Kulemba mafuta agalimoto - zinsinsi za mayina
Zamkatimu
Kuchuluka kwamafuta a injini omwe msika umapereka kumatha kusokoneza dalaivala wa novice. Komabe, muzosiyana zonsezi, pali dongosolo lomwe lingakuthandizeni kusankha kugula. Choncho, chizindikiro mafuta - timaphunzira ndi kusankha.
Zamkatimu
- 1 Maziko a chizindikiro ndi kukhuthala kokwanira
- 2 Synthetic vs. Mineral - Ndi Chiyani Chabwino Kwambiri?
- 3 Kodi kulemba kumatanthauza chiyani - kuyika mafuta a injini
Maziko a chizindikiro ndi kukhuthala kokwanira
Mafuta agalimoto omwe amapezeka kwa oyendetsa onse amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: opangira ndi mchere. Tisanafufuze mwatsatanetsatane, tiyeni tikambirane za khalidwe lofunika kwambiri, lomwe limasonyezedwa mwachindunji polemba - za coefficient ya viscosity. Khalidweli limatengedwa kuti ndi lofunika kwambiri.
Coefficient imatsimikiziridwa ndi malire a kutentha ndi ntchito yamakina a injini. Pa kutentha kozungulira, kukhuthala sikuyenera kukhala kochepa kuposa mzere wovomerezeka wofunikira kuyambitsa injini - mtima wa galimoto uyenera kuyamba mosavuta komanso bwino, ndipo pampu ya mafuta iyenera kuyendayenda mosavuta kudzera mu dongosolo. Pa kutentha kwakukulu, mphamvu ya viscosity sayenera kupitirira chizindikiro chomwe chasonyezedwa m'buku la utumiki wa galimoto - mafuta amapanga filimu pazigawo zomwe zimateteza zinthu kuti zisavale.
Ngati mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi otsika kwambiri (mafuta amadzimadzi), galimoto amapita ku sitolo kukonza mofulumira chifukwa kuvala. Ngati chizindikiro ichi ndi chachikulu kwambiri (chachikulu kwambiri), ndiye kuti mkati mwa injini padzakhala kukana, mafuta adzawonjezeka ndipo mphamvu idzachepa. Posankha mafuta, palibe malingaliro ofanana kwa onse. Mwini galimotoyo ayenera kuganizira za nyengo ya dera limene galimotoyo ili, mtunda wa galimoto ndi momwe injiniyo ilili.
Synthetic vs. Mineral - Ndi Chiyani Chabwino Kwambiri?
Makhalidwe amafuta amafuta amchere amadalira kwambiri kutentha ndi nyengo zina, chifukwa chake, amafunikira kuwonjezera zowonjezera pakupanga kwawo. Mlozera wawo wa viscosity mwachindunji umadalira katundu wapamwamba wamakina ndi matenthedwe. Mafuta opangira mafuta samamangiriridwa ku kutentha - chizindikirochi chimagwirizana ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala, zomwe zimakhazikika zomwe zimapangidwira.
Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yamadzimadzi munyengo yozizira komanso yokhuthala m'nyengo yachilimwe, monga momwe zimasonyezedwera ndi chizindikiro cha mafuta opangira magalimoto.
Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa viscosity coefficient, zopangira zopangira zimavala pang'ono, zimawotcha bwino ndikusiya ma depositi angapo. Ngakhale zonsezi, mafuta opangidwa ayenera kusinthidwa pafupipafupi monga mafuta amchere. "Ndi diso" mafuta abwino amatsimikiziridwa pambuyo pa ntchito yaitali ya injini - ngati mdima pa ntchito, zikutanthauza kuti zikuchokera anatsuka mbali injini bwino, kupewa kuvala mbali.
Palinso mtundu wachitatu - semisynthetic mafuta. Nthawi zambiri, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto omwe agwa mu nthawi ya kusintha pakati pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mankhwala opangira m'malo mwa mchere. Semi-synthetic ndi yotchuka kwambiri pakati pa oyendetsa galimoto, chifukwa sadalira kutentha kwa nyengo.
Kodi kulemba kumatanthauza chiyani - kuyika mafuta a injini
Pali mitundu ingapo ya zilembo, iliyonse ili ndi mbiri yakeyake komanso gawo la msika. Kuzindikira zidule zonse ndi zilembo zolembera mafuta a injini zimalola dalaivala kuti azitha kusankha mosavuta.
- SAE ndi gulu lotengedwa ndi American Society of Automotive Engineers. Mafuta a injini ya SAE ndiye mtsogoleri wamsika.
- API - gulu la American Petroleum Institute, amasiyana mfundo kulekanitsa mafuta m'magulu awiri kutengera mtundu wa injini.
- ACEA ndi mtundu wa chizindikiritso chomwe chinayambitsidwa ndi European Association of Automobile Manufacturers mu 1996. Kutengera njira zoyesera zaku Europe, komanso amagwiritsa ntchito njira zodziwika kuchokera m'magulu awiri am'mbuyomu.
Kotero, mwa dongosolo. Ngati muwona mayina kuchokera ku SAE 0W kupita ku SAE 20W, ndiye kuti m'manja mwanu mafutawo ndi a nthawi yachisanu - chilembo W chimatanthauza "dzinja", lomwe limamasuliridwa kuti "dzinja". Ili ndi index yotsika yama viscosity. Ngati nambala imodzi yokha ikuwonetsedwa polembapo, popanda zilembo zowonjezera (kuchokera ku SAE 20 mpaka SAE 60), muli ndi zolemba zapamwamba zachilimwe, zomwe zimangopangidwira nyengo yofunda. Monga mukuonera, kukhuthala kwa viscosity coefficient of SAE compounds ndi dongosolo la kukula kwake kuposa lachisanu.
Semi-synthetic SAE mankhwala ali ndi manambala awiri polemba nthawi imodzi - nthawi yachisanu ndi nyengo yachilimwe. Mwachitsanzo, kwa injini zomwe zimakhala ndi moyo wautali wautumiki, mafuta monga SAE 15W-40, SAE 20W-40 ndi abwino kwambiri. Ziwerengerozi zikuwonetsa kukhuthala kwamafuta ndikukulolani kuti musankhe mulingo woyenera pa injini iliyonse payekhapayekha. Simuyenera kuyesa kusintha mtundu wina wamafuta a SAE ndi wina, makamaka kwa okonda mafuta opangidwa ndi semi-synthetic. Izi zitha kubweretsa zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri, monga kuvala mwachangu kwa injini ndikutaya mawonekedwe ofunikira amakina.
Tiyeni tipitirire ku miyezo ya API. Malinga ndi zofunika za Association, opanga kupanga formulations payokha kwa mitundu injini mafuta ndi kalata dzina S, ndi payokha kwa injini dizilo, zotchulidwa kalata C. makamaka zinthu zovuta. Masiku ano Association ikupereka ziphaso zokhazo zopanga zosatsika kuposa gulu la SH.
Mafuta a dizilo ali ndi magawo 11 kuchokera ku CA mpaka CH. Zilolezo zimaperekedwa kuti apange nyimbo zosachepera CF mtundu. M'magulu a dizilo, nambala imapezekanso polembapo, yomwe imasonyeza kugunda kwa injini. Mwachitsanzo, kwa injini ziwiri sitiroko pali CD-II, CF-2 mafuta injini anayi sitiroko - CF-4, CG-4, CH-4.
Gulu la European ACEA limagawa mafuta m'magulu atatu:
- kwa injini za petulo amalembedwa "A";
- kwa mitundu ya dizilo ya injini zamagalimoto okwera, zolembedwa "B";
- kwa mitundu ya injini za dizilo zamagalimoto, zolembedwa "E".
Amakhulupirira kuti mafuta a gulu ili amapangidwa kuti azitalikirapo injini mtunda. Amapulumutsanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Iwo amalimbikitsidwa makamaka kwa injini zamagalimoto atsopano. Mafuta olembedwa A1, A5, B1, B5 ndiwowonjezera mphamvu, A2, A3, B2, B3, B4 ndiwofala.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuwotcha sikunali koyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa ziwalo zamkati zimatha ngakhale zitakhala zopanda ntchito. Ngati muwonjezetsa liwiro kapena kuipitsitsa, kuyendetsa galimoto ndikutsanulira mu injini, kuvala kudzakhala kwakukulu, mosasamala kanthu za maziko a mafuta. Ngati mafuta opangidwa ndi injini opangidwa ndi makina amaposa madzi amchere m'njira zambiri, ndiye kuti sizili choncho ndi kuwotcha. Chifukwa chake, palibe chifukwa chenicheni pakulipila mopitilira muyeso ndikugula ma synthetic flushing.
M'magalimoto ambiri amagalimoto, amadzipereka kuti azitsuka injini kuwonjezera pakusintha mafuta. Komanso, chifukwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito, kuphatikizapo otchedwa "mphindi zisanu", amene anawonjezera injini. Koma musanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zowonjezera pa ntchito yotereyi, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ndondomekoyi siyofunika nthawi zonse.
Ngati magetsi akugwira ntchito bwino, popanda phokoso lakunja, ndipo atatha kukhetsa migodi palibe zizindikiro zoonekeratu za kuipitsidwa ndi kuphatikizika kwachilendo, ndipo ngati mafuta atsopano amtundu womwewo ndi mtundu womwewo amatsanuliridwa, ndiye kuti kuwotcha sikofunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati galimotoyo imayendetsedwa molingana ndi malamulo komanso mafuta apamwamba kwambiri komanso mafuta opaka mafuta, ndiye kuti palibe chifukwa chogula mafuta otsuka, ndikokwanira kusintha mafuta kangapo pasadakhale ndi 3- 4 ma kilomita.
Ndi bwino kugula kutsuka m'masitolo apadera, chifukwa pakati pa katunduyo pali zinthu zambiri zachinyengo, makamaka pankhani ya mankhwala ochokera kwa opanga odziwika bwino. Kwa magalimoto apanyumba, chisankho chabwino kwambiri chingakhale mafuta otsuka kuchokera ku Lukoil kapena Rosneft. Izi ndizokwanira, mafuta otsika mtengo, ndipo ngati zonse zachitika motsatira malangizo, ndiye kuti sipadzakhala mavuto.
