Nkhondo zapamadzi za Guadalcanal gawo 2

Imodzi mwa zombo zankhondo zatsopano zaku America, USS Washington, inali yankhondo yaku Japan yopambana ya Kirishima pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Guadalcanal pa Novembara 15, 1942.

Pambuyo pa kugwidwa kwa ndege ya Guadalcanal, asilikali a ku America adalimbitsa mozungulira, opanda mphamvu zokwanira komanso njira zogwirira chilumbachi. Pambuyo kuchoka kwa American zombo kum'mwera chakum'mawa, Marines anatsala okha. Pamenepa, mbali zonse ziwiri zinayesetsa kulimbikitsa asilikali awo pachilumbachi, zomwe zinayambitsa nkhondo zingapo zapamadzi. Iwo anamenyana ndi mwayi wosiyanasiyana, koma pamapeto pake, kulimbana kwanthawi yaitali kunakhala kopindulitsa kwambiri kwa Achimereka. Sizokhudza kuchuluka kwa zotayika, koma kuti sanalole kuti a Japan ataya Guadalcanal kachiwiri. Asilikali apanyanja anachita mbali yaikulu pa izi.

Pamene Kontradm amanyamula anasiya. Turner, Marines ali okha ku Guadalcanal. Vuto lalikulu pa nthawi imeneyo anali kulephera kutsitsa 155 mamilimita Howitzer squadron 11 Marine Regiment (zida zankhondo) ndi 127 mm m'mphepete mwa nyanja mfuti zankhondo ku 3 Defensive Division. Tsopano imodzi mwa ntchito zoyamba inali kupanga malo okhazikika mozungulira bwalo la ndege (mumzere wokhala ndi pafupifupi 9 km) ndikubweretsa bwalo la ndege kuti ligwire ntchito. Lingaliro linali loti akhazikitse gulu lankhondo pachilumbachi, zomwe zingapangitse kuti zikhale zosatheka kulimbikitsa gulu lankhondo la Japan ndikudziyendetsa okha panjira yopita ku Guadalcanal.

Zotsutsana ndi gulu lankhondo laku America lomwe likubwera pachilumbachi (chomwe chimatchedwa Cactus Air Force, popeza aku America amatchedwa Guadalcanal "Cactus") anali gulu lankhondo laku Japan kudera la Rabaul ku New Britain. Pambuyo pa kuukira kwa America ku Guadalcanal, aku Japan adanyamula 25 Air Flotilla ku Rabaul, yomwe idasinthidwa ndi 26 Air Flotilla. Pambuyo pakufika kwa womalizayo, adachitidwa ngati kulimbikitsa, osati monga kudzipereka. Mapangidwe a ndege ku Rabaul anasintha, koma mu October 1942, mwachitsanzo, nyimboyo inali motere:

• 11. Aviation Fleet, Vice Adm. Nishizo Tsukahara, Rabaul;
• 25 Air Flotilla (Commander for Logistics Sadayoshi Hamada): Tainan Air Group - 50 Zero 21, Tōkō Air Group - 6 B5N Kate, 2nd Air Group - 8 Zero 32, 7 D3A Val;
• 26 Air Flotilla (Vice Admiral Yamagata Seigo): Misawa Air Group - 45 G4M Betty, 6th Air Group - 28 Zero 32, 31st Air Group - 6 D3A Val, 3 G3M Nell;
• 21. Air Flotilla (Rinosuke Ichimaru): 751. Gulu la Air - 18 G4M Betty, Yokohama Air Group - 8 H6K Mavis, 3 H8K Emily, 12 A6M2-N Rufe.

Asilikali ankhondo aku Japan omwe atha kulowererapo pa Guadalcanal ndi Gulu Lankhondo la 17, motsogozedwa ndi Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake. General Hyakutake, akadali lieutenant colonel, anali msilikali wankhondo waku Japan ku Warsaw kuyambira 1925-1927. Kenako anakatumikira m’gulu lankhondo la Kwantung ndipo kenako anagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ku Japan. Mu 1942, gulu lake lankhondo la 17 linali ku Rabaul. Analamulira 2 Infantry Division "Sendai" ku Philippines ndi Java, 38th Infantry Division "Nagoya" ku Sumatra ndi Borneo, 35th Infantry Brigade ku Palau ndi 28th Infantry Regiment (kuchokera ku 7th Infantry Division) ku Truk. . Pambuyo pake, gulu latsopano lankhondo la 18 linakhazikitsidwa kuti ligwire ntchito ku New Guinea.

Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto nayenso anayamba kusonkhanitsa asilikali kuti alowerere m'dera la Solomo. Choyamba, 2nd Fleet inatumizidwa ku New Britain motsogozedwa ndi Vice Adm. Nobutake Kondo, wopangidwa ndi gulu la 4th cruiser squadron (mbiri yoyenda panyanja Atago ndi mapasa Takao ndi Maya) motsogozedwa ndi vice admiral. Kondo ndi 5th cruiser squadron (oyenda kwambiri Myoko ndi Haguro) motsogozedwa ndi Vice Adm. Takeo Takagi. Maulendo asanu olemetsa adaperekezedwa ndi 4th Destroyer Flotilla motsogozedwa ndi Kontrrad. Tamotsu Takama m'bwalo la cruiser Yura. Flotilla inaphatikizapo owononga Kuroshio, Oyashio, Hayashio, Minegumo, Natsugumo ndi Asagumo. Chitose wonyamula Seaplane wawonjezedwa ku timuyi. Chinthu chonsecho chinatchedwa "advanced command".

M'malo moyika mphamvu za Navy kukhala gulu limodzi lamphamvu, kapena magulu omwe amagwira ntchito molumikizana kwambiri, pafupi nawo, adm. Yamamoto adagawa zombozo m'magulu angapo anzeru, omwe amayenera kugwira ntchito paokha, patali kwambiri. Kugawanika kumeneku sikunagwire ntchito ku Nyanja ya Coral, sikunagwire ntchito ku Midway, sikunagwire ntchito ku Guadalcanal. Kodi nchifukwa ninji kumangika koteroko ku chiphunzitso chamwambo cha kubalalitsidwa kwa magulu ankhondo a adani? Mwinamwake chifukwa chakuti akuluakulu amakono adalimbikitsa nkhondo isanayambe ndipo adalimbikitsa akuluakulu ndi akuluakulu kuti azitsatira. Kodi tsopano akuvomereza kuti analakwa? Zombozo zidagawidwa m'magawo kuti "asokoneze" adani ndikusokoneza mphamvu zawo, ndi njira zotere zomwe zikutanthauza kuti magulu amodzi amatha kuwonongedwa mosavuta pakuwukira kotsatira.

Pachifukwa ichi, kuwonjezera pa "gulu lotsogola", "gulu lakutsogolo" pansi pa lamulo la counterattack (lotchedwa "Kido Butai") linasiyanitsidwa ndi magulu akuluakulu. Hiroaki Abe. Pakatikati pa lamuloli panali zombo ziwiri zankhondo, Hiei (flagship) ndi Kirishima, zoperekezedwa ndi wonyamula ndege waku Chikuma wa 8th Cruiser Squadron. Gululi linaphatikizansopo gulu la 7th cruiser, lomwe lidalamulidwa ndi gulu lakumbuyo. Shoji Nishimura ndi oyenda panyanja olemera Kumano ndi Suzuya ndi 10th Destroyer Flotilla motsogozedwa ndi Counterrad. Susumu Kimura: Nagara wopepuka komanso owononga Nowaki, Maikaze ndi Tanikaze.

Mphamvu zazikulu za Kido Butai motsogozedwa ndi Vice Adm. Chuichi Nagumo adaphatikizanso zombo zachitatu zomwe adalamula mwachindunji: onyamula ndege Shokaku ndi Zuikaku, chonyamulira ndege zopepuka Ryujo, ena onse a 3th cruiser squadron - the cruiser-aircraft carrier Tone and destroyers (ena onse a 8 flotilla): "Kazagumo", "Yugumo", "Akigumigumo". , Kamigumigumo Hatsukaze, Akizuki, Amatsukaze and Tokitsukaze. Panali magulu ena awiri, "gulu lothandizira" lankhondo yankhondo "Mutsu" motsogozedwa ndi Captain Mutsu, com. Teijiro Yamazumi, yomwe idaphatikizaponso owononga atatu "Harusame", "Samidare" ndi "Murasame", komanso "gulu losunga zobwezeretsera" motsogozedwa ndi adm. Isoroku Yamamoto, yopangidwa ndi sitima yankhondo Yamato, chonyamulira ndege Junyō, wonyamula ndege woperekeza Taiyo, ndi owononga awiri Akebono ndi Ushio.

Wonyamula ndege Junyō ​​​​adapangidwa ndikumanganso sitima yapamadzi ya Kashiwara Maru isanamalizidwe. Momwemonso, chonyamulira ndege chofananira cha Hiy chinamangidwa pachimake cha mapasa a Izumo Maru, omwe adagulidwanso pakumanga kuchokera kwa eni zombo Nippon Yusen Kaisha. Popeza mayunitsiwa anali ochedwa kwambiri (osakwana zaka za m'ma 26), sankatengedwa ngati zonyamulira ndege, ngakhale kuti zinali zazikulu kwambiri zonyamulira ndege zopepuka (zosamutsidwa pa matani 24).

Komabe, si zokhazo, chifukwa ntchito yopereka convoys ndi reinforcements ndi katundu Guadalcanal anapatsidwa gulu lina - 8th Fleet motsogozedwa ndi Vice Adm. Gunichi Mikawa. Zinali mwachindunji za Chōkai cruiser ndi 6th Cruiser Squadron motsogozedwa ndi Kontrrad. Aritomo Goto ndi apaulendo olemera Aoba, Kinugasa ndi Furutaka. Iwo adaphimbidwa ndi owononga kuchokera ku 2nd Destroyer Flotilla motsogozedwa ndi Kontrrad. Raizō Tanaka with the light cruiser Jintsu and the destroyers Suzukaze, Kawakaze, Umikaze, Isokaze, Yayoi, Mutsuki and Uzuki. Mphamvu imeneyi inalumikizidwa ndi zombo zinayi zoperekeza (Nos. 1, 2, 34 ndi 35), zomwe zinamangidwanso zowononga zakale, ndi mfuti ziwiri za 120 mm ndi mfuti ziwiri zotsutsana ndi ndege ndi madontho akuya akuya.

Uyu ndi Wachiwiri kwa Admiral wa 8 wa Fleet. Mikawi anapatsidwa ntchito yopereka gulu la 28th Infantry Regiment motsogoleredwa ndi Colonel F. Kiyonao Ichika ku Guadalcanal. Gululi linagawidwa magawo awiri. Gulu lina la asilikali, lopangidwa ndi akuluakulu a 916 ndi asilikali a Mtsamunda V. Ichiki, yemwe anali mtsogoleri, anali kunyamula owononga asanu ndi limodzi usiku: Kagero, Hagikaze, Arashi, Tanikaze, Hamakaze ndi Urakaze. Momwemonso, otsala a gululi (amuna pafupifupi 700 kuphatikiza zida zambiri zolemera) adayenera kutumizidwa ku Guadalcanal ndi onyamula awiri, Boston Maru ndi Daifuku Maru, moperekezedwa ndi ngalawa yopepuka ya Jintsu ndi oyang'anira awiri, No. 34 ndi 35 Chachitatu, sitima yapamadzi yotchedwa Kinryū Maru inanyamula asilikali pafupifupi 800 kuchokera ku Yokosuka 5th Marine Division. Pazonse, anthu 2400 adasamutsidwira ku Guadalcanal kuchokera ku Truk Island, ndipo 8th Fleet idapita ngati kuperekeza kwautali. Komabe, onse adm. Yamamoto adayenera kupereka chivundikiro chowonjezera pomwe mkulu wankhondo waku Japan adayembekeza kukokera Achimerika kunkhondo ina yayikulu ndikumenya kumbuyo ku Midway.

Mphamvu za adm. Yamamota inachoka ku Japan pa August 13, 1942. Patapita nthawi, mayendedwe ochokera ku Truk adachoka kuti agwirizane ndi ntchito yonse, yomwe aku Japan adayitcha "Operation Ka".

Kulephera kwa Opaleshoni Ka

Pa August 15, 1942, zombo zonyamula katundu za ku America zinafika ku Guadalcanal kwa nthawi yoyamba kuchokera pamene zinatera. Zowona, owononga anayi okha adasinthidwa kukhala zoyendera: USS Colhoun, USS Little, USS Gregory ndi USS McKean, koma adabweretsa zida zoyamba zofunika kukonza bwalo la ndege ku Lunga Point (Henderson Field). Panali migolo 400 yamafuta, migolo 32 yamafuta, mabomba 282 olemera makilogalamu 45-227, zida zosinthira ndi zida zothandizira.

Patatha tsiku limodzi, wowononga wakale waku Japan Oite adapereka asitikali a 113 ndi zida zothandizira gulu lankhondo laku Japan pachilumbachi, lomwe linali makamaka ndi othandizira apanyanja, asitikali omanga, ndi akapolo ambiri aku Korea omwe sangawoneke ngati oteteza pachilumbachi. Ma Marine aku Japan, kuphatikiza otsalira a Kure's 3rd Marine Group ndi zinthu zomwe zidangobwera kumene za Gulu la 5 la Marine la Yokosuka, adayimilira kumadzulo kwa gombe laku America ku Henderson Field. Asilikali aku Japan apansi panthaka, mosiyana, adamangirira chakum'mawa kwa bridgehead.

Pa August 19, zigawenga zitatu za ku Japan, Kagero, Hagikaze, ndi Arashi, zinawombera asilikali ankhondo a ku United States ndipo Amereka sanayankhe. Panalibe zida zankhondo za 127 mm zomwe zidakonzedwa panobe. Kenako panabwera mpando umodzi wa B-17 kuchokera ku Gulu la 11 la Espiritu Santo Bombardment, loyendetsedwa ndi Major J. James Edmundson. Yokhayo pano yomwe yakonzeka kuwuluka. Anaponya mabomba angapo pa owononga a ku Japan kuchokera pamtunda wa mamita 1500 ndipo, chodabwitsa, imodzi mwa mabombawa inagunda! Wowononga Hagikaze anagundidwa kumbuyo kwa turret yaikulu

cal. 127 mm bomba - 227 kg.

Bombalo linawononga chiwombankhangacho, linasefukira chiboliboli cha zida zankhondo, linawononga chiwongolero ndi kuthyola screw imodzi, kuchepetsa liwiro la wowonongayo kufika pa V. Kuwombera kunayima. Major Edmundson anayenda motsika kwambiri ku gombe la Henderson Field ndipo anatsanzikana ndi kufuula kwa Marines.

Pa August 20, ndege yoyamba inafika ku Henderson Field: 19 F4F Wildcats kuchokera ku VMF-223, motsogoleredwa ndi Capt. F. John L. Smith, ndi 12 SBD Dauntless kuchokera ku VMSB-232, motsogoleredwa ndi Major. Richard S. Mangrum. Ndegezi zidachoka ku chonyamulira cha USS Long Island (CVE-1), chonyamulira ndege choyamba ku America. Usiku umenewo, asilikali a ku Japan okwana 850, motsogoleredwa ndi Mtsamunda S. Ichiki, anaukiridwa ndi asilikali a ku Japan amene anatsala pang’ono kuwonongedwa. Mwa asitikali 916 omwe anaphulitsidwa ndi 28th Infantry Regiment, 128 okha ndi omwe adapulumuka.

Panthawiyi, zombo za ku Japan zinali kuyandikira Guadalcanal. Pa Ogasiti 20, bwato lowuluka la ku Japan linawona USS Long Island ndikulingalira kuti ndi yonyamulira ndege za zombo zazikulu zaku US. Gulu lankhondo la zombo zitatu lolimbitsidwa linatsogolera gulu lomenyera nkhondo motsogozedwa ndi asitikali aku Japan. Raizo Tanaka adalamulidwa kuti atembenukire kumpoto kuti abweretse wonyamula ndege waku America kudera lankhondo la Rabaul. Kuchokera kumwera chakum'mawa, kumbali ina, gulu lankhondo laku America lonyamula USS Fomalhaut (AKA-5) ndi USS Alhena (AKA-9) moperekeza mwachindunji owononga USS Blue (DD-387), USS Henley (DD-391) . ) ndi USS Helm anali akuyandikira Guadalcanal (DD-388). Komabe, chofunikira kwambiri, chivundikiro chaulere cha convoy chinali ndi magulu atatu omenyera motsogozedwa ndi Vice Adm. Frank "Jack" Fletcher.

Analamula USS Saratoga (CV-3), chonyamulira ndege ya Task Force 11, atanyamula 28 F4Fs (VF-5), 33 SBDs (VB-3 ndi VS-3) ndi 13 TBF Avengers (VT-8). Wonyamulira ndegeyo adaperekezedwa ndi oyenda olemera USS Minneapolis (CA-36) ndi USS New Orleans (CA-32) ndi owononga USS Phelps (DD-360), USS Farragut (DD-348), USS Worden (DD-352) ). , USS Macdonough (DD-351) ndi USS Dale (DD-353).

Gulu lachiwiri la Task Force 16 motsogozedwa ndi Counterradm. Thomas C. Kincaid adakonzedwa mozungulira chonyamulira ndege cha USS Enterprise (CV-6). M'bwaloli munali 29 F4F (VF-6), 35 SBD (VB-6, VS-5) ndi 16 TBF (VT-3). TF-16 idakutidwa ndi: sitima yankhondo yatsopano ya USS North Carolina (BB-55), sitima yapamadzi yolemetsa ya USS Portland (CA-33), sitima yapamadzi yolimbana ndi ndege ya USS Atlanta (CL-51) ndi owononga USS Balch (DD- 363), USS Maury (DD- 401), USS Ellet (DD-398), USS Benham (DD-397), USS Grayson (DD-435), ndi USS Monssen (DD-436).

Gulu lachitatu la Task Force 18 motsogozedwa ndi Counterrad. Lee H. Noyes adapangidwa mozungulira chonyamulira ndege cha USS Wasp (CV-7). Inanyamula 25 F4Fs (VF-71), 27 SBDs (VS-71 ndi VS-72), 10 TBFs (VT-7) ndi bakha mmodzi amphibious J2F. Operekeza adanyamulidwa ndi oyenda olemera USS San Francisco (CA-38) ndi USS Salt Lake City (CA-25), anti-aircraft cruiser USS Juneau (CL-52) ndi owononga USS Farenholt (DD-491), USS Aroni. Ward (DD-483), USS Buchanan (DD-484), USS Lang (DD-399), USS Stack (DD-406), USS Sterett (DD-407) ndi USS Selfridge (DD-357).

Kuphatikiza apo, ndege zomwe zidangofika kumene zidayimilira ku Gaudalcanal, ndipo gulu lachi 11 (25 B-17E / F) ndi 33 PBY-5 Catalina yokhala ndi VP-11, VP-14, VP-23 ndi VP-72 idayima pa Espiritu. . Santo.