Carrier Killers Vol. imodzi
Missile Cruiser Moskva (kale Slava), mbendera ya Black Sea Fleet ya Russian Federation, mawonedwe apano. Miyeso ya unit, makamaka "mabatire" a rocket launcher a Bazalt, amakondweretsa osakhala akatswiri, koma palibe chinsinsi kwa aliyense kuti sitimayo ndi zida zake zidapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito muzochitika zosiyana kwambiri ndi zamakono. Ndi machitidwe amakono otetezera mpweya, oyendetsa ndege a Project 1164 ndi zida zawo zazikulu masiku ano ndi "akambuku a mapepala".
Asilikali apamadzi a Chitaganya cha Russia tsopano ndi mthunzi wa mphamvu zakale za Soviet Navy. Ngakhale kuyesayesa kwa makampani opanga zombo ndi opanga zida zankhondo zapamadzi, Moscow tsopano imatha kukwanitsa kupanga ma corvettes ambiri, ngakhale kuti siwothandiza kwambiri. Zilango zachuma, kuchotsedwa kwa ogwira nawo ntchito ndi kusokonezeka kwa kayendetsedwe kazinthu zochokera kumayiko omwe kale anali Soviet - makamaka Ukraine, zomwe zinatayika za maofesi a zomangamanga, kusowa kwa zombo zapamadzi ndi maziko oyenera a luso, kapena, potsiriza, kusowa kwa ndalama, ndi kukakamiza akuluakulu a Kremlin kuyang'anira zombo zazikuluzikulu zakale, zomwe zikupulumuka mozizwitsa pakali pano.
Zombo zamasiku ano zachoka ku zombo zamagulu oyenda panyanja. Ngakhale Asitikali ankhondo aku US achotsa ena mwa magulu a Ticonderoga, omwe akadali ocheperako poyerekeza ndi mitundu yaposachedwa ya Arleigh Burke-class owononga. "Mwachisawawa" owononga atatu akuluakulu a gulu la Zumwalt a matani 16 akanatha kuwerengedwa ngati oyenda panyanja, koma izi sizinachitike. Ziwerengero zake zimangotsimikizira chiphunzitsocho pakulowa kwadzuwa kwa magulu akuluakulu omenyera nkhondo (sitikulankhula za onyamulira ndege, chifukwa palibe).
Pankhani ya Russia, yomwe imakhalabe ndi mayunitsi osatha a gululi, Project 1144 Orlan yoyendetsedwa ndi nyukiliya, kapena ma turbine amagetsi omwe ali ndi malo ang'onoang'ono, Project 1164 Atlant zombo za kukula kofanana ndizoyenera kuchitapo kanthu panyanja komanso kuwulutsa mbendera. Chifukwa chake, kusinthika kwakukulu kwa "Admiral Nakhimov" (akale Kalinin) kukuchitika molingana ndi projekiti 11442M, yomwe imatsogozedwa ndi kukonzanso kofunikira pakuyenda kwa gawoli pansi pa mphamvu yake ... mapangidwe a zida ndi zamagetsi, kuphatikizapo kwambiri "media" missile system 3K14 "Caliber-NK". Kumbali ina, oyendetsa atatu a Project 1164 ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino ndipo, pokhala otsika mtengo kuti azigwira ntchito ndi kusamalira, amakopabe chidwi cha omwe angakhale otsutsa, koma kale chifukwa cha kukula kwawo, osati kupambana kwawo kwenikweni.
Maonekedwe a Navy a oyendetsa mizinga a Soviet Union, okhala ndi mivi yolimbana ndi ngalawa, adalumikizidwa ndi kufunikira kokwaniritsa ntchito yake yayikulu - kufunikira kowononga zonyamulira ndege ndi zombo zina zazikulu "mdani wothekera". "Mwamsanga ngati kuli kotheka nkhondo ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza United States ndi ogwirizana nawo a NATO.
Izi zinali zofunika kwambiri zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 50 pamene mtsogoleri wa Soviet panthawiyo Nikita Khrushchev anatcha onyamula ndege za ku America "mabwalo a ndege oyandama." Popeza USSR sakanatha, chifukwa cha kufooka kwake pazachuma ndi luso komanso kubwerera m'mbuyo kwa mafakitale, kumenyana nawo mothandizidwa ndi ndege yake, yankho la asymmetric linasankhidwa mwa mawonekedwe a chitukuko cha mivi yolimbana ndi ngalawa yamtunda wautali ndi pamwamba pake. ndi zonyamulira pansi pa madzi.
Varyag (omwe kale anali Krasnaya Ukraina) amawotcha mzinga wa 4K80 P-500 Bazalt anti-mole, chida chachikulu cha "akupha onyamula ndege". Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, a Wariaga anali ndi zida zatsopano za P-1000 Wulkan.
Njira yaku Soviet yopita ku missile cruiser
Zinthu pamwamba, komanso absolutization ndi Soviet asilikali ndi ndale utsogoleri luso zida mizinga, zinachititsa kuti anayamba intensively anayamba mu USSR mu 50-60s. Mabungwe atsopano opanga mabizinesi ndi mabizinesi opanga zidapangidwa, omwe adayamba kupanga zida zatsopano zophonya zokhala ndi ntchito zambiri, kuphatikiza, za VMU.
Kupatula zida zokonzanso zida mu 1955 za kapangidwe ka zida zankhondo 68bis Admiral Nakhimov pansi pa projekiti 67EP m'sitima yoyesera yokhala ndi chowombera choyesera chomwe chimalola kutsegulira ndege ya KSS, sitima yoyamba yapamadzi yaku Soviet yonyamula chitetezo chotsutsana ndi mizinga. - wowononga pulojekitiyo anali chida chotsutsa zombo chotsogoleredwa ndi ngalawa.56
Sitimayi idasinthidwa mu 1958 kukhala gawo la missile pansi pa polojekiti 56E, kenako 56EM, pa Shipyard yomwe idatchulidwa pambuyo pake. 61 Communards ku Nikolaev. Pofika 1959, zombo analandira atatu owononga mizinga, anamanganso malinga ndi ntchito pang'ono kusinthidwa 56M.
Monga momwe zinalili ndi a Bedovs, chida chawo chachikulu chinali chowombera chimodzi cha SM-59 (SM-59-1) chokhala ndi njanji yowombera 4K32 Pike (KSSzcz, "Ship projectile pike") R-1 . ya dongosolo la Strela ndi sitolo kwa mivi isanu ndi umodzi (m'mikhalidwe yankhondo, kunali kotheka kutenga ena awiri - imodzi mwa kuika mu nyumba yosungiramo katundu, ina pa KP isanayambe, kuvomereza kuwonongeka kwa chitetezo ndi mikhalidwe yokonzekera. mivi yoyambira).
Pambuyo pa kutumizidwa mu 1960-1969 kwa owononga asanu ndi atatu akuluakulu a Project 57bis, omwe adamangidwa kuyambira pachiyambi ngati zonyamulira mizinga, ndi zida ziwiri za SM-59-1 komanso kuwirikiza kawiri mphamvu ya missile ya Project 56E / EM / 56M, Soviet Navy inali ndi zida zowononga 12. (kuyambira Meyi 19, 1966 - zombo zazikulu zoponya) zomwe zimatha kugunda zida zazikulu za mdani kunja kwa malo owononga zida zake zamoto (kupatulapo ndege zowuluka).
Komabe, posakhalitsa - chifukwa cha kukalamba msanga kwa mizinga ya KSSzcz (yobwereka kuchokera ku Germany zomwe zikuchitika pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse), kutsika kwamoto, mivi yaing'ono mu salvo, kulekerera kwakukulu kwa zida, etc. Mndandanda wa 57bis wa zombo zinathetsedwa. Poganizira zachitukuko champhamvu ku USA ndi mayiko a NATO amakono odzitchinjiriza oyendetsa ndege, kuphatikiza chitetezo cha mizinga, KSSzch yayikulu komanso yakale, yomwe imafunikira kutsitsanso kwa mphindi zisanu ndi zinayi ndikukonzekera kuwomberanso (kuwongolera kusanachitike. , kusonkhana kwa mapiko, kuwonjezera mafuta, kuika pa kalozera, etc. d.), panalibe mwayi wogonjetsa bwino chandamale muzochitika zankhondo.
Mndandanda wina wa zombo zapamadzi zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi zonyamulira ndege zinali Project 58 Grozny owononga mizinga (kuyambira pa Seputembara 29, 1962 - oyendetsa mizinga), okhala ndi zida ziwiri za SM-70 P-35 anti-ship quad launchers, zomwe zimayendetsedwanso ndi injini yamadzimadzi ya turbojet. , koma amatha kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali mumtundu wamafuta. Nkhondoyo inali ndi zida zoponya 16, zisanu ndi zitatu zomwe zinali zowombera, ndipo zina zonse zinali m'masitolo (anayi pa oyambitsa).
Pamene kuwombera mu salvo ya mivi eyiti R-35, mwayi kugunda osachepera mmodzi wa iwo pa chandamale chachikulu mu gulu anaukira zombo (ndege chonyamulira kapena zombo zina zofunika) kwambiri. Komabe, chifukwa cha zophophonya zambiri, kuphatikiza zida zofooka zodzitchinjiriza za Project 58 cruisers, mndandandawo udali wa zombo zinayi (pa 16 zomwe zidakonzedweratu).
Mayunitsi amitundu yonseyi adavutikanso ndi chimodzi, koma chotsalira chofunikira - kudziyimira kwawo kunali kochepa kwambiri kuti athe kutsatira kwanthawi yayitali gulu lankhondo ndi chonyamulira ndege panthawi yolondera, makamaka ngati kunali koyenera kuperekeza chonyamulira cha nyukiliya kwa angapo. masiku motsatizana kupanga njira yobwerera. . Izi zinali zopitirira mphamvu za sitima zapamadzi zowononga kukula kwake.
Dera lalikulu la mpikisano pakati pa zombo za USSR ndi NATO m'zaka za m'ma 60 linali Nyanja ya Mediterranean, kumene 14th Operational Squadron ya VMP (Mediterranean) inagwira ntchito kuyambira July 1967, 5, yokhala ndi zombo za 70-80 zochokera pakati pa mayiko. zombo za Black Sea, Baltic ndi Northern zombo. Mwa izi, za zombo zankhondo za 30: zombo zankhondo za nyukiliya za 4-5 komanso mpaka 10 zida zamagetsi zamagetsi, magulu ankhondo a 1-2 (ngati akulira kapena kupitilira apo), gulu la trawl, ena onse anali a chitetezo. (malo ochitirako misonkhano, sitima zapamadzi, zokoka nyanja, ndi zina zotero).
US Navy inaphatikizapo 6th Fleet mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean, yomwe inalengedwa mu June 1948. Mu 70-80s. okhala ndi zombo zankhondo za 30-40: zonyamula ndege ziwiri, helikopita, oyendetsa mizinga awiri, zombo zapamadzi zokhala ndi zolinga zambiri 18-20, zombo 1-2 zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso masitima apamadzi opitilira asanu ndi limodzi. Nthawi zambiri, gulu limodzi lomenyera nkhondo limagwira ntchito ku Naples, ndipo linalo ku Haifa. Ngati ndi kotheka, Achimerika anasamutsa zombo kuchokera kumalo ena owonetsera mafilimu kupita ku Mediterranean. Kuphatikiza pa iwo, panalinso zombo zankhondo (kuphatikiza zonyamulira ndege ndi sitima zapamadzi za nyukiliya), komanso ndege zochokera kumayiko ena a NATO, kuphatikiza Great Britain, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Germany ndi Netherlands. kugwira ntchito mwakhama m'derali.
