Zonse za kukula kwa injini

M'nkhani:

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za injini yoyaka moto yokhayokha, komanso galimoto yonse ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi. Zimatengera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe injini imatha kupanga, ndi liwiro lotani lomwe lingathe kuthamangitsa galimotoyo. M'mayiko ambiri, ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya injini yomwe ndi chizindikiro chomwe misonkho yosiyanasiyana ndi malipiro omwe amaperekedwa ndi mwiniwake wa galimotoyo amatsimikiziridwa. Kufunika kwa khalidweli kumagogomezedwanso ndi mfundo yakuti mtengo wake mu mawonekedwe amodzi nthawi zambiri umasonyezedwa m'dzina la chitsanzo.

Komabe, si onse oyendetsa galimoto amamvetsa bwino tanthauzo la injini kusamutsidwa, zimadalira izo, ndi chimene injini kusamutsidwa ndi bwino pa zinthu zina ntchito.

Zomwe zimatchedwa kusamuka kwa injini

Mfundo yaikulu yogwiritsira ntchito injini yoyaka mkati mwa piston ikhoza kufotokozedwa motere. Kusakaniza kwamafuta ndi mpweya kumaperekedwa kwa masilindala mu gawo linalake. Kumeneko amapanikizidwa ndi pisitoni. M'ma injini a petulo, chisakanizocho chimayaka chifukwa cha mphamvu yamagetsi kuchokera, mu injini za dizilo, imangoyaka yokha chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kukanikiza kwakukulu. Kuyaka kwa chisakanizo kumayambitsa kuwonjezereka kwamphamvu ndi kuthamangitsidwa kwa pisitoni. Amapangitsa ndodo yolumikizira kuyenda, yomwe imayambanso kuyenda. Kupitilira apo, kudzera pakupatsirana, kuzungulira kwa crankshaft kumafalikira kumawilo.

M'mayendedwe ake obwerezabwereza, pisitoni imachepetsedwa ndi pakati ndi pansi pakufa. Mtunda pakati pa TDC ndi BDC umatchedwa stroke of the piston. Tikachulukitsa gawo la silinda ndi pisitoni sitiroko, timapeza kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya silinda.

Nthawi zambiri, gawo la mphamvu lili ndi silinda imodzi, ndiyeno voliyumu yake yogwira ntchito imatsimikiziridwa ngati kuchuluka kwa ma silinda onse.

Nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa mu malita, chifukwa chake mawu oti "kusamuka" amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Mtengo wa voliyumu nthawi zambiri umazungulira mpaka gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi la lita. Nthawi zina ma kiyubiki centimita amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo la muyeso, mwachitsanzo, pankhani ya njinga zamoto.

Kukula kwa injini ndi gulu la magalimoto opepuka

Makina aliwonse amtundu wamtundu wake ali ndi magalimoto amitundu yosiyanasiyana, makulidwe, masinthidwe, opangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, zosowa ndi kuthekera kwachuma kwa ogula.

Pakali pano, palibe gulu limodzi la magalimoto kutengera kukula kwa injini padziko lapansi. Mu Soviet Union, panali dongosolo lomwe linagawa injini zamagalimoto m'magulu asanu:

• zowonjezera zazing'ono ndi voliyumu mpaka 1,1 l;
• yaying'ono - kuchokera 1,1 mpaka 1,8 malita;
• sing'anga - kuchokera 1,8 mpaka 3,5 malita;
• lalikulu - kuchokera 3,5 mpaka 5,0 malita ndi pamwamba;
• apamwamba kwambiri - mu kalasi iyi, kukula kwa injini sikunayendetsedwe.

Gulu loterolo linali lofunikira pamene injini za mumlengalenga zoyendetsedwa ndi petulo zinali kulamulira. Tsopano dongosololi likhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi lachikale, chifukwa siliganizira za injini za dizilo, mayunitsi a turbocharged ndi injini zina zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano.

Nthawi zina gulu losavuta limagwiritsidwa ntchito, malinga ndi zomwe ma motors amagawidwa m'magulu atatu. Kuchokera 1,5 malita mpaka 2,5 malita - injini zosamuka zapakati. Chilichonse chochepera malita ndi theka chimatanthawuza magalimoto ang'onoang'ono ndi ma minicars, ndipo injini zopitirira malita awiri ndi theka zimaonedwa kuti ndi zazikulu. Zikuwonekeratu kuti dongosololi liri ndi malamulo.

Magulu aku Europe a magalimoto onyamula anthu amawagawa m'magawo amsika omwe akuwatsata ndipo samayendetsa bwino magawo aliwonse aukadaulo. Chitsanzocho ndi cha gulu limodzi kapena lina kutengera mtengo, miyeso, kasinthidwe ndi zina zambiri. Koma makalasiwo alibe dongosolo lomveka bwino, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kugawanikaku kungathenso kuonedwa ngati koyenera. Gulu likuwoneka motere:

• A - magalimoto ang'onoang'ono / yaying'ono / yamtawuni (Magalimoto ang'onoang'ono / Magalimoto ammzinda);
• B - magalimoto ang'onoang'ono / ophatikizika (Magalimoto ang'onoang'ono / Supermini);
• C - otsika apakati / gulu la gofu (Magalimoto apakatikati / Magalimoto Ophatikizika / Magalimoto abanja ang'onoang'ono);
• D - magalimoto apakati / banja (magalimoto akuluakulu);
• E - chapamwamba chapakati / kalasi yamabizinesi (Magalimoto akuluakulu);
• F - magalimoto akuluakulu (magalimoto apamwamba);
• J - SUVs;
• M - minivans;
• S - masewera coupe / supercars / convertibles / roadsters / gran tourism.

Ngati wopanga akuwona kuti chitsanzocho chili pamgwirizano wa zigawo, ndiye kuti chizindikiro "+" chitha kuwonjezeredwa ku chilembo cha kalasi.

Mayiko ena ali ndi machitidwe awoawo, ena amaganizira kukula kwa injini, ena alibe.

Kusuntha ndi mphamvu ya injini

Mphamvu ya mphamvu yamagetsi imatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito yake. Komabe, kudalira kumeneku sikuli kofanana nthawi zonse. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mphamvu zimatengeranso kukakamiza kwapakati pachipinda choyaka moto, kutayika kwamphamvu, ma diameter a valve ndi zina zopangidwira. Makamaka, ndizosiyana molingana ndi kutalika kwa kugunda kwa pistoni, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi chiŵerengero cha miyeso ya ndodo yolumikizira ndi ndodo zolumikizira za crankshaft.

Pali mwayi wowonjezera mphamvu popanda kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ntchito zamasilinda komanso popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta owonjezera. Njira zodziwika bwino ndikuyika makina a turbocharging kapena ma valve osintha nthawi. Koma machitidwe oterowo amawonjezera mtengo wa galimotoyo, ndipo pakagwa kuwonongeka, kukonzanso kudzakhala kokwera mtengo kwambiri.

Zomwezo zimathekanso - kuchepetsa mphamvu ya injini pamene sichidzadzaza. Injini zomwe zamagetsi zimatha kuzimitsa masilinda amodzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kale pamagalimoto ena opanga opangidwa kunja. Kuchuluka kwamafuta kumafika 20%.

Kuphatikiza apo, ma prototypes a injini zoyaka mkati adapangidwa, mphamvu yomwe imayendetsedwa ndikusintha kutalika kwa pistoni.

Chinanso chomwe chimakhudza kuchuluka kwa ntchito

The mathamangitsidwe mphamvu ya galimoto ndi liwiro pazipita kuti akhoza kukhala zimadalira kusamutsidwa kwa injini kuyaka mkati. Koma apanso, pali kudalira kwina kwa magawo a crank mechanism.

Ndipo, ndithudi, kusamutsidwa kwa unit kumakhudza mtengo wa galimoto, komanso, kwambiri. Ndipo sikuti kungowonjezera mtengo wopangira injini yokha. Kuti mugwire ntchito ndi injini yamphamvu kwambiri, pamafunikanso gearbox yoopsa kwambiri. Galimoto yothamanga kwambiri imafuna mabuleki amphamvu komanso amphamvu. Zowonjezereka, zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zokwera mtengo kwambiri zidzakhala dongosolo la jekeseni, chiwongolero, kufalitsa ndi kuyimitsidwa. mwachiwonekere adzakhalanso okwera mtengo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta nthawi zambiri kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kukula kwa masilindala: akamakulirakulira, galimotoyo imakhala yowopsa kwambiri. Komabe, sikuti zonse zimamveka bwino apa. Ndikuyenda chete kuzungulira mzindawo, magalimoto ang'onoang'ono amawononga pafupifupi 6 ... 7 malita a petulo pa 100 km. Kwa magalimoto okhala ndi injini yapakatikati, kumwa ndi 9 ... 14 malita. Injini zazikulu "kudya" 15 ... 25 malita.

Komabe, mumsewu wovuta kwambiri m'galimoto yaying'ono, nthawi zambiri muyenera kukhala ndi liwiro la injini, gasi, kusinthana ndi magiya otsika. Ndipo ngati galimoto yodzaza, ndipo ngakhale mpweya woziziritsa mpweya uli, ndiye kuti mafuta adzawonjezeka kwambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mathamangitsidwe dynamics adzakhala moonekera poipa.

Koma ponena za kayendetsedwe ka misewu ya kumidzi, pa liwiro la 90 ... 130 km / h, kusiyana kwa mafuta a galimoto omwe ali ndi injini zosiyana siyana sikuli kwakukulu.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa ICE ndi voliyumu yayikulu ndi yaying'ono

Posankha galimoto yogula, ambiri amatsogoleredwa ndi zitsanzo zomwe zimakhala ndi injini yaikulu. Kwa ena ndi nkhani ya kutchuka, kwa ena ndi kusankha kwachidziwitso. Koma kodi mumafunadi galimoto yoteroyo?

Kuchuluka kwa kusamuka kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mphamvu zapamwamba, ndipo izi, ndithudi, ziyenera kukhala chifukwa cha ubwino wake. Injini yamphamvu imakupatsani mwayi wofulumizitsa mwachangu komanso kudzidalira mukadutsa, kusintha misewu ndikuyendetsa kukwera, komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana omwe siwofanana. M'matawuni abwinobwino, palibe chifukwa chozungulira motere mothamanga kwambiri. Mpweya wozizira womwe umaphatikizidwa ndi katundu wathunthu wa okwera sudzakhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa kayendetsedwe ka galimoto.

Popeza mayunitsi akuluakulu ndi apakatikati amayendetsedwa, monga lamulo, m'malo osalimba kwambiri, mphamvu yawo imakhala yokwera kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, magalimoto ambiri German ndi 5-lita ngakhale 3-lita injini mosavuta kupereka mtunda wa makilomita miliyoni kapena kuposa popanda. Koma injini zamagalimoto ang'onoang'ono nthawi zambiri zimayenera kugwira ntchito molingana ndi kuthekera kwawo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuvala ndi kung'ambika, ngakhale mosamala, kumachitika mwachangu.

Kuonjezera apo, mu nyengo yozizira, voliyumu yayikulu imalola injini kutentha mofulumira.

Pali kuthekera kwakukulu ndi zovuta zazikulu. Choyipa chachikulu chamitundu yokhala ndi injini yayikulu ndi mtengo wokwera, womwe umakwera kwambiri ngakhale pakuwonjezeka pang'ono kwakusamuka.

Koma zandalama sizimangotengera mtengo wogulira. Kusamuka kwa injini kukakhala kokulirapo, ndiye kuti kukonza ndi kukonza kokwera mtengo kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito kudzawonjezekanso. Kuchuluka kwa malipiro a inshuwalansi kumadalira kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya unit. Kutengera ndi malamulo apano, kuchuluka kwa msonkho wamayendedwe kumatha kuwerengedwanso poganizira kusamuka kwa injini.

Kuchulukitsa kwamafuta kumawonjezeranso ndalama zoyendetsera galimoto yayikulu. Chifukwa chake, poyang'ana "chilombo" champhamvu, choyamba, yang'anani mosamala luso lanu lazachuma.

Vuto la kusankha

Posankha galimoto, ndi bwino kupewa zitsanzo za kalasi A zomwe zili ndi injini ya 1 lita imodzi kapena zochepa. Galimoto yotereyi sikuyenda bwino, siyenera kupitilira, zomwe nthawi zina zimatha kukhala zowopsa. Makina odzaza adzakhala opanda mphamvu. Koma ngati mutakwera nokha, musamve zilakolako zosasamala, ndipo mukusowa ndalama, ndiye kuti njira iyi ndi yovomerezeka. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito zidzakhala zotsika, koma sikuli koyenera kuwerengera ntchito yayitali yopanda mavuto ya injini.

Kwa oyendetsa galimoto ambiri popanda zonena zochulukira, chisankho chabwino chingakhale kalasi B kapena C galimoto yokhala ndi injini yokhala ndi 1,3 ... 1,6 malita. Galimoto yotereyi ili kale ndi mphamvu zabwino ndipo nthawi yomweyo sichiwononga mwiniwake ndi ndalama zambiri zamafuta. Galimoto yotereyi idzakuthandizani kuti mukhale ndi chidaliro chokwanira m'misewu ya mumzinda komanso kunja kwa mzinda.

Ngati ndalama zilola, ndi bwino kugula galimoto ndi mphamvu ya 1,8 mpaka 2,5 malita. Magawo oterowo nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'kalasi D. Kuthamanga kuchokera pamagetsi, kudutsa mumsewu waukulu kapena kukwera kwautali sikungabweretse vuto lililonse. Njira yopumira imatsimikizira kulimba kwa injini. Kawirikawiri, iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri ya galimoto ya banja. Zowona, mtengo wamafuta ndi ntchito udzakhala wokwera pang'ono.

Amene amafunikira mphamvu yabwino, koma akufuna kupulumutsa mafuta, ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa zitsanzo zomwe zili ndi turbocharger. The turbine amatha kuonjezera mphamvu ya injini ndi 40 ... 50% ndi injini yofanana ndi mafuta. Zowona, gawo la turbocharged limafuna kugwira ntchito moyenera. Apo ayi, gwero lake likhoza kukhala lochepa. Nuance iyi iyenera kuganiziridwa pogula galimoto yogwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kuti mugwiritse ntchito panjira, simungathe kuchita popanda gawo lamphamvu lokhala ndi voliyumu ya 3,0 ... 4,5 malita. Kuphatikiza pa ma SUV, ma motors awa amayikidwa pagulu la bizinesi ndi magalimoto akuluakulu. Sikuti aliyense angakwanitse kugula magalimoto amenewa, osatchulapo kuti chilakolako chawo cha mafuta ndi chachikulu kwambiri.

Eya, amene ali ndi ndalama zopanda malire samalabadira zing’onozing’ono zoterozo. Ndipo sangawerenge nkhaniyi. Choncho, n'zosamveka kupereka malangizo okhudza kugula galimoto ndi unit kusamutsidwa malita 5 kapena kuposa.