Robotic DSG gearbox: chipangizo, kuzindikira zolakwika, zabwino ndi zovuta

Chiyambireni kupangidwa kwa galimoto, okonza akhala akuyesera nthawi zonse kukonza ndi automate gearbox. Opanga ma automaker adapereka njira zawozawo zotumizira ma auto. Chifukwa chake, nkhawa yaku Germany Volkswagen yapanga ndikubweretsa ku msika bokosi la robotic DSG.

Mawonekedwe a chipangizo ndi ntchito ya bokosi la DSG

DSG (Direct Shift Gearbox) imatanthawuza kuti bokosi la gear lolunjika ndipo silimaganiziridwa kuti ndi lodziwikiratu mwamawu. Zingakhale zolondola kwambiri kuzitcha kuti ndi gearbox yapawiri-clutch preselective kapena loboti. Bokosi loterolo limakhala ndi zinthu zomwezo ngati makina, koma ntchito zosinthira zida ndikuwongolera ma clutch zimasamutsidwa kumagetsi. Kuchokera pamawonedwe a dalaivala wa DSG, bokosilo limakhala lodziwikiratu ndi kuthekera kosinthira kumachitidwe amanja. Pamapeto pake, kusintha kwa giya kumachitika ndi chowongolera chapadera chowongolera kapena chiwongolero chomwecho cha gearbox.

DSG shift pattern imatsanzira logic yotengera yokha

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, bokosi la DSG linawonekera pa magalimoto othamanga a Porsche m'ma 80s a zaka zapitazo. The kuwonekera koyamba kugulu anali bwino - pa nkhani ya gear kusuntha liwiro, izo kuposa zimango chikhalidwe. Zoyipa zazikulu, monga kukwera mtengo komanso kusadalirika, zidagonjetsedwa pakapita nthawi, ndipo mabokosi a DSG adayamba kuyikidwa kwambiri pamagalimoto opangidwa ndi misa.

Volkswagen ndiye adalimbikitsa kwambiri ma gearbox a robotic, ndikuyika bokosi loterolo pa VW Golf 2003 mu 4. Mtundu woyamba wa loboti umatchedwa DSG-6 ndi kuchuluka kwa magawo a gear.

Chipangizo ndi mawonekedwe a bokosi la DSG-6

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa bokosi la DSG ndi makina ndi kukhalapo kwa chipangizo chapadera (mechatronics) chomwe chimagwira ntchito yosinthira magiya kwa dalaivala.

Kunja, bokosi la DSG limasiyana ndi lamakina ndi kukhalapo kwa gawo lamagetsi lomwe limayikidwa pambali pamilanduyo.

Mechatronics ikuphatikizapo:

• magetsi olamulira;
• electrohydraulic mechanism.

Chigawo chamagetsi chimawerengera ndikusintha zambiri kuchokera ku masensa ndikutumiza malamulo kwa actuator, yomwe ndi gawo la electrohydraulic.

Monga hydraulic fluid, mafuta apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe mubokosi amafika malita 7. Mafuta omwewo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzoza ndi kuziziritsa zingwe, magiya, shafts, ma bearings ndi synchronizers. Panthawi yogwira ntchito, mafutawo amatenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwa 135^оC, kotero radiator yozizira imaphatikizidwa mugawo lamafuta la DSG.

The hydraulic fluid cooler mu bokosi la DSG ndi gawo la injini yozizira

Makina a hydraulic, mothandizidwa ndi ma electromagnetic valves ndi ma hydraulic cylinders, amayendetsa zinthu za gawo lamakina la gearbox. Dongosolo lamakina a DSG limagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ma clutch awiri ndi ma gear shafts awiri.

Gawo lamakina la DSG ndi kuphatikiza ma gearbox awiri mugawo limodzi

Double clutch imakhazikitsidwa mwaukadaulo ngati chipika chimodzi chokhala ndi ma multiplate awiri. Clutch yakunja imalumikizidwa ndi shaft yolowera ya magiya osamvetseka, ndipo clutch yamkati imalumikizidwa ndi shaft yolowera magiya ngakhale. Miyendo yoyamba imayikidwa mwa coaxially, ndipo imodzi ili mkati mwa imzake.

Bokosi la DSG lili ndi magawo mazana anayi ndi misonkhano yayikulu

Flywheel yapawiri-mass imatumiza torque ya injini kupita ku clutch, komwe zida zofananira ndi liwiro la crankshaft pakadali pano zimalumikizidwa. Pankhaniyi, mechatronic nthawi yomweyo amasankha giya lotsatira pa clutch yachiwiri. Atalandira zambiri kuchokera ku masensa, gawo lowongolera zamagetsi limasankha kusinthana ndi zida zina. Panthawiyi, clutch yachiwiri imatseka pawiri-mass flywheel ndipo kusintha kwachangu nthawi yomweyo kumachitika.

Ubwino waukulu wa bokosi la DSG pamakina a hydromechanical ndi kuthamanga kwa gear. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti galimoto imathandizira ngakhale mofulumira kuposa pamene ntchito kufala pamanja. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chifukwa cha kusankha njira zotumizira zolondola ndi zamagetsi, mafuta amachepetsedwa. Malinga ndi oimira nkhawa, ndalama zosungira mafuta zimafika 10%.

Mawonekedwe a bokosi la DSG-7

Pa ntchito ya DSG-6 anapeza kuti si oyenera injini ndi makokedwe zosakwana 250 Nm. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa bokosi loterolo ndi injini zofooka kunapangitsa kuti mphamvu iwonongeke pamene magiya akusuntha ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mafuta. Choncho, kuyambira 2007 "Volkswagen" anayamba kukhazikitsa njira zisanu ndi ziwiri-liwiro gearbox pa magalimoto bajeti.

Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito bokosi latsopano la DSG silinasinthe. Kusiyana kwake kwakukulu kuchokera ku DSG-6 ndi clutch youma. Chotsatira chake, mafuta omwe ali m'bokosi adachepera katatu, zomwe zinapangitsa kuchepa kwa kulemera kwake ndi kukula kwake. Ngati kulemera kwa DSG-6 ndi 93 kg, ndiye kuti DSG-7 ikulemera kale makilogalamu 77.

DSG-7 poyerekeza ndi DSG-6 ili ndi kukula kochepa komanso kulemera kwake

Kuwonjezera DSG-7 ndi zowalamulira youma, kwa injini ndi makokedwe oposa 350 Nm, Volkswagen wapanga gearbox asanu-liwiro ndi dera mafuta. Bokosili limagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto a VW Transporter ndi VW Tiguan 2 banja.

Kuzindikira zolakwika za bokosi la DSG

Zachilendo za kapangidwe kake ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chakuwonekera kwa zovuta pakugwira ntchito kwa bokosi la DSG. Akatswiri amazindikira zizindikiro zotsatirazi za kusagwira ntchito kwake:

• kugwedezeka pamene akusuntha;
• kusinthira kumayendedwe adzidzidzi (chizindikirocho chimayatsa pachiwonetsero, mutha kupitiliza kuyendetsa galimoto imodzi kapena ziwiri);
• phokoso extraneous m'dera gearbox;
• kutsekereza mwadzidzidzi kwa lever ya gear;
• kutulutsa mafuta m'bokosi.

Zizindikiro zomwezo zingasonyeze mavuto osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, kugwedezeka uku mukuyendetsa kumatha kuyambitsidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa mechatronics ndi clutch. Kuwonetsa kwadzidzidzi kwadzidzidzi sikumayambitsa zoletsa pakugwira ntchito kwa gearbox. Nthawi zina zimasowa mutayambitsanso injini kapena kuchotsa batire. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti vutoli latha. Kutsekeka kwa lever yosankha kungayambitsidwe ndi kuzizira kwa chingwe choyendetsa, kuwonongeka kwa makina kapena kusweka.

Zinthu zovuta kwambiri za bokosi la DSG ndi:

• mechatronics;
• awiri misa flywheel;
• multiplate clutch;
• zitsulo zamakina shaft.

Mulimonsemo, ngati mukukayikira kuti bokosi la DSG silikuyenda bwino, muyenera kulumikizana ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito Volkswagen.

Self-service DSG bokosi

Pankhani ya kuthekera kodzisamalira ndi kukonza bokosi la DSG, mpaka pano, sipanakhalepo mgwirizano. Eni magalimoto ena amakhulupirira kuti pakabuka mavuto m’pofunika kusintha misonkhano. Ena amayesa kusokoneza bokosilo ndikukonza vutolo ndi manja awo. Khalidweli likufotokozedwa ndi kukwera mtengo kwa ntchito zokonza mabokosi a DSG. Komanso, nthawi zambiri akatswiri amanena kuti zolephera kupanga mbali ndi kuyesa kupewa ntchito, makamaka ngati galimoto ali pansi chitsimikizo.

Kudzivutitsa nokha mu bokosi la DSG kumafuna ziyeneretso zapamwamba komanso kupezeka kwa zida zowunikira makompyuta. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa msonkhano kumafuna kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu osachepera awiri ndikutsatira kwambiri malamulo a chitetezo.

Monga chitsanzo cha kukonzanso kosavuta kwa DSG, lingalirani pang'onopang'ono mechatronics replacement algorithm.

Kusintha bokosi la mechatronics DSG

Musanalowe m'malo mwa mechatronics, m'pofunika kusuntha ndodo kumalo osungunuka. Njira iyi imathandizira kwambiri kutulutsanso kwina. Izi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito scanner ya Delphi DS150E.

Mutha kusamutsa ndodo za bokosi la DSG kumalo ogwetsa pogwiritsa ntchito scanner ya Delphi DS150E

Kuti mugwiritse ntchito, muyenera zida zotsatirazi:

• gulu la torex;
• seti ya hexagons;
• chida chokonzekera masamba a clutch;
• seti ya ma wrenches otseguka.

Kuwonongeka kwa mechatronics kumachitika motere:

1. Ikani galimotoyo pamtunda (wodutsa, dzenje).
2. Chotsani chitetezo cha injini.
3. Mu chipinda cha injini, chotsani batire, fyuluta ya mpweya, mapaipi ofunikira ndi ma harnesses.
4. Chotsani mafuta mu gearbox.
5. Lumikizani chogwirizira cholumikizira mawaya ndi zolumikizira.
   

   Ogwirizira pa mechatronics magulu awiri amawaya
6. Tsegulani zomangira zotetezera makina.
   

   Makinawa amapangidwa ndi zomangira zisanu ndi zitatu
7. Chotsani chotchinga m'bokosilo.
   

   Chida chapadera chimafunika kubweza masamba a clutch.
8. Lumikizani cholumikizira ku bolodi ya mechatronics.
   

   Cholumikizira cha mechatronics chimachotsedwa ndi dzanja
9. Modekha kokerani kwa inu ndikuchotsa zimango.
   

   Pambuyo pochotsa ma mechatronics, malo omasulidwa ayenera kutsekedwa kuti ateteze makina a bokosi ku dothi ndi zinthu zakunja.

Kuyika kwa mechatronics yatsopano kumachitika motsatana.

Odzisintha okha mu bokosi la DSG

Mabokosi a DSG-6 ndi DSG-7 amafunikira kusintha kwamafuta pafupipafupi. Komabe, kwa DSG-7, wopanga sapereka izi - mfundo iyi imawonedwa ngati yosayang'aniridwa. Komabe, akatswiri amalangiza kusintha mafuta osachepera makilomita 60 zikwi.

Mutha kusintha mafuta nokha. Izi zidzapulumutsa mpaka 20-30% pamitengo yokonza. Ndikosavuta kuchita izi pokweza kapena dzenje lowonera (flyover).

Njira yosinthira mafuta mu bokosi la DSG-7

Kusintha mafuta mu bokosi DSG-7, muyenera:

• mkati hex kiyi 10;
• chitsulo chodzaza mafuta;
• syringe yokhala ndi payipi kumapeto;
• chotengera chokhetsa mafuta ogwiritsidwa ntchito;
• kukhetsa pulagi;
• malita awiri a mafuta giya kukumana muyezo 052 529 A2.

Mafuta ofunda amatuluka mwachangu kuchokera mu gearbox. Choncho, musanayambe ntchito, kufalitsa kuyenera kutenthedwa (njira yosavuta ndiyo kupanga ulendo waufupi). Ndiye muyenera kumasula mwayi wopita pamwamba pa bokosi mu chipinda cha injini. Kutengera chitsanzo, muyenera kuchotsa batire, fyuluta mpweya ndi angapo mapaipi ndi mawaya.

Kusintha mafuta mu bokosi DSG-7, muyenera:

1. Ikani galimotoyo pamtunda (wodutsa, dzenje lowonera).
2. Chotsani chitetezo ku injini.
3. Chotsani pulagi yakukhetsa.
   

   Musanatulutse pulagi yopopera, m'pofunika kusintha chidebe kuti mukhetse mafuta omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito
4. Mukathira mafutawo, tulutsani zotsalira zake ndi syringe yokhala ndi payipi.
5. Yang'anani pulagi yatsopano ya drain.
6. Thirani mafuta atsopano kupyolera mu mpweya wotumizira.
   

   Mpweya umachotsedwa m'bokosi ngati kapu yokhazikika.
7. Ikaninso batire, fyuluta ya mpweya, zomangira zofunika ndi mapaipi.
8. Yambitsani injini ndikuyang'ana zolakwika pa dashboard.
9. Tengani galimoto yoyeserera ndikuwona momwe chekicho chimagwirira ntchito.

Njira yosinthira mafuta mu bokosi la DSG-6

Pafupifupi malita 6 amadzimadzi opatsirana amatsanuliridwa mubokosi la DSG-6. Kusintha mafuta kumachitika motere:

1. Ikani galimotoyo pamalo okwera, odutsa kapena dzenje lowonera.
2. Chotsani chitetezo cha injini.
3. Ikani chidebe pansi pa pulagi kuti mukhetse mafuta omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito.
4. Chotsani pulagi ndi kukhetsa gawo loyamba (pafupifupi 1 lita) la mafuta.
   

   Pulagi ya drain imachotsedwa ndi hexagon 14
5. Chotsani chubu chowongolera mu dzenje ndikukhetsa gawo lalikulu la mafuta (pafupifupi malita 5).
6. Yang'anani pulagi yatsopano ya drain.
7. Kuti mupeze kumtunda kwa bokosi la gear, chotsani batire, fyuluta ya mpweya, ma harnesses ofunikira ndi mapaipi.
8. Chotsani fyuluta yamafuta.
9. Thirani malita 6 amafuta a gear kudzera pakhosi lodzaza.
   

   Zidzatenga pafupifupi ola limodzi kuti mudzaze mafuta pakhosi
10. Ikani fyuluta yatsopano yamafuta ndikupukuta pa kapu.
    

    Mukasintha mafuta mu bokosi la DSG-6, muyenera kuyika fyuluta yatsopano yamafuta
11. Yambitsani injini ndikuyisiya kwa mphindi 3-5. Panthawiyi, sinthani chowongolera chamagetsi kumalo aliwonse kwa masekondi 3-5.
12. Chotsani pulagi ya drain ndipo muwone ngati mafuta akutuluka mu dzenje.
13. Ngati palibe kutayira kwa mafuta pabowo, pitilizani kudzaza.
14. Ngati kutayikira kwa mafuta kukuchitika, limbitsani pulagi yokhetsa ndikuyika chitetezo cha injini.
15. Yambitsani injini, onetsetsani kuti palibe zolakwika pa dashboard.
16. Yesani kuyesa kuti muwonetsetse kuti kutumiza kukuyenda bwino.

Ndemanga za oyendetsa za mabokosi a DSG

Chiyambireni bokosi la DSG, mapangidwe ake akhala akusintha nthawi zonse. Komabe, mabokosi a robotic akadali ma node opanda pake. Gulu la Volkswagen nthawi ndi nthawi limakumbukira zambiri zamagalimoto okhala ndi kufala kwa DSG. Chitsimikizo cha wopanga pamabokosi mwina chimawonjezeka mpaka zaka 5, kapena chimachepetsanso. Zonsezi zikuchitira umboni kudalirika kosakwanira kwa wopanga kudalirika kwa mabokosi a DSG. Mafuta amawonjezedwa pamoto ndi ndemanga zoipa kuchokera kwa eni magalimoto omwe ali ndi mabokosi ovuta.

Ndemanga: Galimoto ya Volkswagen Golf 6 - hatchback - Galimoto si yoipa, koma DSG-7 imafuna kusamala nthawi zonse

! Zowonjezera: Injini ya Frisky, phokoso labwino komanso kutsekereza, chipinda chochezera bwino. Kuipa: Kusadalirika zodziwikiratu kufala. Ndinali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi galimotoyi mu 2010, injini ya 1.6, bokosi la DSG-7. Kumwa kosangalatsa ... Munjira yosakanikirana, msewu waukulu wamzindawu unali 7l / 100km. Komanso amakondwera ndi kudzipatula kwa phokoso komanso khalidwe la mawu okhazikika. Kuyankha kwabwino kwamphamvu mumzinda komanso pamsewu waukulu. Bokosilo, ngati kuli kofunikira, likudutsa mofulumira, silimachedwa. Koma nthawi yomweyo mubokosi lomwelo ndi zovuta zazikulu !!! Ndi kuthamanga kwa 80000 Km. bokosilo linayamba kugwedezeka pamene likusintha kuchoka pa 1 kupita ku 2 muzamsewu ... Monga momwe ambiri anenera kale, ichi ndi cholakwika m'bokosi ili, monga DSG-6 yapita ... ndikadali ndi mwayi, anthu ambiri ali ndi mavuto kale kwambiri ... Chifukwa chake, abambo ndi amayi, pogula galimoto yamtunduwu, onetsetsani kuti mwatcheru nthawi ino !!! Ndipo nthawi zonse pa injini yotentha! Popeza zimangowoneka bokosi likatenthedwa !!! Nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito: Miyezi 8 Chaka chopanga galimoto: 2010 Mtundu wa injini: Jakisoni wa petulo Kukula kwa injini: 1600 cm³ Gearbox: Auto Drive mtundu: Front Ground chilolezo: 160 mm Airbags: osachepera 4 Zowoneka zonse: Galimoto si yoyipa, koma DSG-7 imafuna chidwi nthawi zonse! Werengani zambiri pa Otzovik: http://otzovik.com/review_2536376.html

Oleg13 Russia, Krasnodar

http://otzovik.com/review_2536376.html

Ndemanga: Volkswagen Passat B7 sedan - Simakwaniritsa zoyembekeza za mtundu waku Germany

Ubwino: Womasuka. Imathamanga mwachangu chifukwa cha turbine. Zotsika mtengo pankhani yakugwiritsa ntchito mafuta

Kuipa: Palibe khalidwe, kukonza zodula kwambiri

Zinachitika kuti kuyambira 2012, banja lathu linali ndi galimoto ya VW Passat B7. Kutumiza kwadzidzidzi (dsg 7), kalasi yapamwamba kwambiri. Choncho! Inde, galimotoyo inapanga chithunzi choyamba, ndipo chinali chabwino kwambiri, popeza panalibe magalimoto akunja a kalasi iyi m'banja. Koma chithunzicho chinali chachifupi. Chinthu choyamba chinali kufananiza seti yonse ya galimotoyo ndi makina ena opanga magalimoto. Mwachitsanzo, mpando wa dalaivala wa Camry ndi wosinthika ndi magetsi, koma apa zonse ziyenera kuchitidwa ndi manja. Zambiri za mtundu wa kanyumbako. Pulasitiki ndi yowopsya komanso yonyansa, poyerekeza ndi French kapena Japan. Chikopa pa chiwongolero chimapukuta mofulumira kwambiri. Chikopa cha mipando yakutsogolo (monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito nthawi zambiri) chimaswekanso mofulumira kwambiri. Wailesiyo imaundana pafupipafupi. Kamera yakumbuyo ikuphatikizidwa, chithunzicho chimangozizira. Izi ndi zomwe zimakopa chidwi choyamba. Zitseko zinayamba kutseguka molimba komanso kunjenjemera kwambiri patatha zaka zingapo, ndipo sizingatheke kukonza izi ndi nthano wamba. Bokosilo ndi nkhani yosiyana. Patatha 40 thousand kuthamanga galimotoyo idangonyamuka! Poyendera wogulitsa wovomerezeka, zidapezeka kuti bokosilo ndi losinthika kwathunthu. Bokosi latsopano limawononga pafupifupi 350, kuphatikiza mtengo wantchito. Dikirani mwezi umodzi bokosilo. Koma tinali ndi mwayi, galimotoyo idakali pansi pa chitsimikizo, kotero kuti m'malo mwa bokosilo munali mfulu kwathunthu. Komabe, kudabwako sikosangalatsa kwambiri. Pambuyo kusintha bokosi panalibe mavuto. Pa mtunda wa makilomita 80, ndinayenera kusintha diski yachiwiri. Panalibe chitsimikizo ndipo ndinayenera kulipira. Komanso mu vuto - madzi mu thanki anaundana. Kompyutayo inapereka cholakwika ndikuletsa kutulutsa kwamadzi kugalasi. Zinakonzedwa ndi ulendo wopita ku utumiki. Komanso, wokhala pa nyali amadya madzi ambiri, mukhoza kudzaza botolo lonse la malita 5, lidzakhala lokwanira tsiku loyendayenda mumzinda mu nyengo yoipa. Kukonza pongozimitsa chochapira chochapira nyali. Chophimba chakutsogolo chidatenthedwa. Mwala unawuluka, ming'alu inapita. Sindikukana kuti galasi lakutsogolo limavutika nthawi zambiri ndipo limatha kuonedwa kuti ndi losavuta, koma wogulitsa boma adapempha 80 zikwi kuti alowe m'malo. Zokwera mtengo pa consumable ngakhale. Komanso, kuchokera kudzuwa, pulasitiki yomwe ili pachitseko idasungunuka ndikupindika kukhala accordion. Pankhaniyi, funso likubwera - khalidwe la Germany lili kuti ndipo chifukwa chiyani amatenga ndalama zoterezi? Zokhumudwitsa kwambiri. Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito: zaka 5 Mtengo: 1650000 rubles. Chaka chopanga galimoto: 2012 Mtundu wa injini: jakisoni wa petroli Kusuntha kwa injini: 1798 cm³ Gearbox: mtundu wa robot Drive: Front Ground chilolezo: 155 mm Airbags: osachepera 4 Trunk voliyumu: 565 l Kuwona konse: Simakwaniritsa zomwe amayembekezera Chijeremani khalidwe

Mickey91 Russia, Moscow

https://otzovik.com/review_4760277.html

Komabe, palinso eni omwe ali okhutira kwathunthu ndi galimoto yawo ndi bokosi la gear la DSG.

Super !!

Zochitika: chaka kapena kuposerapo Mtengo: 600000 rubles Ndinagula wothandizira wanga wokhulupirika "Plus" mu 2013, nditatha kugulitsa vv passat b6. Ndinaganiza kuti ndidzakhumudwa, chifukwa galimotoyo inali ndi makalasi awiri otsika.Koma ndinadabwa, ine idakonda kuphatikiza imodzi .Zachilendo kwambiri ndi malo omwe dalaivala ali kumbuyo kwa gudumu. Mumakhala ngati "basi" kuyimitsidwa "kwagwetsedwa", sikunaphwanyike. Ndinakondwera ndi zikwama zambiri za airbags (zidutswa 10) ndi ma speaker 8 oyenera kwambiri. Galimotoyi ndi yopangidwa ndi chitsulo, mukatseka chitseko, imakhala ngati "thank hatch", zomwe zimapereka chidaliro chowonjezera pachitetezo. Injini yamafuta ya 1.6 imaphatikizidwa ndi matope a 7 dsg. Ambiri amamwa malita 10 mumzindawu. . Ndinawerenga zambiri za kusadalirika kwa mabokosi a dsg, koma kwa chaka cha 5 galimotoyo yakhala m'banja, ndipo palibe madandaulo okhudza ntchito ya bokosi (panali pokes kuwala kuyambira pachiyambi). osakwera mtengo kuposa galimoto iliyonse yakunja (pokhapokha mutapenga, osakonzedwa ndi akuluakulu). Zoyipa sizingaphatikizepo injini yotsika mtengo (pambuyo pake, malita 1.80 a 10 ndiochuluka) chabwino, ndikufuna chosungira chachikulu. Mwachidule, ndikufuna kunena kuti uyu ndi bwenzi lokhulupirika komanso lodalirika.Ndimalimbikitsa kwa mabanja onse! Yolembedwa pa Januware 1.6, 23 - 2018:16 kuwunika kwa ivan56 1977

Ivan 1977

http://irecommend.ru/content/super-4613

Chifukwa chake, bokosi la robotic DSG ndilopangidwa modabwitsa. Kuyikonza kudzawonongera mwini galimotoyo ndalama zambiri. Izi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa pogula galimoto ku Volkswagen showrooms ndi msika wachiwiri.