Momwe ma transmission amagwirira ntchito

Kutumiza kwadzidzidzi, kapena kufalitsa kwadzidzidzi, ndikutumiza komwe kumatsimikizira kuti mulingo woyenera wamagiya amasankhidwa molingana ndi zoyendetsa popanda woyendetsa nawo. Izi zimatsimikizira kuyenda bwino kwa galimotoyo, komanso kuyendetsa bwino dalaivala.

Oyendetsa galimoto ambiri sangathe kudziwa bwino "makanika" ndi zovuta za kusintha kwa zida mwanjira iliyonse, choncho amasinthira ku magalimoto ndi "automatic" popanda kukayikira. Koma apa tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mabokosi odziimira okha ndi osiyana ndipo aliyense wa iwo ali ndi makhalidwe ake.

Mitundu ya zotengera zodziwikiratu

Pali mitundu ingapo yayikulu yama transmissions - makina a robotic, variator ndi hydromechanical transmission.

Ma gearbox a Hydromechanical. Mtundu wotchuka kwambiri wa mabokosi a gear, umadziwika kuchokera ku zitsanzo zakale zamagalimoto oyamba okhala ndi makina odziwikiratu. Zodziwika bwino za bokosi ili ndi chakuti mawilo ndi injini alibe kugwirizana kwachindunji ndipo "madzi" a torque converter ndi omwe amachititsa kufalitsa kwa torque.

Ubwino wa makina oterowo ndi kufewa kwa kusintha, kuthekera "kugaya" makokedwe a injini zamphamvu kwambiri komanso kupulumuka kwakukulu kwa mabokosi oterowo. Zoyipa - kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto onse, kusafuna kopitilira muyeso kukoka galimoto ndi bokosi lotere.

Zosiyanasiyana (CVT). Bokosi ili lili ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pa "automatic" wamba. Mwaukadaulo, mulibe "kusintha" momwemo, chifukwa chake bokosi ili limatchedwanso "kufalikira kosinthika mosalekeza". Chiŵerengero cha magiya pamagetsi oterowo amasintha mosalekeza komanso bwino, kukulolani "kufinya" mphamvu yayikulu kuchokera mu injini.

Choyipa chachikulu cha mtunduwu ndi kukhazikika kwa "phokoso". Kuthamanga kwambiri kwa galimoto kumachitika ndi phokoso lofanana la injini, lomwe si madalaivala onse omwe angathe kupirira. Mu zitsanzo zatsopano, adayesa kuthetsa vutoli popanga magiya a "pseudo", pamene osintha amayesa kutsanzira ntchito ya ma gearbox a gearbox. Ubwino wa mtunduwu umaphatikizapo kulemera kochepa, mphamvu komanso mphamvu zabwino. Choyipa chake ndi kukonza kokwera mtengo kwambiri kwa ma gearbox odziwikiratu, komanso kulephera kugwira ntchito ndi injini zamphamvu.

Makina a robotic. Mwadongosolo, bokosi loterolo ndi lofanana kwambiri ndi bokosi lamakina okhazikika. Ili ndi clutch (kapena zingapo) ndi ma shafts otumizira mphamvu kuchokera ku injini. Pankhani yamagulu awiri, imodzi mwa izo imakhala ndi udindo ngakhale magiya, ndipo yachiwiri ndi yosamvetseka. Zamagetsi zikangomaliza kuti ndikofunikira kusinthana, diski ya clutch imodzi imatseguka bwino, ndipo yachiwiri, m'malo mwake, imatseka. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa bokosi lamanja ndikuwongolera kwathunthu. Njira yoyendetsera galimoto sikusinthanso, yomwe imakhala yofanana ndi kuyendetsa "zodziwikiratu".

Ubwino wake ndi monga kutsika kwamafuta, mtengo wotsika mtengo, kuthamanga kwambiri kwa gearbox komanso kulemera kwa gearbox. Bokosili lilinso ndi zovuta zina. Mumayendedwe ena oyendetsa, kusuntha kumatha kumveka mwamphamvu (makamaka mitundu yoyambirira ya mabokosi amtunduwu idakhudzidwa ndi izi). Zokwera mtengo komanso zovuta kukonza zikalephera.

*Akatswiri a Volkswagen apanga robotic yatsopano, yapaderath preselective bokosiу zida za m'badwo wachiwiri - DSG (Direct Shift Gearbox). Izi Kutumiza kwachangu amaphatikiza matekinoloje onse amakono opatsirana amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kusintha kwa magiya kumachitika pamanja, koma zamagetsi ndi makina osiyanasiyana odzipangira okha ndi omwe amayang'anira ntchito yonseyi.

Kodi ma automatic transmission amapangidwa ndi chiyani?

Opanga ma Gearbox nthawi zonse amawongolera mapangidwe awo poyesa kuwapangitsa kukhala achuma komanso ogwira ntchito. Komabe, kufala kulikonse kodziwikiratu kumakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• torque converter. Amakhala ndi mpope ndi turbine mawilo, riyakitala;
• pompa mafuta;
• zida za mapulaneti. Pakukonza magiya, ma seti a zingwe ndi zingwe;
• makina owongolera zamagetsi - masensa, ma valve thupi (solenoids + spool valves), lever yosankha.

Makokedwe otembenuza potumiza basi, imagwira ntchito ya clutch: imatumiza ndikuwonjezera torque kuchokera ku injini kupita ku gearbox yapadziko lapansi ndikuchotsa mwachidule kufalikira kwa injini kuti musinthe zida.

Gudumu la mpope limalumikizidwa ndi crankshaft ya injini, ndipo gudumu la turbine limalumikizidwa ndi bokosi la pulaneti kudzera pamtengo. The riyakitala ili pakati pa mawilo. Mawilo ndi riyakitala ali ndi masamba a mawonekedwe enaake. Zinthu zonse zosinthira makokedwe zimasonkhanitsidwa m'nyumba imodzi, yomwe imadzazidwa ndi madzi a ATF.

Planetary reductor imakhala ndi zida zingapo zamapulaneti. Zida zonse zapadziko lapansi zimaphatikizapo zida za dzuwa (pakati), chonyamulira mapulaneti okhala ndi zida za satana ndi zida za korona (mphete). Chilichonse cha giya la mapulaneti chimatha kuzungulira kapena kutsekereza (monga tidalembera pamwambapa, kuzungulira kumayendetsedwa kuchokera ku chosinthira ma torque).

Kuti musinthe zida zina (choyamba, chachiwiri, chobwerera, etc.), muyenera kuletsa chinthu chimodzi kapena zingapo za planetarium. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma friction clutches ndi mabuleki. Kuyenda kwa mawotchi ndi mabuleki kumayendetsedwa ndi ma pistoni ndi kukakamiza kwamadzimadzi ogwira ntchito ATF.

Electronic control system. Zowonadi, electro-hydraulic, chifukwa. ma hydraulics amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusuntha magiya mwachindunji (pa / kuzimitsa mawotchi ndi ma brake band) ndikutsekereza injini yamagetsi yamagetsi, ndipo zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha kayendedwe ka madzimadzi. Dongosololi lili ndi:

• hydroblock. Ndi mbale yachitsulo yokhala ndi njira zambiri momwe ma valve a electromagnetic (solenoids) ndi masensa amaikidwa. M'malo mwake, thupi la valavu limayang'anira magwiridwe antchito odziwikiratu potengera zomwe adalandira kuchokera ku ECU. Amadutsa madzi kudzera muzitsulo kupita kuzinthu zamakina a bokosi - zokopa ndi mabuleki;
• masensa - liwiro polowera ndi kutulutsa kwa bokosi, kutentha kwamadzimadzi, malo osankhidwa a lever, malo oyendetsa gasi. Komanso, gawo loyang'anira ma transmission control limagwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera kugawo lowongolera injini;
• lever yosankha;
• ECU - imawerengera chidziwitso cha sensor ndikusankha malingaliro a gearshift molingana ndi pulogalamuyo.

Mfundo ntchito ya bokosi basi

Pamene dalaivala akuyambitsa galimoto, crankshaft ya injini imazungulira. Pampu yamafuta imayambika kuchokera ku crankshaft, yomwe imapanga ndikusunga mphamvu yamafuta mu hydraulic system ya bokosi. Pampu imapereka madzimadzi ku gudumu la pampu ya torque, imayamba kuzungulira. Mavane a ma wheel wheel transfer fluid kupita ku turbine wheel, nawonso amawapangitsa kuti azizungulira. Kuti mafuta asabwerere mmbuyo, riyakitala yokhazikika yokhala ndi masamba a kasinthidwe kapadera imayikidwa pakati pa mawilo - imasintha mayendedwe ndi kachulukidwe ka mafuta, kulumikiza mawilo onse awiri. Pamene kuthamanga kwa kasinthasintha wa turbine ndi mawilo mpope amagwirizana, riyakitala akuyamba atembenuza nawo. Nthawi imeneyi imatchedwa nangula.

Kuphatikiza apo, makompyuta, thupi la valve ndi bokosi la pulaneti likuphatikizidwa pa ntchitoyi. Dalaivala amasuntha chowongolera chosankha kupita pamalo ena. Zomwe zimawerengedwa ndi sensa yofananira, imasamutsidwa ku ECU, ndipo imayambitsa pulogalamu yofanana ndi yomwe yasankhidwa. Panthawiyi, zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi zimazungulira, pomwe zina zimakhazikika. Thupi la valavu limayang'anira kukonza zinthu za gearbox ya pulaneti: ATF imaperekedwa mokakamizidwa kudzera munjira zina ndikukankhira ma pistoni okangana.

Monga talembera pamwambapa, ma hydraulics amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyatsa / kuzimitsa zowongolera ndi ma brake band potumiza zodziwikiratu. Dongosolo lamagetsi lamagetsi limatsimikizira nthawi yomwe magiya amasunthidwa ndi liwiro komanso kuchuluka kwa injini. Kuthamanga kulikonse (kuthamanga kwa mafuta) mu thupi la valve kumafanana ndi njira inayake.

Pamene dalaivala akukankhira pa gasi, masensa amawerenga liwiro ndi katundu pa injini ndikutumiza deta ku ECU. Kutengera zomwe zalandilidwa, ECU imayambitsa pulogalamu yomwe imagwirizana ndi njira yosankhidwa: imatsimikizira malo a magiya ndi momwe magiya amazungulira, amawerengera kuthamanga kwamadzimadzi, amatumiza chizindikiro ku solenoid (valve) ndi njira. zogwirizana ndi liwiro limatsegula mu thupi la valve. Kupyolera mu njira, madzi amalowa mu pistoni zamagulu ndi ma brake band, omwe amaletsa magiya a gearbox ya mapulaneti pamasinthidwe omwe akufuna. Izi zimayatsa / kuzimitsa zida zomwe mukufuna.

Kusuntha kwa magiya kumadaliranso momwe liwiro limakhalira: ndi kuthamanga kosalala, magiya amawonjezeka motsatizana, ndi kuthamanga kwakuthwa, giya yotsika imayamba kuyatsa. Izi zimagwirizananso ndi kupanikizika: mukamakanikiza pang'onopang'ono gasi, kuthamanga kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono ndipo valve imatsegula pang'onopang'ono. Ndi kuthamanga kwakuthwa, kupanikizika kumakwera kwambiri, kumapangitsa kuti valavu ikhale yovuta kwambiri ndipo salola kuti itsegule nthawi yomweyo.

Zamagetsi zakulitsa kwambiri luso lazotumiza zodziwikiratu. Ubwino wapamwamba wa ma hydromechanical automatic transmissions awonjezeredwa ndi zatsopano: mitundu yosiyanasiyana, luso lodzidziwitsa nokha, kusinthasintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, kutha kusankha njira pamanja, ndi mafuta.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa zotumiza zodziwikiratu?

Madalaivala ambiri akupitiriza kuyang'ana molunjika ku kufala kwadzidzidzi, ndipo pali mndandanda waukulu wa zifukwa za izi. Ndiponso, makaniko achikhalidwe sanazimiririke kulikonse. The Variator pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezera kukhalapo kwake. Ponena za maloboti, mitundu yoyambirira ya mabokosi awa ikutha, koma ikusinthidwa ndi mayankho abwino monga ma gearbox osankha.

Mwachidziwitso, ngakhale zodalirika zomwe zilipo zodziwikiratu sizingapereke mulingo womwewo wa kudalirika komanso kulimba ngati zimango. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kufala Buku ndi noticeable otsika ponena za chitonthozo, ndi kukumana dalaivala ndi kufunika kuthera nthawi yochuluka ndi chidwi pa zowalamulira ndi kufala selector.

Ngati muyesa kuyang'ana zinthu moyenera momwe mungathere, ndiye kuti tikhoza kunena kuti m'nthawi yathu ndi yabwino komanso yabwino kutenga galimoto. ndi classic. Mabokosi oterowo ndi odalirika, otsika mtengo kukonzanso ndi kukonza, ndipo amamva bwino pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana.

Ponena za gearbox yomwe mudzakhala omasuka, yabwinoko komanso yosangalatsa kuyendetsa, ndiye kuti mutha kuyika pamalo oyamba liwiro losinthasintha.

Zimango za ma robot zimagwirizana ndi eni magalimoto omwe amakonda kuyenda mwabata mumzinda ndi mumsewu waukulu, komanso iwo omwe amafuna kusunga mafuta momwe angathere. bokosi losankha (m'badwo wachiwiri wa ma gearbox a robotic) ndiwabwino pakuyendetsa mwachangu, kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwambiri.

Inde, ngati titenga kudalirika kwa ma transmissions odziwikiratu, ndiye kuti malo oyamba ndi osinthira makokedwe. Ma CVT ndi maloboti amagawana malo achiwiri.

Kutengera malingaliro a akatswiri ndi zolosera zawo, tsogolo akadali a CVTs ndi mabokosi preselective. Adakali ndi njira yayitali yoti akule ndi kuwongolera. Koma tsopano mabokosiwa akukhala osavuta, omasuka komanso otsika mtengo, motero amakopa omvera ambiri ogula. Zomwe mungasankhe, zili ndi inu.