAF.

Pamene chithunzicho, chotchedwa K5, chinawulutsidwa pa March 1936, 5054, pamene dzina la Spitfire linali lisanadziwike, ndipo pamene wojambula Reginald Mitchell anayamba kupha pang'onopang'ono khansa ya m'matumbo, zinali zodziwika kale kuti ndege yomwe ili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu idzawonekera. Komabe, zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pake, kuti ndegeyi idawuluka mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, osataya zambiri zamtengo wake, sizinayembekezeredwe ndi aliyense.

Chitsanzocho sichinapange ulendo wake wachiwiri nthawi yomweyo. Chopala chotchinga chokhazikika chinasinthidwa ndi chowongoleredwa kuti chizitha kuthamanga kwambiri, zotchingira zida zoyatsira zidayikidwa, ndipo zida zoyatsira zokha zidatsegulidwa. Ndegeyo idayikidwa pama lifti ndipo makina oyeretsera magudumu adayesedwa. Chitsanzo ndi Spitfire I yoyamba ya mndandanda wa 174 inali ndi hydraulically retractable undercarriage yokhala ndi pampu yopondereza yamanja kuti ipindike ndikuwonjezera chotsitsacho. Kuyambira ndi mayunitsi 175, idasinthidwa ndi pampu yoyendetsedwa ndi injini yokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya 68 atm (1000 psi). Panalinso kutulutsidwa kwadzidzidzi kwa zida zofikira kuchokera ku silinda ya carbon dioxide yomwe ili mu cockpit kumbali ya starboard. Chingwe chapadera cholembedwa kuti "zadzidzidzi zokha" chinapangitsa kuti valavu ya silinda yomata mwapadera ibowole komanso kutulutsa zida zomangira ndi wothinikizidwa wa carbon dioxide, popanda kuthekera kochotsa zida zomangira pambuyo pa kutulutsidwa kwadzidzidzi.

Poyambirira, okonzawo adayambitsa zizindikiro zowala zokha kuti amasulidwe ndi kutsekereza zida zolowera, koma pempho la oyendetsa ndege, chizindikiro cha makina chinawonekera, chomwe chimatchedwa. asilikali pamapiko (timitengo ting'onoting'ono totuluka pamwamba pa phiko). Pa Spitfires onse, ma hydraulic system adagwiritsidwa ntchito pobweza ndikukulitsa zida zofikira. Zotchingira, mabuleki amagudumu, kuyikanso zida zazing'ono, komanso zosintha pambuyo pake, kompresa idasinthidwanso kukhala zida zapamwamba ndi makina a pneumatic. Komprekita inayikidwa mu injini, yomwe imapanga 21 atm (300 psi) ya mpweya wopanikizika. Ndi valavu yapadera, izi zinachepetsedwa kukhala 15 atm (220 psi) kwa ma flaps, zida ndi compressor, ndi 6 atm (90 psi) pa mabuleki amagudumu. Kutembenuka kwa ndege pansi kunkachitidwa ndi kusiyana kwa braking action, i.e. kukanikiza chowongolera mpaka kumanzere ndikukankhira mabuleki gudumu lakumanzere lokha.

Kubwerera ku chassis, K5054 idagwiritsa ntchito silori yakumbuyo, yomwe idasinthidwa ndi gudumu pa Spitfire I. Kumbali inayi, ng'ona zimakupiza pachifanizirocho zidapatuka pa 57 ° pongotera. Yambani pa Spitfire (zosintha zonse) zidapangidwa popanda zomangira. Popeza kuti ndegeyo inali ndi mzere wowoneka bwino wa aerodynamic komanso ungwiro wokwanira bwino (kufanana kwa kukweza kwa kokwana kokwana), K5054 idayandikira pafupi kutera ndi ngodya yocheperako, pomwe ndegeyo inkathamanga kwambiri potsika kwambiri. Ikayimitsidwa, inkakonda "kuyandama" ndikuthamanga pang'ono, ngakhale injiniyo ikakhala ikugwira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, pakupanga ndege, tikulimbikitsidwa kuwonjezera kupotoza kwa 87 °, pomwe iwo adachita ntchito yayikulu yoboola. Malo otsetsereka achita bwino.

Mtundu woyamba, Spitfire IA, unali ndi mfuti zisanu ndi zitatu za 7,7 mm Browning zokhala ndi zida zozungulira 300 pa km ndipo zidayendetsedwa ndi injini ya 1030 hp Merlin II kapena III.

Pambuyo poyang'ana njira yolowera ndikuchotsa zida zotera, ndegeyo idakonzekanso kuwuluka. Pa Marichi 10 ndi 11, ndege yachiwiri ndi yachitatu idapangidwa pamenepo ndipo zida zokwerera zidachotsedwa. Panthawiyo, Eastleigh Corporate Airport pafupi ndi Southampton anachezeredwa ndi Air Marshal Hugh Dowding, yemwe panthawiyo anali membala wa Air Ministry of Air Board monga "Air Supply and Research Member", pa 1 July 1936 adayang'anira ndegeyo. RAF Fighter Command yomwe idapangidwa kumene. Anakondwera kwambiri ndi ndegeyo, pozindikira kuti ili ndi mphamvu zambiri, ngakhale kuti anadzudzula maganizo osauka kuchokera ku cockpit kupita pansi. Mu K5054, woyendetsa ndegeyo adakhala pansi, pansi pa fairing, yolembedwa mu ndondomeko ya hump kuseri kwa cockpit, fairing analibe "wotumbululuka" khalidwe la Spitfire.

Posakhalitsa, kuyambira pa Marichi 24, maulendo ena apandege pa K5054 anachitidwa ndi C. Resident (Lieutenant) George Pickering, wodziwika popanga malupu pa bwato lowuluka la Walrus, nthawi zina kuyiyambitsa, mpaka kukhumudwa kwa Mitchell, kuchokera pamtunda wa mamita 100. Iye anali woyendetsa bwino kwambiri, ndi prototype wa womenya watsopano sanali zovuta kwa iye. Pa Epulo 2, 1936, K5054 idatsimikizika pamaulendo apandege, motero ndege iliyonse sinalinso yoyesera. Zimenezi zinapangitsa kuti oyendetsa ndege ena aziulutsa.

Pamayeserowo, mavuto adawululidwa ndi injini yapafupi yomwe sinkafuna kuyamba, kotero pambuyo pa maulendo angapo adasinthidwa ndi wina. Merlin C yoyambirira idatulutsa 990 hp. Pambuyo posintha injini, kuyesa kwa prototype, makamaka ponena za kayendetsedwe ka ndege, kunapitirizabe kuwirikiza kawiri. Pakuyesa, palibe cholakwika chachikulu chomwe chidapezeka, kupatula kuti chiwongolerocho chidalipiridwa mopitilira muyeso ndipo chimasunthidwa momasuka kwambiri pa liwiro lililonse. Liwiro la chitsanzo anali za 550 Km / h, ngakhale ankayembekezera zambiri, koma Mitchell ankakhulupirira kuti liwiro adzawonjezeka ndi kusintha anakonza. Kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, K5054 idatengedwa kupita ku Farborough kukayezetsa mapiko a resonance. Zinapezeka kuti flutter inachitika kale pang'ono kuposa momwe amayembekezera, kotero kuti liwiro lamadzimadzi linali la 610 km / h.

K9 idabwerera ku Eastleigh pa 5054 Epulo ndipo idatengedwa kupita kumalo osungiramo zinthu tsiku lotsatira kuti ikasinthidwe pambuyo poyesedwa koyamba. Choyamba, nyanga ya nyanga ya chiwongolero yachepetsedwa, mawonekedwe a mapeto a vertical stabilizer asinthidwa pang'ono, dera la mpweya wopita ku carburetor lawonjezeka, ndipo makina a injini alimbikitsidwa. . . Poyamba, ndegeyo idapakidwa utoto wabuluu. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya ojambula ku Derby, ku Rolls-Royce (magalimoto), kusalala kwapamwamba kwambiri kunapezeka.

Pa May 11, 1936, atasintha, ndegeyo inatengedwanso mlengalenga ndi Geoffrey K. Quill. Zinapezeka kuti ndegeyo, itatha kusanja bwino chiwongolero, tsopano ndiyosangalatsa kuwuluka. Mphamvu ya ma pedals tsopano inali yokulirapo pang'ono kuposa chogwirira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zisamagwirizane bwino. Chowongolera chowongolera chinakhala cholimba podutsa (ailerons) ndi njira zotalikirapo (ma elevator) mothamanga kwambiri, zomwe zinali zachilendo.

Pamayesero pa Meyi 14 pa liwiro la 615 km / h mukuyenda pansi, chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kuchokera pansi pa phiko lakumanzere, zida zofikira zidatsika, zomwe zidagunda kumbuyo kwa fuselage. Komabe, zowonongekazo zinali zazing'ono ndipo zinakonzedwa mwamsanga. Pakadali pano, RAF idayamba kukakamiza kuti chithunzichi chitumizidwe kukayezetsa posachedwa ku Martlesham Heath, komwe kunali malo a Aircraft and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE; pafupi ndi Ipswich, pafupifupi 120 km kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa London). amene pa September 9, 1939 anasamutsidwa ku Boscombe Down.

Ngakhale atapenta ndi kukonza, K5054 idafika pa liwiro la 540 km / h pakuwuluka. Komabe, zidapezeka kuti woyendetsa ndegeyo ndiye anali ndi mlandu, nsonga zake zidapitilira liwiro la mawu, kutaya mphamvu. Komabe, pa nthawi imeneyo, zatsopano zinapangidwa, ndi mbiri yabwino ndi m'mimba mwake pang'ono ang'onoang'ono, chifukwa May 15 anakwaniritsa yopingasa ndege liwiro la 560 Km / h. Uku kunali kuwongolera kotsimikizika ndipo momveka bwino kupitirira 530 km/h kukwaniritsidwa ndi mpikisano wa Hawker Hurricane, yomwe mwaukadaulo inali yosavuta kupanga zambiri. Komabe, Mitchell tsopano adaganiza kuti ndegeyo ikhoza kusamutsidwa ku A & AEE ku Martlesham Heath kuti iyesedwe. Pa May 15, ndegeyo inafika pamtunda wa mamita 9150, kenako inabwereranso ku hanger kukonzekera kusamutsidwa.

Popeza panalibe mfuti zokwanira za Browning, m'malo mwake anali ndi ballast m'mapiko a ndege akuwatsanzira, koma izi zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kuyesa zida. Koma Ministry of Aviation pa Meyi 22 idavomera kubweretsa mawonekedwe amtunduwu. Pomaliza, pa May 26, a Joseph "Mutt" Summers adapereka K5054 ku Martlesham Heath.

Kuyesa kwa RAF

Zinali zofala pamene woyendetsa fakitale adapereka ndege yatsopano ku A & AEE, poyamba idayesedwa ndikuyang'aniridwa pamene woyendetsa ndege wa RAF akukonzekera kuwuluka, akuphunzira momwe amachitira. Kawirikawiri, ndege yoyamba inachitika pafupifupi masiku 10 pambuyo pobereka. Koma pa nkhani ya K5054, unduna wa zandege udalandira lamulo loti uiulule mwachangu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, atafika, ndegeyo idawonjezeredwa mafuta, ndipo "Mutt" Summers adawonetsa woyendetsa. J. Humphrey Edwards-Jones anapeza malo a masiwichi osiyanasiyana mu kanyumbako ndipo anamupatsa malangizo.

Ndege yoyamba ya ndege yatsopanoyi idapangidwa pa Meyi 26, 1936, tsiku lomwelo chithunzicho chidaperekedwa ku Martlesham Heath. Iye anali woyendetsa ndege woyamba wa RAF kuwulutsa wankhondo wapagulu. Atafika, analamulidwa kuti ayimbire Air Ministry nthawi yomweyo. Major General (Air Vice-Marshal) Sir Wilfrid Freeman anafunsa kuti: Sindikufuna kukufunsani chilichonse, ndipo ndithudi simukudziwa zonse. Koma ndikufuna ndikufunseni, mukuganiza bwanji, woyendetsa ndege wachinyamata amatha kugwiritsa ntchito makina apamwamba kwambiri otere? Ili ndilo linali vuto lalikulu la Royal Air Force - kodi ndegeyo yapita patsogolo kwambiri? Adayankha motsimikiza Edwards-Jones. Malingana ngati woyendetsa ndegeyo akulangizidwa bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zothawirako komanso zotchingira. Chabwino, zinali zatsopano, oyendetsa ndegewo adayenera kuzolowera kukulitsa zida zokwerera asanatsike, komanso zotchingira kuti achepetse njirayo mwachangu.

Lipoti la boma latsimikizira izi. Imati K5054 ndi: yosavuta komanso yosavuta kuyendetsa ndege, ilibe zolakwika zazikulu. Ziwongolerozi zimayenderana bwino kwambiri kuti zipereke mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa kuyendetsa bwino ndi kukhazikika kwa nsanja. Kunyamuka ndi kutera ndi zolondola komanso zosavuta. Ndege zoyamba za K5054 ku A&AEE zidasankha tsogolo la ndegeyo - pa June 3, 1936, Unduna wa Zamlengalenga udalamula omenyera nkhondo 310 amtundu uwu kuchokera ku Vickers Supermarine, dongosolo lalikulu kwambiri lamtundu umodzi wa ndege womwe unayikidwa mu 30s. fakitale ya ndege yaku Britain. Komabe, patatha masiku atatu, pa June 6, 1936, mbiriyi inasweka mwankhanza - asilikali okwana 600 a Hurricane adalamulidwa kuchokera ku fakitale ya Hawker. Polamula mitundu iwiri ya ndege ndi cholinga chomwecho, Royal Air Force inapewa chiopsezo cha kulephera kwa imodzi mwa izo. Spitfire inali ndi ntchito yabwinoko pang'ono, koma inalinso yovuta kupanga, kotero kuti mphepo yamkuntho yochepa kwambiri yogwira ntchito ikanatha kuperekedwa kumagulu akuluakulu panthawi imodzimodziyo, kufulumizitsa kusintha kwa chibadwidwe.

Pa June 4 ndi 6, liwiro la K5054 linayesedwa, kufika pa 562 km / h pamtunda wa mamita 5100. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, komabe, zolakwika zingapo zazing'ono zinadziwika panthawi ya mayesero, zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa kuti zitheke. wankhondo wathunthu. Choyamba, chidwi chinaperekedwa ku chivundikiro cha cockpit, kuwonekera kwake komwe kunali koyenera kuwongolera kuti athe kutsata bwino adani pankhondo yamlengalenga, mawonekedwe apano anali okwanira "kuyendetsa" ndege. Ndinazindikiranso kuti elevator pa liwiro otsika ntchito kwambiri efficiently, amene pa mmodzi wa ankatera pafupifupi kumabweretsa tsoka - mmodzi wa oyendetsa mayeso anagunda udzu pamwamba pa bwalo la ndege ndi mchira skidding ndi mphuno pa ngodya ya 45 ° pamwamba. . Analinganizidwa kuti achepetse kupotokola kwa chiwongolero, ndipo nthawi yomweyo sungani maulendo angapo a ndodo kuti kuyenda kwa ndodo kumatanthauze kusuntha pang'ono. Chinthu chinanso ndi kuyenda kolemera kwa radiator shutter pa liwiro lalikulu, "kuuma" kwa chiwongolero pamadzi othamanga kwambiri, kupeza mwayi wopita ku wailesi yamakono, ndi zina zotero.

Kuyesedwa ku Martlesham Heath kudapitilira mpaka pa 16 June 1936, pomwe Geoffrey Quill adafika kudzatenga K5054 kubwerera ku Eastleigh, kufakitale. Potera, zidapezeka kuti ndegeyo idagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri. Zinali zodziwikiratu kuti penapake panabowoka. Ndipo patapita masiku aŵiri, pa June 18, 1936, anakonza kawonedwe kakang’ono ka atolankhani ndi anthu onse ku Vickers Supermarine. Kampaniyo inkafuna kulengeza zinthu zake zaposachedwa, kuphatikiza ma prototypes a bomba la Wellesley komanso chiwonetsero cha Wellington chomwe changotulutsidwa kumene, Walrus amphibious prototype, mabwato owuluka a Straner ndi Scapa omwe apangidwa kale. Kodi kampaniyi idaphonya Type 300, Spitfire yamtsogolo? Geoffrey Quill ankaganiza kuti popeza mtundu wa 300 uli ndi thanki yamafuta ya malita 32 ndipo ulendowu uyenera kungotenga mphindi 5 zokha, bwanji osatero? Zambiri sizingawukhire… Mneneri wa Rolls-Royce Willoughby "Bill" Lappin adatsutsa izi. Zikuoneka kuti anali wangwiro ...

Geoffrey Quill atangonyamuka pa K5054 mafuta aja adatsika mpaka ziro. Injini ikhoza kuyima nthawi iliyonse. Woyendetsa ndegeyo anapanga bwalo pa liwiro lochepera lofunikira kuti apitirizebe mlengalenga, ndipo anatera bwinobwino. Mwamwayi, palibe chomwe chinachitika, ngakhale kuti chinali pafupi. Pambuyo poyang'ana injiniyo, zidapezeka kuti sizinawonongeke kwambiri, koma ziyenera kusinthidwa. Atasinthidwa, K5054 idawonekeranso pa June 23, 1936.