Womenyera ndege Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet gawo 1

Ine 163 B-1a, W.Nr. 191095; United States National Air Force Museum ku Wright-Patterson AFB pafupi ndi Dayton, Ohio.

Me 163 inali msilikali woyamba wogwiritsa ntchito mizinga panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Kuwukira kwatsiku ndi tsiku kwa mabomba aku America a injini zinayi zazikulu kunawononga mwadongosolo malo onse ogulitsa mafakitale aku Germany kuyambira m'ma 1943, komanso, monga gawo la zigawenga, adagwetsa mizinda ya Reich, kupha anthu masauzande ambiri, zomwe zidayenera kuwononga dziko. makhalidwe. Ubwino wazinthu za ndege zaku America zinali zazikulu kwambiri kotero kuti lamulo la Luftwaffe lidawona mwayi wokhawo wothana ndi vutoli ndikuletsa kuwukira kwa ndege pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosavomerezeka zodzitetezera. Kuchuluka kwake kunayenera kusiyanitsa ndi khalidwe. Chifukwa chake malingaliro osintha mayunitsi omenyera nkhondo kukhala ndege za jet ndi zoponya zophonya, zomwe, chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, anali kubwezeretsa kuwongolera mpweya kwa Luftwaffe kudera lawo.

Chiyambi cha womenya nkhondo ya Me 163 chimabwerera ku 20s. Womanga wachinyamata, Aleksander Martin Lippisch, wobadwa pa Novembara 2, 1898 ku München (Munich), mu 1925 adatenga kasamalidwe kaukadaulo ka Rhön-Rositten-Gesellschaft (RRG, Rhön-Rositten Society) yochokera ku Wasserkuppe ndipo adayamba kugwira ntchito pagulu. kukula kwa ma glider opanda mchira .

Zoyambira zoyambira za AM Lippisch zinali zomanga kuchokera ku Storch series (stork), Storch I kuchokera ku 1927, panthawi ya mayesero, mu 1929, injini ya DKW yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 8 HP inalandira. Chouluka china, Storch II chinali chosiyana kwambiri ndi Storch I, pamene Storch III inali yokhala ndi mipando iwiri, yowuluka mu 125, pamene Storch IV inali mtundu wa injini ya omwe adayitsogolera, ndipo Storch V inali yosiyana kwambiri. ya mpando umodzi womwe unapanga ndege yake yoyamba mu 125.

Panthawiyi, mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 20, chidwi cha rocket propulse chinawonjezeka ku Germany. Mmodzi mwa omwe adayambitsa gwero lamagetsi atsopano anali Fritz von Opel wodziwika bwino wamagalimoto, yemwe adayamba kuthandizira Verein für Raumschifffahrt (VfR, Society for Spacecraft Travel). Mtsogoleri wa VfR anali Max Valier, ndipo woyambitsa gululi anali Hermann Oberth. Poyambirira, anthu ammudzi ankakhulupirira kuti mafuta amadzimadzi angakhale njira yoyenera kwambiri ya injini za rocket, mosiyana ndi ofufuza ena ambiri omwe ankakonda mafuta olimba kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mosavuta. Panthawiyi, Max Valier anaganiza kuti, pofuna kufalitsa nkhani zabodza, munthu ayenera kutenga nawo mbali pakupanga ndege, galimoto, kapena njira zina zoyendera zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi injini ya rocket yamafuta olimba.

The bwino kuwonekera koyamba kugulu la Delta 1 ndege zinachitika m'chilimwe cha 1931.

Max Valier ndi Alexander Sander, katswiri wa pyrotechnician wa ku Warnemünde, anamanga mitundu iwiri ya maroketi amfuti, yoyamba ndi yotentha kwambiri kuti ipereke liwiro lalikulu loyambira kuti linyamuke, ndipo yachiwiriyo ndikuwotcha pang'onopang'ono kokwanira kuti ndegeyo ikhale yayitali.

Popeza, malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, airframe yabwino kwambiri yomwe ingathe kulandira rocket propulsion inali yopanda mchira, mu May 1928 Max Valier ndi Fritz von Opel anakumana mobisa ndi Alexander Lippisch pa Wasserkuppe kuti akambirane za kuthekera kwa kuyesa kwatsopano mu ndege. propulsion power source. Lippisch anaganiza zokweza ma rocket motors mu chowongolera chake cha Ente (bakha), chomwe amachipanga nthawi imodzi ndi Storch glider.

Pa Juni 11, 1928, Fritz Stamer adapanga ndege yoyamba pamalo owongolera ndege ya Ente yokhala ndi maroketi awiri a Sander a 20 kg iliyonse. Choulukacho chinanyamuka ndi kapuleti kokhala ndi zingwe za rabara. Ulendo woyamba wa glider unatha masekondi 35. Paulendo wachiwiri, atayambitsa maroketi, Stamer anatembenuka 180 ° ndipo anayenda mtunda wa mamita 1200 mu masekondi 70 ndipo anafika bwinobwino pamalo onyamuka. Paulendo wachitatu, roketi imodzi inaphulika ndipo mbali yakumbuyo ya airframe inayaka moto, ndikuthetsa mayeserowo.

Panthawiyi, woyendetsa ndege wa ku Germany, wogonjetsa Atlantic, Hermann Köhl, anasonyeza chidwi ndi mapangidwe a Lippisch ndipo analamula kuti Delta I motor glider alipiretu RM 4200 monga mtengo wa kugula kwake. Delta I idayendetsedwa ndi injini ya Bristol Cherub 30 HP ndipo idafika pa liwiro la 145 km / h. Ndegeyo inali yoyima yopanda mchira yokhala ndi mapiko oyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja yokhala ndi matabwa okhala ndi kanyumba ka anthu awiri komanso kavalo wokankha. Ulendo wake woyamba unachitika m'chilimwe cha 1930, ndipo ndege yake inanyamuka mu May 1931. Mtundu wachitukuko wa Delta II udatsalira pama board ojambulira, uyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi injini ya 20 HP. Mu 1932, Delta III inamangidwa pa fakitale ya Fieseler, yomangidwa mobwerezabwereza pansi pa dzina lakuti Fieseler F 3 Wespe (mavu). Ndegeyo inali yovuta kuwuluka ndipo inagwa pa July 23, 1932 pa imodzi mwa ndege zoyesa. Woyendetsa ndegeyo, Günter Groenhoff, anafera pomwepo.

Kumayambiriro kwa 1933/34, likulu la RRG linasamukira ku Darmstadt-Griesheim, kumene kampaniyo inakhala gawo la Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug (DFS), mwachitsanzo, German Research Institute for Shaft Flight. Kale ku DFS, airframe ina inalengedwa, yomwe inasankhidwa Delta IV a, ndiyeno kusinthidwa kwake Delta IV b zosiyana. Dipl.-Ing. Frithjof Ursinus, Josef Hubert ndi Fritz Krämer. Mu 75, makinawo adalandira satifiketi yovomerezeka yoyendetsa ndege ndipo adalembetsedwa ngati ndege yamasewera okhala ndi anthu awiri.