Ranger ndi "Mtsogoleri"
Ranger chakumapeto kwa 30s. Ndege zimakhalabe mu hanger, kotero kuti mapaipi a sitimayo ali oima.
Kukhalapo kwa zombo zolemera za Kriegsmarine kumpoto kwa Norway kunakakamiza a British kukhalabe olimba kwambiri m'munsi mwa zombo zapanyumba za Scapa Flow. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1942, iwo akanatha "kubwereka" mbali za US Navy, ndipo patapita miyezi ingapo adatembenukiranso ku Washington kuti awathandize, nthawi ino kupempha kutumiza chonyamulira ndege. Anthu a ku America anathandiza ogwirizana nawo mothandizidwa ndi Ranger yaing’ono, yakale kwambiri, imene ndege zake zinaukira zombo za ku Germany pafupi ndi Bodø mu October 1943 ndi chipambano chachikulu.
Miyezi iwiri m'mbuyomo, wonyamulira ndegeyo Illustrious adatumizidwa ku Mediterranean kuti akathandizire kuukira dziko la Italy, ndi Furious wakale yekha yemwe adatsala m'gulu lanyumba lomwe likufunika kukonzedwa. Yankho la pempho la Admiralty linali kutumiza Task Force 112.1 ku Scapa Flow, yopangidwa kuchokera ku Ranger (CV-4), oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi Tuscaloosa (CA-37) ndi Augusta (CA-31) ndi owononga 5. Gulu lankhondoli linafika kumunsi ku Orkney pa 19 August ndipo Cadmius, yemwe anali kuyembekezera kumeneko, analamulira. Olaf M. Hustvedt.
The Ranger anali ndege yoyamba ya US Navy yonyamulira ndege yomwe idapangidwa kuyambira pachiyambi ngati ngalawa ya kalasi iyi, osati kutembenuzidwa kuchokera ku ngalawa (monga Langley CV-1) kapena nkhondo yosatha (monga Lexington CV-2 ndi Saratoga). kuyambiranso-3). Kwa zaka zinayi zoyambirira zautumiki wake, makamaka ku San Diego, California, adachita nawo zochitika za "Battle Force" (mbali ya Pacific ya US Navy) ndi gulu la ndege poyamba lomwe linali ndi ndege za 89, biplanes zokha. Kuyambira mu April 1939, idakhazikitsidwa ku Norfolk (Virginia), pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, idayamba kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Caribbean, kenako gulu la mavu lomwe likumangidwa (CV-7) limaphunzitsidwa kumeneko. Mu May 1941, atatha kukonza, pamene, mwa zina, zida zotsutsana ndi ndege zinalimbikitsidwa, zoyamba zotchedwa. Oyang'anira osalowerera ndale opangidwa ndi heavy cruiser Vincennes (CA-44) ndi awiri owononga. Pambuyo paulendo wake wachiwiri mu June, adasinthanso zida (kuphatikiza radar ndi beacon ya wailesi) ndi zida. Mu Novembala, ndi anthu oyenda panyanja komanso owononga zombo zisanu ndi ziwiri za US Navy, adaperekeza zonyamula zonyamula asitikali aku Britain kuchokera ku Halifax kupita ku Cape Town (convoy WS-24).
Pambuyo pa Pearl Harbor, sitima ya ku Bermuda inagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa, ndikupuma kuti ipite ku Martinique kuti "iyang'anire" zombo za Vichy kumapeto kwa February 1942. Pambuyo pa zida zina ndi zida zosinthidwa (kumapeto kwa March / kumayambiriro kwa April), anapita ku Quonset. Point (kumwera kwa Boston), komwe adakwera 68 (76?) Curtiss P-40E omenyana. Motsagana ndi zigawenga zingapo kudutsa Trinidad, anafika ku Accra (British Gold Coast, yomwe tsopano ndi Ghana) pa May 10, ndipo kumeneko makinawa, omwe amayenera kufika kutsogolo kumpoto kwa Africa, adasiya ngalawayo (ananyamuka m'magulu, adatenga. pafupifupi tsiku lathunthu). Pa July 1, atakhala ku Argentina (Newfoundland), adayitana ku Quonset Point kuti apeze gulu lina la omenyana ndi Curtiss P-40 (nthawi ino 72 version F), yomwe inayamba ku Accra patatha masiku 18.
Atamalizanso zida zotsutsana ndi ndege, ataphunzitsidwa pafupi ndi Norfolk, Ranger adakwera gulu lankhondo lankhondo la VF-9 ndi VF-41 ndi magulu oponya mabomba ndi kuyang'anira VS-41, omwe adaphunzitsa ambiri a Okutobala ku Bermuda. Maphunzirowa adatsogolera kuti alowe nawo ku Allied landings ku France ku North Africa (Operation Torch). Pamodzi ndi wonyamula ndege woperekeza Suwanee (CVE-27), woyendetsa ndege wopepuka Cleveland (CL-55) ndi owononga asanu, adapanga Task Force 34.2, gawo la Task Force 34, yomwe idapatsidwa ntchito yophimba ndikuthandizira gulu lotera lomwe liyenera kutenga. Morocco. Atafika pamtunda wa makilomita 8 kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Casablanca mbandakucha pa November 30, gulu lake la ndege linali ndi ndege 72 zokonzekera kumenyana: ndege imodzi (inali Grumman TBF-1 Avenger torpedo bomba), 17 Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive mabomba ( VS-41) ndi 54 Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat womenya (26 VF-9 ndi 28 VF-41).
A French anagonja m’maŵa wa November 11, 1942, pamene ndege za Ranger zinali zitanyamuka maulendo 496. Pa tsiku loyamba la nkhondo, omenyanawo adawombera ndege za 13 (kuphatikizapo molakwika RAF Hudson) ndipo anawononga pafupifupi 20 pansi, pamene mabombawo anamiza sitima zapamadzi za ku France Amphitrite, Oread ndi Psyche, anawononga chombo chankhondo Jean Bart , woyendetsa ndege Primaguet. ndi wowononga Albatros. Tsiku lotsatira, Wildcats analandira 5 kugunda (kachiwiri ndi makina awo), ndipo osachepera 14 ndege anawonongedwa pansi. M'mawa wa Novembara 10, ma torpedoes omwe adathamangitsidwa ndi sitima yapamadzi ya Le Tonnant ku Ranger adaphonya. adakhazikika chakumbuyo kwake pansi pa dziwe lomwe adamangidwiramo. Kupambana kumeneku kunali ndi mtengo wake - chifukwa cha mikangano ya adani ndi ngozi, omenyera nkhondo 15 ndi mabomba atatu adatayika,
oyendetsa ndege asanu ndi mmodzi anaphedwa.
Atabwerera ku Norfolk ndi kuyendera doko pa January 19, 1943, Ranger, pamodzi ndi a Tuscaloosa ndi owononga 5, anatumiza asilikali 72 a P-40 ku Casablanca. Gulu lomwelo, koma mu mtundu L, linatulutsidwa pa February 24. Kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa April mpaka kumapeto kwa July, iye anali ku Argentina, pachilumba cha Newfoundland, akupanga maulendo ophunzitsa m’mphepete mwa madzi ozungulira. Panthawiyi, adayang'aniridwa ndi atolankhani, pomwe aku Germany adalengeza kuti adamizidwa. Izi zinali chifukwa cha kuukira kosatheka kwa sitima yapamadzi - pa Epulo 23, U 404 idathamangitsa ma torpedoes anayi ku Beater wonyamulira ndege waku Britain, zotulutsa zawo (mwina kumapeto kwa kuthamanga) zidawoneka ngati chizindikiro cha kugunda ndi CP. Otto von Bülow adanena kuti akumira chandamale chomwe sichikudziwika bwino. Pamene mabodza achijeremani adalengeza kupambana (Hitler adapatsa von Bülow Mtanda wa Iron ndi Masamba a Oak), Achimereka, ndithudi, akhoza kutsimikizira kuti izi zinali zopanda pake, ndipo adatcha mkulu wa sitima zapamadzi kuti ndi wamantha wabodza, komanso wonyenga (pansi pa ulamuliro wake U-Boat. 404 nthawi zambiri adaukira molimba mtima ma convoys, kumiza zombo 14 ndi Msirikali wowononga waku Britain).
M'masiku khumi oyamba a Ogasiti, Ranger adapita kunyanja kukaperekeza sitima yapamadzi ya Queen Mary, pomwe nthumwi za boma la Britain motsogozedwa ndi Prime Minister Winston Churchill zidapita ku Quebec kukakumana ndi anthu aku America. Pamene 11tm. adachoka ku eyapoti ya Canada, gulu lake la ndege (CVG-4) linali ndi ndege 67: 27 FM-2 Wildcats za gulu la VF-4 (ex-VF-41), 30 SBD Dauntless VB-4 (ex-VB-41) , 28 mu zosiyana 4 ndi awiri "matatu") ndi 10 Grumman TBF-1 Wobwezera VT-4 torpedo mabomba, imodzi mwa izo inali ndege "yaumwini" ya mkulu wa gulu latsopano, Commander V. Joseph A. Ruddy.
Zowonongeka kumbuyo kwa chombo chankhondo cha ku France Jean Bart, chomwe chili ku Casablanca. Zina mwa izo zinayambitsidwa ndi mabomba omwe anagwetsedwa ndi ndege za Ranger.
Zoyambira
Zaka zoposa 21 m’mbuyomo, mu February 1922, oimira maulamuliro asanu amphamvu padziko lonse anasaina ku Washington pangano la kuchepetsa zida zankhondo zapamadzi, kuyambitsa “tchuthi” pomanga zombo zolemera kwambiri. Pofuna kupewa zida zomalizidwa za zombo ziwiri zankhondo za Lexington kuti zisafike kumalo osungiramo zombo kuti ziwonongeke, aku America adaganiza zowagwiritsa ntchito ngati "chassis" kwa onyamulira ndege. Zombo za kalasiyi zinali ndi malire amtundu uliwonse wa kusamuka kwawo, komwe ku US Navy kunali matani 135 000. Popeza ankaganiza kuti Lexington ndi Saratoga anali anthu 33 aliyense, anthu 000 analipo.
Ali ku Washington adayamba kuganiza za sitima yomwe ingakhale yonyamulira ndege kuyambira pomwe keel idayikidwa, mapangidwe oyamba "oyenera", mu Julayi 1922, adaphatikizanso zojambula zamayunitsi okhala ndi mapangidwe a 11, 500, 17 ndi matani 000 23. Izi zinatanthauza kusiyana kwa liwiro lalikulu, kusungitsa ndi kukula kwa gulu la mpweya; pankhani ya zida zankhondo, njira iliyonse imakhala ndi mfuti za 000-mm (27-000) ndi 203-mm (6 kapena 9) mfuti zapadziko lonse lapansi. Pamapeto pake, adaganiza kuti osachepera 127 tf adzabweretsa zotsatira zokhutiritsa, zomwe zikanakhala zofunikira kusankha zida zothamanga kwambiri ndi zida zamphamvu kapena zotsika kwambiri, koma ndi zida zamphamvu, kapena ndege zambiri.
Mu Meyi 1924, panali mwayi wophatikiza wonyamulira ndege mu pulogalamu yotsatira yakukulitsa ya US Navy. Zinapezeka kuti Bungwe la Aeronautics (BuAer), lomwe limayang'anira chitukuko cha kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito Chifukwa cha ichi, gulu lalikulu la mpweya ndi kutsetsereka kotetezeka kunatanthauza mavuto ambiri, mwachitsanzo, ndi kuika zida. Mamembala a General Council, bungwe la alangizi pansi pa Mtumiki wa Navy wopangidwa ndi akuluakulu akuluakulu, adakangananso za liwiro loyenera la sitimayo (poganizira za chiopsezo chochokera ku "Washington" cruisers) ndi mitundu yake. Khonsoloyo pamapeto pake idapereka njira ziwiri: sitima yankhondo yopepuka, yothamanga (32,5 mu) yokhala ndi mfuti zisanu ndi zitatu za 203 mm ndi ndege 60, kapena sitima yankhondo yabwino koma yocheperako (27,5 mkati).
ndi ndege 72.
Pamene zinapezeka kuti ndalama zonyamulira ndege sizingaphatikizidwe mu bajeti mpaka 1929, mutu "unagwa pa mndandanda." Adabweranso miyezi ingapo kapena kupitilira apo, pomwe Khonsolo idavotera gawo laling'ono kwambiri, kuphatikiza mfuti za 203 mm ndi zida zomwe zidapangidwa kale. Ngakhale kuti panali malipoti ochokera ku London okhudzana ndi mavuto ndi kuchotsa utsi pa Fast and the Furious ndipo palibe mavuto ndi Hermes ndi Eagle, onse okhala ndi zilumba, BuAer anapitirizabe kusankha kukwera ndege. Mu February 1926, akatswiri a Bungwe la Zomangamanga ndi Kukonzanso (BuSiR) adapereka zojambula zamagulu ndi kusamuka kwa matani 10, 000 ndi 13, omwe amayenera kufika masentimita 800-23. lamba, zida m'chombo chake chinali ndi mfuti 000 32-mm. Zina ziwirizo zinali ndi mikwingwirima yam'mbali 32,5 mm, ndipo khumi ndi awiri anali ndi mfuti 12 127 mm.
Pamsonkhano wa Council mu March 1927, mutu wa BKR anavotera sitima sing'anga-kakulidwe, pamaziko kuti mayunitsi asanu amawerengera malo okwana decks ndege 15-20 peresenti. kuposa momwe zinalili ndi atatu omwe adasamutsidwa matani 23 000. Akhoza kukhala ndi chitetezo "chothandiza", koma kuwerengera kunasonyeza kuti zida zankhondo zomwe zili pamtunda wa ndegeyo kapena chitetezo cha malo osungiramo ndege sichinali chotheka. Chifukwa chochepa chokana kumenyana ndi kuwonongeka, ndipo chifukwa chake kuthekera kwakukulu kwa kutayika, zombo zambiri zinali zabwinoko. Komabe, pali nkhani ya ndalama, zomwe zimakwera pafupifupi 20 peresenti. chifukwa cha zipinda ziwiri zowonjezera zodula za injini. Zikafika pazinthu zofunikira pa BuAer, adaganiza kuti bwalo la ndege liyenera kukhala osachepera 80 mapazi (24,4 m) m'lifupi ndi pafupifupi 665 (203 m) kutalika ndi machitidwe a ma brake ndi ma catapults kumbali zonse ziwiri.
Pamsonkhano wa Okutobala, msilikali woimira oyendetsa ndegeyo adalankhula mokomera ngalawa yomwe idasamutsidwa matani 13, yomwe imatha kunyamula mabomba 800 ndi omenyera 36 m'bwalo la ndege, kapena - mumtundu womwe uli ndi liwiro lalikulu kwambiri ( 72 m'malo mwa mfundo za 32,5) - 29,4 ndi 27. Ngakhale kuti ubwino wa chilumbachi unali utawonekera kale (monga chiwongolero chofika, mwachitsanzo), kusalala kwa sitimayo kunkaonedwabe "kofunikira kwambiri". Vuto la mpweya wotulutsa mpweya linakakamiza Bungwe la Engineering (BuEng) kusankha chilumba, koma popeza mtengo wa sitimayo unatsimikiziridwa ndi ubwino wa "bwalo la ndege", BuAer adapeza.
Kuyamba kwa ntchito ya Saratoga ndi Lexington (yoyamba idalowa muutumiki milungu iwiri m'mbuyomo, yachiwiri pakati pa Disembala) idatanthauza kuti pa Novembara 1, 1927, Bungwe Lalikulu lidapempha mlembi kuti amange zisanu pa 13 tf. Popeza, mosiyana ndi maganizo a akatswiri a Dipatimenti ya Mapulani a Nkhondo, omwe ankafuna kuti agwirizane ndi oyendetsa ndege ku Washington, kuyanjana kwawo ndi zida zankhondo zomwe "pang'onopang'ono" zinkaganiziridwa, zonyamulira ndege zatsopanozi zinkaonedwa kuti ndizosafunika kuti zidutse. zaka za m'ma 800.
Njira zina zinaganiziridwa ku BuC&R m'miyezi itatu yotsatira, koma zojambula zinayi zokha za sitima ya matani 13 zomwe zidatengedwa kupita patsogolo kwambiri, ndipo a Board adasankha njira ya 800-foot (700 m) ndege. Popeza okonza mapulaniwo anazindikira kuti ngakhale machumuni ataliatali pachilumbachi sangasokoneze mpweya pamwamba pake, kufunika kosalala kunasungidwa. Izi zikachitika, kuti utsi ukhale wochepa kwambiri, ma boilers amayenera kukhala pafupi kwambiri mpaka kumapeto kwa chombocho, ndipo chifukwa chake, adaganiza zopeza chipinda chotenthetserako "mosadziwika bwino" kumbuyo kwa nyumbayo. chipinda cha turbine. Zinaganiziridwanso, monga pa Langley woyesera, kuti agwiritse ntchito chimneys chopinda (chiwerengero chawo chinawonjezeka kufika pa zisanu ndi chimodzi), zomwe zinawalola kuti aziyika mopingasa, molunjika kumbali. Panthawi yoyendetsa mpweya, mpweya wonse wotulutsa mpweya ukhoza kuwongoleredwa ku "simetrical trio" yomwe ili kumbali ya leeward.
Kusuntha injini chipinda aft kuletsa kulemera kwake kwakukulu (kuyambitsa mavuto aakulu trim) ndipo motero mphamvu, kotero Board potsiriza anavomereza 53 HP, amene anali kupereka liwilo pamwamba 000 mfundo pansi pa mikhalidwe mayeso. Zinaganiziridwanso kuti gulu la ndege liyenera kukhala ndi magalimoto a 29,4 (kuphatikizapo mabomba a 108 okha ndi mabomba a torpedo), ndipo ma catapults awiri ayenera kuikidwa pamtunda wa hangar, kudutsa fuselage. Zosintha zazikulu zidapangidwa pazida - chifukwa chake, mfuti zotsutsana ndi sitima zapamadzi, machubu a torpedo ndi mfuti zidasiyidwa mokomera mfuti zapadziko lonse lapansi za 27-mm L / 127 ndi mfuti zamakina 25 mm momwe zingathere, ndikufunika zikhazikitseni kunja kwa bwalo la ndege ndikuzipereka kwa mitengo ikuluikulu ngati minda yayikulu momwe mungathere. Kuwerengera kunawonetsa kuti matani ochepa okha a zida zankhondo adzatsalira, ndipo, potsiriza, makina oyendetsa adaphimbidwa (mbale 12,7 mm wandiweyani m'mbali ndi 51 mm pamwamba). Popeza kuti sikunali kotheka kukonza bwino zida zankhondo, ma torpedoes adasiyidwa, ndipo ndege zoyendetsedwa ndi ndege zidayenera kukhala ndi zida zankhondo zokha.
