Njira zamasitima apamadzi mu Nkhondo ya Atlantic 1939-1945. gawo 2

German "Mkaka Ng'ombe" (mtundu XIV) - U 464 - kuyambira 1942, mu Atlantic, kupereka sitima zapamadzi zina mafuta, torpedoes ndi chakudya.

Kulowa nawo nkhondo ya United States kwambiri anasintha fano la Nkhondo ya Atlantic. Sitima zapamadzi zaku Germany zakutali mu theka loyamba la 1942 zidachita bwino kwambiri pagombe la America, kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi waku America wosadziwa polimbana ndi mabwato a U-. M'magulu ankhondo apakati pa Atlantic, komabe, "Grey Wolves" sizinali zophweka. Poganizira kukula kwamphamvu kwa operekezawo, komanso kufalitsa ma radar abwinoko komanso abwinoko omwe adayikidwa pazombo zapamadzi ndi ndege za Allied, kunali koyenera kusintha njira zomenyera ma convoys.

Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa December 1941, Dönitz anakonza dongosolo la kuukira koyamba kwa ngalawa ya U-boat kugombe lakum’mawa kwa United States ndi Canada. Ankayembekezera kuti Achimereka alibe chidziwitso cholimbana ndi zombo zake komanso kuti sitima zapamadzi zamtundu wa IX zomwe zimatumizidwa kumadzi amenewa zikanakhala zopambana. Zinapezeka kuti anali wolondola, koma zikanatheka, chifukwa mpaka kumapeto kwa January 1942, British cryptologists anatsatira kayendedwe ka German U-boti m'nyanja. Iwo anachenjeza lamulo la ku America ponena za kuukira kokonzekera kwa Ajeremani, ngakhale kunena kuti ndi liti komanso kumene ziyenera kuyembekezera komanso zomwe zombo za ku Germany zidzatenge nawo mbali.

HMS Hesperus - mmodzi wa owononga British chinkhoswe mu Atlantic ndi sitima zapamadzi German.

Komabe, Admiral Ernest King yemwe ankayang'anira chitetezo cha derali anali wonyada kwambiri kuti afunse British odziwa zambiri momwe angadzitetezere bwino ndi ma U-boat m'madzi osaya kwambiri a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ndipotu, akuluakulu a King sanachite chilichonse kuti alepheretse Ajeremani kuukira pafupi ndi madoko ofunika kwambiri a ku America, ngakhale kuti anali ndi mwezi umodzi kuti achite zimenezi kuyambira pamene nkhondo inayamba.

Zinali zotheka kukhazikitsa minda yamigodi m'njira yoti migodi ingakhale yoopsa kwa U-Boats, yoyikidwa pamtunda wa mamita 15 ndi pansi, pamene zombo zikadutsa bwino. King atha kunenanso kuti osachepera gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a owononga omwe alipo ayenera kuperekedwa kuti aziperekeza maulendo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja1, chifukwa atachoka pamadoko, magulu a zombo amayenera kupangidwa m'malo oopsa kwambiri (makamaka pafupi ndi madoko) m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi kuperekedwa kwa iwo ndi chivundikiro cha wowononga kapena gulu lina lolondera komanso kupereka chivundikiro cha maulendo awa ndi ndege imodzi. Maboti a U-Boat amayenera kuukira m'madzi awa payekhapayekha komanso pamtunda wautali kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake, kotero chitetezo chokhacho chingachepetse kwambiri kutayika. Tsoka ilo, pamene ntchito ya ku Germany inayamba, zombozo zinanyamuka kupita kumadzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja okha ndipo ma U-Boat amatha kuwamiza ngakhale ndi zida zankhondo atagwidwa. Panalibenso chisamaliro pa gombe la ku America (komanso m'madoko okha) kuti adziwe zakuda, zomwe pambuyo pake zinapangitsa kuti akuluakulu a U-boat azitha kuukira usiku, chifukwa zombozo zinkatha kuona bwino kwambiri motsutsana ndi magetsi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ndipo ndege zochepa zomwe zimapezeka kwa Achimerika (poyamba 100) zinalibe zida zotsika mtengo panthawiyo!

Chifukwa chake, sitima zapamadzi zisanu zamtundu wa IX (U 123, U 66, U 109, U 130 ndi U 125) sizinathe kukana pomwe, Januware 14, 1942, madzi aku Canada akum'mwera kwa Nova Scotia komanso pafupi ndi Cape Breton Island. , kumene zombo zochepa za ku Canada ndi ndege zinalimbana ndi zoopsa kwambiri. Komabe, kuyamba kwa Operation Paukenschlag kunali kopambana kwambiri kwa Ajeremani. Iwo anamira okwana zombo 2 ndi mphamvu ya 23 GRT ndi kuononga 150 zina (510 GRT) popanda kuvutika iwo okha. Dönitz, podziwa tsopano kuti zombo zake sizidzalangidwa m'madzi awa panthawiyi, adakonza "mafunde" atsopano, mwachitsanzo, magulu atsopano ndi akuluakulu a mabwato a U-boti, akupitiriza kuchitapo kanthu (pamene gulu lina linabwerera ku maziko a ku France atatha kuthamanga. kunja kwa mafuta ndi ma torpedoes, anayenera kuwasintha). Masana, mabwato a U-boat anatsikira kukuya kwa mamita 2 mpaka 15 ndipo pamenepo anagona pansi pa nyanja makilomita angapo kuchokera m’njira za sitima, akubwerera usiku, kupitiriza kuukira. Kuyesera kuthana ndi zombo za ku America m'gawo loyamba la 192 kunalibe mphamvu. Iwo ankalondera zigawo zoikidwiratu za m’mphepete mwa nyanja mokhazikika mokhazikika kotero kuti akuluakulu a mabwato a U-boat anaika ulonda wawo mogwirizana ndi iwo ndipo akanatha kupeŵa kumenyana nawo mosavuta, kapena akanatha kuwukira iwo eni ngalawa yamtunda yoyandikirayo. Umu ndi momwe wowononga USS Jacob Jones adamizidwa, ataphulitsidwa pa February 45, 135 ndi sitima yapamadzi yaku Germany U 1942.

M'chigawo choyamba cha 1942, mabwato a U-boat anamira mayunitsi 203 okhala ndi mphamvu ya 1 GRT m'madzi onse, ndipo Ajeremani anataya zombo 133. Awiri mwa iwo (U 777 ndi U 12) anamiza ndege ndi ogwira ntchito ku America mu March. Kumbali ina, wowononga USS Roper anamiza boti loyamba la U-656 pafupi ndi North Carolina pa April 503, 85. A British, poyamba anachita mantha ndi kusowa kwa luso la Amereka poteteza East Coast yawo, potsirizira pake anawatumiza. thandizo mu March 14 mu mawonekedwe a 1942 corvettes ndi 1942 trawlers, ngakhale iwo ankafunika zombo izi. Admiral King pamapeto pake adakopeka kuti akhazikitse ma convoys pakati pa New York ndi Halifax komanso pakati pa Key West ndi Norfolk. Zotsatira zake zidabwera mwachangu kwambiri. Kusweka kwa zombo kunatsika kuchokera pa 10 mu Epulo mpaka 24 mu Meyi ndi ziro mu Julayi. Maboti a U-boat anasamukira kumadzi a Gulf of Mexico ndi gombe la South America ndi dera la Caribbean, akulitcha kuti "U-boat paradise" watsopano chifukwa anali akuyenda bwino kwambiri kumeneko. M'chigawo chachiwiri cha 24, sitima zapamadzi za ku Germany zinamira mayunitsi 5 okhala ndi mphamvu ya 1942 GRT m'madera onse a Atlantic ndi nyanja zoyandikana nazo. Maboti 328 a U-boti adamira pankhondo, kuphatikiza awiri m'madzi aku America.

Mu theka lachiwiri la 1942, U-boat kuukira American kum'maŵa gombe anapitiriza, ndi Ajeremani anatha kuwonjezera ntchito panyanja pa nthawi imeneyi, monga iwo anakwanitsa refuel, torpedoes ndi chakudya kuchokera sitima zapamadzi mtundu XIV katundu, amatchedwa "Ng'ombe Zamkaka". Komabe, chitetezo cha Achimereka m'mphepete mwa nyanja chinalimbikitsidwa pang'onopang'ono, makamaka mphamvu ya maulendo a ndege ndi kutayika kwa Ajeremani pang'onopang'ono kunayamba kuwonjezeka, monga momwe ntchito za Atlantic zinachitira, makamaka pankhondo zachindunji.