Momwe makina opangira injini amagwirira ntchito

Kachipangizo ka injini kamene kamasinthira kusinthasintha kwa ma pistoni (chifukwa cha mphamvu yakuyaka kwamafuta osakanikirana) kukhala kuzungulira kwa crankshaft ndi mosemphanitsa. Ichi ndi makina ovuta kwambiri omwe amapanga maziko a injini yoyaka mkati. M'nkhaniyi tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane chipangizo ndi mawonekedwe a ntchito ya KShM.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Umboni woyamba wa kugwiritsa ntchito crank unapezeka m'zaka za zana la 3 AD, mu Ufumu wa Roma ndi Byzantium m'zaka za zana la 6 AD. Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri ndi makina ocheka matabwa ochokera ku Hierapolis, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito crankshaft. Mphepete mwachitsulo inapezedwa mu mzinda wachiroma wa Augusta Raurica m’dziko limene tsopano limatchedwa Switzerland. Mulimonse mmene zinalili, James Packard wina anavomereza kutulukira kumeneku mu 1780, ngakhale kuti umboni wa kutulukira kwake unapezedwa m’nthaŵi zakale.

Zithunzi za KShM

Zigawo za KShM zimagawidwa m'magawo osunthika komanso osasunthika. Zigawo zosuntha zikuphatikizapo:

• pistoni ndi mphete za pistoni;
• ndodo zolumikiza;
• mapepala a pistoni;
• crankshaft;
• nthumwi.

Magawo okhazikika a KShM amagwira ntchito ngati maziko, zomangira ndi maupangiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• yamphamvu;
• mutu wa silinda;
• chikwapu;
• poto mafuta;
• zomangira ndi ma bearings.

Magawo okhazikika a KShM

Crankcase ndi poto mafuta

Crankcase ndi gawo la m'munsi mwa injini yomwe ili ndi mayendedwe ndi mafuta a crankshaft. Mu crankcase, ndodo zolumikizira zimasuntha ndipo crankshaft imazungulira. Pini yamafuta ndi mosungiramo mafuta a injini.

Pansi pa crankcase panthawi yogwira ntchito imakhala ndi kutentha komanso mphamvu zambiri. Chifukwa chake, gawo ili limakhala ndi zofunikira zapadera zamphamvu komanso zolimba. Pakupanga kwake, aluminiyamu kapena zitsulo zotayidwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Crankcase imamangiriridwa ku cylinder block. Onse pamodzi amapanga chimango cha injini, gawo lalikulu la thupi lake. Masilinda omwe ali mu block. Mutu wa chipika cha injini umayikidwa pamwamba. Pansi pa masilindala pali mabowo ozizirira madzi.

Malo ndi chiwerengero cha masilindala

Mitundu yotsatirayi ndiyofala kwambiri pakadali pano:

• pakati pa ma silinda anayi kapena asanu ndi limodzi;
• silinda sikisi 90 ° V-malo;
• Malo owoneka ngati VR pamakona ang'onoang'ono;
• malo osiyana (pistoni amasuntha wina ndi mzake kuchokera mbali zosiyanasiyana);
• W-malo okhala ndi masilinda 12.

Mu dongosolo losavuta la mzere, ma cylinders ndi pistoni amakonzedwa motsatira mzere wa crankshaft. Chiwembu ichi ndi chosavuta komanso chodalirika.

Cylinder mutu

Mutu umamangirizidwa ku chipikacho ndi ma studs kapena mabawuti. Imakwirira masilindala ndi ma pistoni kuchokera pamwamba, kupanga chibowo chotsekedwa - chipinda choyaka moto. Pali gasket pakati pa chipika ndi mutu. Mutu wa silinda umakhalanso ndi masitima apamtunda ndi ma spark plugs.

Zitsulo

Ma pistoni amayenda molunjika mu masilinda a injini. Kukula kwawo kumadalira pisitoni sitiroko ndi kutalika kwake. Masilinda amagwira ntchito pazovuta zosiyanasiyana komanso kutentha kwambiri. Panthawi yogwira ntchito, makomawo amakumana ndi kukangana kosalekeza ndi kutentha mpaka 2500 ° C. Zofunikira zapadera zimayikidwanso pa zipangizo ndi kukonza ma silinda. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku zitsulo zotayidwa, zitsulo kapena aluminiyamu. Pamwamba pa mbali siziyenera kukhala zolimba, komanso zosavuta kukonza.

Mbali yakunja yogwirira ntchito imatchedwa galasi. Ndi chrome yokutidwa ndikupukutidwa mpaka pagalasi kuti muchepetse kukangana mumikhalidwe yocheperako. Ma cylinders amaponyedwa pamodzi ndi chipika kapena amapangidwa ngati manja ochotsedwa.

Magawo osunthika a KShM

pisitoni

Kusuntha kwa pisitoni mu silinda kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyaka kwa osakaniza amafuta a mpweya. Kupanikizika kumapangidwa komwe kumagwira pa pistoni korona. Zitha kukhala zosiyana mu mawonekedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya injini. Mu injini mafuta, pansi poyamba anali lathyathyathya, ndiye anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba concave ndi grooves kwa mavavu. Mu injini za dizilo, mpweya umatsindikitsidwa m'chipinda choyaka, osati mafuta. Chifukwa chake, korona wa pisitoni imakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe a concave, omwe ndi gawo la chipinda choyaka moto.

Maonekedwe apansi ndi ofunikira kwambiri popanga lawi loyenera kuyaka kwa kusakaniza kwamafuta a mpweya.

Pistoni yotsalayo imatchedwa siketi. Uwu ndi mtundu wa kalozera womwe umayenda mkati mwa silinda. Mbali yapansi ya pisitoni kapena siketi imapangidwa m'njira yoti isagwirizane ndi ndodo yolumikizira panthawi yake.

Pamwamba pa ma pistoni pali grooves kapena grooves ya mphete za pistoni. Pali mphete ziwiri kapena zitatu pamwamba. Ndikofunikira kuti apange psinjika, ndiko kuti, amalepheretsa gasi kulowa pakati pa makoma a silinda ndi pisitoni. Mphetezo zimapanikizidwa pagalasi, kuchepetsa kusiyana. Pansi pake pali poyambira mphete yopangira mafuta. Amapangidwa kuti achotse mafuta ochulukirapo pamakoma a silinda kuti asalowe m'chipinda choyaka.

Mphete za pistoni, makamaka mphete zoponderezedwa, zimagwira ntchito pansi pa katundu wokhazikika komanso kutentha kwambiri. Pakupanga kwawo, zida zamphamvu kwambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga chitsulo chopangidwa ndi alloyed chokutidwa ndi porous chromium.

Piston ndi ndodo yolumikizira

Ndodo yolumikizira imamangiriridwa ku pisitoni ndi pistoni. Ndi gawo lolimba kapena lopanda cylindrical. Pini imayikidwa mu dzenje la pisitoni ndi pamutu wapamwamba wa ndodo yolumikizira.

Pali mitundu iwiri yolumikizirana:

• chokhazikika;
• ndi kumatera moyandama.

Chodziwika kwambiri ndi chomwe chimatchedwa "chala choyandama". Pakuti zomangira zake mphete zokhoma ntchito. Fixed imayikidwa ndi kusokoneza kokwanira. Nthawi zambiri kutentha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ndodo yolumikizira, nayonso, imalumikiza crankshaft ndi pistoni ndikupanga mayendedwe ozungulira. Pankhaniyi, mayendedwe obwerezabwereza a ndodo yolumikizira amafotokoza nambala eyiti. Zili ndi zinthu zingapo:

• ndodo kapena maziko;
• mutu wa pistoni (chapamwamba);
• crank head (otsika).

Chomera chamkuwa chimakanikizidwa mumutu wa pisitoni kuti muchepetse kugundana ndikupaka mafuta mbali zokwerera. Mutu wa crank umakhala wopindika kuti uwonetsetse kuti makinawo amalumikizana. Ziwalozo zimagwirizana bwino wina ndi mzake ndipo zimakonzedwa ndi ma bolts ndi locknuts. Zolumikizira ndodo zimayikidwa kuti muchepetse kukangana. Amapangidwa mwa mawonekedwe azitsulo ziwiri zachitsulo zokhala ndi maloko. Mafuta amaperekedwa kudzera m'mitsuko yamafuta. Ma bearings amasinthidwa ndendende kukula kwa olowa.

Mosiyana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira, zomangirazo zimasungidwa kuti zisatembenuke osati chifukwa cha maloko, koma chifukwa cha kukangana pakati pa kunja kwawo ndi mutu wa ndodo. Chifukwa chake, mbali yakunja ya chonyamulira cha manja sichikhoza kupakidwa mafuta pamisonkhano.

Crankshaft

Crankshaft ndi gawo lovuta, ponse pakupanga ndi kupanga. Zimatengera torque, kupanikizika ndi katundu wina choncho amapangidwa ndi chitsulo champhamvu kwambiri kapena chitsulo choponyedwa. Crankshaft imatumiza kasinthasintha kuchokera ku pistoni kupita kumayendedwe ndi zida zina zamagalimoto (monga pulley yoyendetsa).

Crankshaft ili ndi zigawo zingapo zazikulu:

• makosi achibadwidwe;
• kulumikiza ndodo khosi;
• counterweights;
• masaya;
• shanki;
• mtundu wa flywheel.

Mapangidwe a crankshaft makamaka amadalira kuchuluka kwa masilindala mu injini. Mu injini yosavuta ya XNUMX-cylinder in-line, pali zolemba zinayi zolumikizira ndodo pa crankshaft, pomwe ndodo zolumikizira ndi pistoni zimayikidwa. Zolemba zazikulu zisanu zili pakatikati pa shaft. Amayikidwa muzitsulo za cylinder block kapena crankcase pazitsulo zomveka (liners). Zolemba zazikuluzikulu zimatsekedwa kuchokera pamwamba ndi zofunda zomata. Kulumikizana kumapanga mawonekedwe a U.

Fulcrum yopangidwa mwapadera yoyika magazini yonyamula imatchedwa bedi.

Makosi akuluakulu ndi ogwirizanitsa ndodo amagwirizanitsidwa ndi otchedwa masaya. Ma Counterweights amachepetsa kugwedezeka kwakukulu ndikuwonetsetsa kuyenda bwino kwa crankshaft.

Zolemba za crankshaft zimatenthedwa ndikupukutidwa kuti zikhale zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zoyenera. Crankshaft imakhalanso yokhazikika bwino komanso yokhazikika kuti igawanitse mphamvu zonse zomwe zikugwira ntchitoyo. M'chigawo chapakati cha khosi la mizu, kumbali ya chithandizo, mphete zokhazikika za theka zimayikidwa. Iwo ndi zofunika kubweza axial kayendedwe.

Magiya anthawi ndi chowonjezera cha injini cholumikizira zimalumikizidwa ndi shank ya crankshaft.

Flywheel

Kumbuyo kwa shaft pali flange yomwe flywheel imamangiriridwa. Ichi ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo, chomwe ndi disk yaikulu. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake, flywheel imapanga inertia yofunikira kuti igwire ntchito ya crankshaft, komanso imaperekanso kufalikira kwa torque kumayendedwe. Pamphepete mwa flywheel pali mphete ya gear (korona) yolumikizana ndi choyambira. Flywheel iyi imatembenuza crankshaft ndikuyendetsa ma pistoni injini ikayamba.

Makina opangira crank, mapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe a crankshaft akhala osasinthika kwa zaka zambiri. Monga lamulo, kusintha kwakung'ono kokha kumapangidwira kuchepetsa kulemera, inertia ndi kukangana.