ICE piston. Chipangizo ndi cholinga

Kusakaniza kwamafuta komwe kumayaka mu silinda ya injini kumatulutsa mphamvu ya kutentha. Kenako imasanduka machitidwe amakanika omwe amapangitsa crankshaft kuzungulira. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa ndondomekoyi ndi pistoni.

Tsatanetsatane uyu si wachikale monga momwe zingawonekere poyang'ana koyamba. Kungakhale kulakwa kwakukulu kumutenga ngati wongokankha.

Pistoni ili mu silinda, momwe imabwereranso.

Pamene ikupita kumtunda wakufa (TDC), pisitoni imakanikiza mafuta osakaniza. Mu injini yoyaka mkati mwa petulo, imayaka pakamphindi pafupi ndi kukakamiza kwakukulu. Mu injini ya dizilo, kuyatsa kumachitika mwachindunji chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwakukulu.

Kuchulukana kwamphamvu kwa mpweya wopangidwa pakuyaka kumakankhira pisitoni mbali ina. Pamodzi ndi pisitoni, ndodo yolumikizira yomwe imayankhulidwa nayo imayenda, yomwe imapangitsa kuzungulira. Choncho mphamvu ya mpweya wothinikizidwa amasinthidwa kukhala makokedwe, opatsirana kudzera kufala kwa mawilo a galimoto.

Pa kuyaka, kutentha kwa mpweya kumafika madigiri 2 zikwi. Popeza kuyaka kumakhala kophulika, pisitoniyo imakhala ndi zinthu zowopsa kwambiri.

Kutsitsa kwambiri komanso kuyandikira kwambiri magwiridwe antchito kumafunikira zofunikira zapadera pakupanga ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.

Popanga pistoni, pali mfundo zingapo zofunika kuziganizira:

• kufunikira kotsimikizira moyo wautali wautumiki, choncho, kuchepetsa kuvala kwa gawolo;
• kupewa kutenthedwa kwa pisitoni mu ntchito yotentha kwambiri;
• onetsetsani kusindikiza kwakukulu kuti muteteze kufalikira kwa gasi;
• kuchepetsa kutayika chifukwa cha kukangana;
• onetsetsani kuziziritsa koyenera.

Piston iyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zingapo:

• mphamvu zazikulu;
• pazipita zotheka matenthedwe madutsidwe;
• kutentha kukana komanso kupirira kusintha kwadzidzidzi kutentha;
• coefficient of thermal expansion iyenera kukhala yaying'ono ndikukhala pafupi kwambiri ndi coefficient yofananira ya silinda kuti atsimikizire kusindikiza bwino;
• kukana dzimbiri;
• antifriction properties;
• otsika kachulukidwe kuti gawo si lolemera kwambiri.

Popeza zinthu zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zonsezi sizinapangidwebe, munthu ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosagwirizana. Ma pistoni a injini zoyatsira mkati amapangidwa ndi chitsulo chotuwa ndi zitsulo zotayidwa ndi silicon (silumin). Mu ma pistoni ophatikizika a injini za dizilo, zimachitika kuti mutu umapangidwa ndi chitsulo.

Cast iron ndi yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yosavala, imalekerera kutentha kwambiri, imakhala ndi anti-friction komanso kukulitsa pang'ono kwamafuta. Koma chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa matenthedwe, pisitoni yachitsulo imatha kutentha mpaka 400 ° C. Mu injini yamafuta, izi sizovomerezeka, chifukwa zimatha kuyambitsa kuyatsa.

Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri, ma pistoni a injini zoyatsira mkati zamagalimoto amapangidwa ndi kupondaponda kapena kuponyera kuchokera ku silumin wokhala ndi silicon osachepera 13%. Aluminiyamu yoyera siyoyenera, chifukwa imakulitsa kwambiri ikatenthedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mikangano yowonjezereka ndi scuffing. Izi zitha kukhala zabodza zomwe mutha kukumana nazo mukagula zida zosinthira m'malo okayikitsa. Kuti izi zisachitike, funsani odalirika.

Pistoni ya aluminium alloy ndi yopepuka ndipo imapangitsa kutentha bwino, kotero kuti kutentha kwake sikudutsa 250 ° C. Izi ndizoyenera injini zoyatsira mkati zomwe zikuyenda pa petulo. Ma anti-friction a silumin nawonso ndi abwino kwambiri.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nkhaniyi ilibe zovuta. Pamene kutentha kumakwera, kumakhala kochepa kwambiri. Ndipo chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwa mizera ikatenthedwa, njira zowonjezera ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti chisindikizocho chisungidwe mozungulira mutuwo osati kuchepetsa kukanikiza.

Gawoli lili ndi mawonekedwe a galasi ndipo lili ndi mutu ndi gawo lotsogolera (siketi). Pamutu pake, ndizotheka kusiyanitsa pansi ndi gawo losindikiza.

Pansi

Ndilo gawo lalikulu la pisitoni, ndilomwe limawona kupsinjika kwa mpweya wowonjezera. Kumwamba kwake kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wa unit, kuyika kwa nozzles, makandulo, ma valve ndi chipangizo cha CPG. Kwa ma ICE omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta, amapangidwa kukhala athyathyathya kapena opindika ndi ma cutouts owonjezera kuti apewe kuwonongeka kwa ma valve. Pansi pa convex kumapereka mphamvu zowonjezera, koma kumawonjezera kutentha, chifukwa chake sikugwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri. Concave imakulolani kuti mukonzekere chipinda chaching'ono choyaka moto ndikupereka chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha kuponderezana, chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri mumagulu a dizilo.

Kusindikiza gawo

Iyi ndi mbali ya mutu. Ma grooves a mphete za pistoni amapangidwa mmenemo mozungulira mozungulira.

Mphete zophatikizika zimagwira ntchito ngati chisindikizo, kuletsa kutuluka kwa mpweya woponderezedwa, ndipo zopaka mafuta zimachotsa mafuta pakhoma, ndikuletsa kulowa muchipinda choyaka. Mafuta amayenda pansi pa pisitoni kudzera m'mabowo a poyambira kenako amabwerera ku sump yamafuta.

Chigawo cha mbali ya lateral pakati pa m'mphepete mwa pansi ndi mphete yapamwamba imatchedwa moto kapena kutentha zone. Ndi iye amene amakumana pazipita matenthedwe zotsatira. Pofuna kupewa kupsa mtima kwa pisitoni, lamba uyu amapangidwa motalika mokwanira.

Wotsogolera gawo

Sichimalola pisitoni kuti igwedezeke panthawi yobwereza.

Pofuna kubwezera kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha, siketiyo imapangidwa ngati curvilinear kapena cone. Pambali, anti-friction coating nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

M'kati mwake muli mabwana - maulendo awiri okhala ndi mabowo a pistoni, pomwe mutu umayikidwa.

Kumbali, m'dera la mabwana, ma indentation ang'onoang'ono amapangidwa kuti ateteze kuwonongeka kwamafuta komanso kupezeka kwa zigoli.

Popeza ulamuliro wa kutentha kwa pisitoni ndi wovuta kwambiri, nkhani ya kuzizira kwake ndi yofunika kwambiri.

Mphete za pistoni ndiyo njira yayikulu yochotsera kutentha. Kupyolera mwa iwo, osachepera theka la mphamvu zowonjezera zowonjezera zimachotsedwa, zomwe zimasamutsidwa ku khoma la silinda ndiyeno ku jekete yozizira.

Njira ina yofunika yoyatsira kutentha ndiyo kuthira mafuta. Mafuta amafuta mu silinda, kuthira mafuta kudzera mu dzenje la ndodo yolumikizira, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa mokakamiza ndi bubu lamafuta ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kutentha kopitilira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutentha kumatha kuchotsedwa pozungulira mafuta.

Kuonjezera apo, gawo la mphamvu zotentha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powotcha gawo latsopano la chosakaniza choyaka chomwe chalowa mu silinda.

Mphetezo zimasunga kuchuluka komwe kumafunikira kukakamiza mu masilindala ndikuchotsa gawo la mkango pamoto. Ndipo amawerengera pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a kuwonongeka konsekonse mu injini yoyaka moto. Chifukwa chake, kufunikira kwa mtundu ndi mawonekedwe a mphete za pisitoni pakugwira ntchito kokhazikika kwa injini yoyatsira mkati sikungakhale kopitilira muyeso.

Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mphete zitatu - mphete ziwiri zophatikizira pamwamba ndi chopaka mafuta chimodzi pansi. Koma pali zosankha zomwe zili ndi mphete zosiyana - kuyambira ziwiri mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Mphepete mwa mphete yapamwamba mu silumin Zimachitika kuti zimachitika ndi chitsulo choyikapo chomwe chimawonjezera kukana kuvala.

Mphete zimapangidwa kuchokera kumagulu apadera achitsulo chosungunuka. Mphete zotere zimadziwika ndi mphamvu yayikulu, kukhazikika, kukana kuvala, kutsika kocheperako ndikusunga katundu wawo kwa nthawi yayitali. Zowonjezera za molybdenum, tungsten ndi zitsulo zina zimaperekanso kukana kutentha kwa mphete za pistoni.

Zatsopano zimafunika kugaya. Ngati mwasintha mphetezo, onetsetsani kuti mukuyendetsa injini yoyaka mkati kwakanthawi, kupewa zovuta zogwirira ntchito. Kupanda kutero, mphete zosavala zimatha kutenthedwa ndikutaya mphamvu, ndipo nthawi zina zimatha kusweka. Chotsatiracho chikhoza kukhala kulephera kwa chisindikizo, kutayika kwa mphamvu, mafuta olowa m'chipinda choyatsira moto, kutentha kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa pistoni.