Crankshaft - maziko a injini ya pisitoni

Inde, aliyense wamvapo za crankshaft. Koma, mwina, si woyendetsa galimoto aliyense amene amamvetsa bwino chomwe chiri ndi chomwe chiri. Ndipo ena sadziwa n’komwe mmene zimaonekera ndiponso kumene zili. Panthawiyi, ichi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri, popanda zomwe pisitoni yoyaka mkati mwa injini yamoto (ICE) sizingatheke. 

Gawo ili, ziyenera kudziwidwa, ndilolemera komanso lokwera mtengo, ndipo m'malo mwake ndi bizinesi yovuta kwambiri. Choncho, mainjiniya sasiya kuyesa kupanga injini zina zoyaka zopepuka mkati, zomwe munthu angachite popanda crankshaft. Komabe, zosankha zomwe zilipo, mwachitsanzo, injini ya Frolov, ikadali yaiwisi kwambiri, kotero ndisanayambike kulankhula za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni kwa unit yotere.

Kusankhidwa

Crankshaft ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuphatikiza kofunikira kwa injini yoyaka mkati - crank mechanism (KShM). Makinawa amaphatikizanso ndodo zolumikizira ndi zigawo za gulu la silinda-pistoni. 

Pamene mpweya-mafuta osakaniza kuwotchedwa mu yamphamvu injini, kwambiri wothinikizidwa mpweya aumbike, amene pa mphamvu sitiroko gawo amakankhira pisitoni pansi akufa pakati. 

Ndodo yolumikizira imalumikizidwa ndi pisitoni kumapeto kwina mothandizidwa ndi pistoni, ndipo kumapeto kwina ndi magazini yolumikizira ya crankshaft. Kuthekera kolumikizana ndi khosi kumaperekedwa ndi gawo lochotsamo la ndodo yolumikizira, yotchedwa cap. Popeza kuti magazini ya ndodo yolumikizira imachotsedwa pokhudzana ndi kutalika kwa tsinde, ndodo yolumikizira ikakankhira, mtengowo umatembenuka. Zimakhala zokumbutsa za kuzungulira kwa ma pedals a njinga. Choncho, mayendedwe obwerezabwereza a pistons amasinthidwa kukhala kuzungulira kwa crankshaft. 

Pamapeto amodzi a crankshaft - shank - flywheel imayikidwa, yomwe imakanizidwa. Kupyolera mu izo, torque imaperekedwa ku shaft yolowera ya gearbox ndiyeno kudzera pamapazi. Kuphatikiza apo, flywheel yayikulu, chifukwa cha inertia yake, imatsimikizira kusinthasintha kofanana kwa crankshaft pakadutsa pakati pa zikwapu zogwira ntchito za pistoni. 

Kumapeto ena a shaft - amatchedwa chala - amaika giya, kudzera momwe kasinthasintha imafalikira ku camshaft, ndipo imayang'anira ntchito yogawa gasi. Kuyendetsa komweko nthawi zambiri kumayambitsanso mpope wamadzi. Pano pali ma pulleys oyendetsa mayunitsi othandizira - mpope wowongolera mphamvu (), jenereta, chowongolera mpweya. 

Ntchito yomanga

Crankshaft iliyonse imatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe ake. Komabe, zinthu zomwe zimafanana kwa onse zimatha kusiyanitsa.

Magawo omwe ali pamtunda waukulu wa shaft amatchedwa main magazine (10). Crankshaft imakhazikika pa iwo ikayikidwa mu crankcase ya injini. Miyendo yosalala (mizere) imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuyika.

Zolemba zolumikizira ndodo (6) zimayenderana ndi nsonga yayikulu, koma zimachoka pamenepo. Ngakhale kusinthasintha kwa magazini akuluakulu kumachitika motsatira njira yayikulu, magazini a crank amayenda mozungulira. Awa ndi mawondo omwewo, chifukwa chomwe gawolo linatchedwa dzina lake. Amatumikira kugwirizanitsa ndodo zogwirizanitsa ndipo kupyolera mwa iwo amalandira kayendedwe kake ka pistoni. Ma bearings osalala amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pano. Chiwerengero cha magazini olumikizira ndodo ndi ofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa masilindala mu injini. Ngakhale mu injini zooneka ngati V, ndodo ziwiri zolumikizira nthawi zambiri zimakhala pamagazini imodzi yayikulu.

Kubwezera mphamvu za centrifugal zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kuzungulira kwa crankpins, nthawi zambiri, ngakhale nthawi zonse, zimakhala ndi zotsutsana (4 ndi 9). Zitha kukhala mbali zonse za khosi kapena pamutu umodzi. Kukhalapo kwa ma counterweights kumapewa kusinthika kwa shaft, komwe kungayambitse ntchito yolakwika ya injini. Pali nthawi zambiri pamene kupindika kwa crankshaft kumabweretsa kugwedezeka kwake.

Otchedwa masaya (5) kulumikiza waukulu ndi kulumikiza ndodo magazini. Amakhalanso ngati zowonjezera zowonjezera. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa masaya, kutali kwambiri ndi nkhwangwa yaikulu ndi magazini ogwirizanitsa ndodo, choncho, ndipamwamba pa torque, koma m'munsimu liwiro lalikulu lomwe injini imatha kupanga.

Pali nsonga (7) pa shank ya crankshaft yomwe imamangiriridwapo gudumu la ntchentche.

Kumbali inayi pali mpando (2) wa camshaft drive gear (timing lamba).

Nthawi zina, kumapeto kwa crankshaft pali zida zokonzeka zoyendetsera mayunitsi othandizira.

Crankshaft imayikidwa mu crankcase ya injini pamalo okhalamo pogwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe akuluakulu, omwe amakhazikika kuchokera pamwamba ndi zofunda. Kuyika mphete pafupi ndi zolemba zazikulu sikulola shaft kusuntha mozungulira. Kuchokera kumbali ya chala ndi shank ya shaft mu crankcase pali zisindikizo za mafuta. 

Kuti apereke mafuta ku magazini akuluakulu ndi olumikizira ndodo, amakhala ndi mabowo apadera amafuta. Kupyolera mu njirazi, zomwe zimatchedwa liners (zoyenda zoyendetsa) zimayikidwa mafuta, zomwe zimayikidwa pakhosi.

Kupanga

Popanga ma crankshafts, magiredi apamwamba kwambiri achitsulo ndi mitundu yapadera yachitsulo choponyedwa ndi kuwonjezera kwa magnesium amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mitsuko yachitsulo nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi kupondaponda (forging) kutsatiridwa ndi kutentha ndi chithandizo chamakina. Kuonetsetsa kuti mafuta akupezeka, njira zapadera zamafuta zimabowoleredwa. Pamapeto omaliza kupanga, gawolo limakhala lokhazikika kuti libwezere mphindi zapakati zomwe zimachitika pakasinthasintha. Mtsinjewo ndi wokhazikika ndipo motero kugwedezeka ndi kumenyedwa sikumaphatikizidwa pakasinthasintha.

Zopangira zitsulo zotayidwa zimapangidwa ndi kuponyera kolondola kwambiri. Mitsuko yachitsulo yotayira ndiyotsika mtengo, ndipo njira yopangira iyi imapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupanga mabowo ndi zibowo zamkati.

Nthawi zina crankshaft akhoza kukhala mamangidwe collapsible ndi zikuphatikizapo mbali zingapo, koma mbali zimenezi pafupifupi si ntchito makampani magalimoto, kupatula njinga zamoto. 

Ndi mavuto ati omwe angabwere ndi crankshaft

Crankshaft ndi imodzi mwamagawo opanikizika kwambiri agalimoto. Katundu makamaka makina ndi matenthedwe chilengedwe. Kuonjezera apo, zinthu zaukali, monga mpweya wotulutsa mpweya, zimakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale chitsulocho chili ndi mphamvu zambiri zomwe ma crankshafts amapangidwira, amatha kuvala zachilengedwe. 

Kuwonjezeka kwa kuvala kumathandizidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika kwa liwiro la injini, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta osayenera komanso, kawirikawiri, kunyalanyaza malamulo a ntchito zamakono.

Zingwe (makamaka ma bere akuluakulu), ndodo zolumikizira ndi magazini akulu zimatha. N'zotheka kupindika tsinde ndi kupatuka kwa axis. Ndipo popeza kulolerana pano ndi kochepa kwambiri, ngakhale kupunduka pang'ono kumatha kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito amagetsi mpaka kugwedera kwa crankshaft. 

Mavuto okhudzana ndi ma liner ("kumamatira" pakhosi ndi kukwapula kwa makosi) amapanga gawo la mkango pazovuta zonse za crankshaft. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa chosowa mafuta. Choyamba, muzochitika zotere muyenera kuyang'ana dongosolo lopaka mafuta - pampu yamafuta, fyuluta - ndikusintha mafuta.

Kugwedezeka kwa crankshaft nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa chosakwanira bwino. Chifukwa china chotheka chingakhale kuyaka kosagwirizana kwa osakaniza mu masilinda.

Nthawi zina ming'alu imatha kuwoneka, yomwe idzatha pakuwonongeka kwa shaft. Izi zikhoza kuyambitsidwa ndi vuto la fakitale, lomwe ndilosowa kwambiri, komanso kupsinjika kwachitsulo kapena kusalinganika. N'zosakayikitsa kuti chifukwa cha ming'alu ndi zotsatira za ziwalo zokwerera. Tsinde losweka silingakonzedwe.

Zonsezi ziyenera kuganiziridwa musanasinthe kapena kukonza crankshaft. Ngati simukupeza ndikuchotsa zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto, posachedwa, zonse ziyenera kubwerezedwa kachiwiri.

Kusankha, kusintha, kukonza

Kuti mupeze crankshaft, muyenera kumasula injini. Kenako zipewa zazikulu zonyamula ndi ndodo zolumikizira zimachotsedwa, komanso mphete zowuluka ndi zoponya. Pambuyo pake, crankshaft imachotsedwa ndipo mavuto ake amachitika. Ngati gawolo lakonzedwa kale ndipo miyeso yonse yokonzekera yasankhidwa kale, ndiye kuti iyenera kusinthidwa. Ngati mlingo wa kuvala umalola, shaft imatsukidwa, kupereka chidwi chapadera ku mabowo a mafuta, ndiyeno pitirizani kukonza.

Kuvala ndi kung'amba pamwamba pa khosi kumachotsedwa ndi kugaya kwa kukula koyenera kukonza. Izi siziri zophweka monga momwe zingawonekere poyamba, ndipo zimafuna zida zapadera ndi ziyeneretso zoyenera za mbuye.

Ngakhale, pambuyo pokonza koteroko, gawolo limakhala loyenera kukonzanso mphamvu, kukonza crankshaft nthawi zambiri kumangopeka. Chotsatira chake, tsinde losalinganizika pambuyo pa kukonzanso koteroko likhoza kugwedezeka, pamene mipando ikusweka, zisindikizo zimamasulidwa. Mavuto ena amathanso, omwe pamapeto pake amayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochulukirapo, kutsika kwa mphamvu, komanso kusakhazikika kwa chipangizocho m'njira zina. 

Si zachilendo kuti tsinde lopindika liwongoledwe, koma akatswiri amazengereza kugwira ntchitoyi. Kuwongola ndi kulinganiza ndi njira yovuta komanso yokwera mtengo. Kuphatikiza apo, kukonza crankshaft kumalumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo cha kusweka. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri, crankshaft yopunduka ndiyosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo kusintha ndi yatsopano.

Mukasintha, muyenera kukhazikitsa gawo lomwelo kapena analogue yovomerezeka, apo ayi mavuto atsopano sangathe kupewedwa.

Kugula crankshaft yogwiritsidwa ntchito pamtengo wotsika ndi mtundu wa nkhumba mu poke, yomwe palibe amene akudziwa zomwe zidzachitike pamapeto pake. Zabwino kwambiri, zatha, zikafika poipa, zimakhala ndi zilema zomwe sizimawonekera m'maso.

Pogula chatsopano kuchokera kwa wogulitsa wodalirika, mungakhale otsimikiza za khalidwe lake. Malo ogulitsira pa intaneti aku China amatha kukupatsani zida zina zamagalimoto anu pamitengo yabwino.

Musaiwalenso kuti mukamayika crankshaft yatsopano, onetsetsani kuti mwasintha ndodo yolumikizira ndi mayendedwe akuluakulu, komanso zisindikizo zamafuta.

Pambuyo m'malo crankshaft, injini ayenera kuthamanga makilomita awiri mpaka awiri ndi theka zikwi zikwi mu mode wofatsa popanda kusintha mwadzidzidzi liwiro.