Momwe mungapezere kutayikira m'galimoto

Madalaivala ambiri amadziwa zotsatirazi: m'mawa kuyandikira "kavalo wachitsulo" m'mawa, tembenuzirani kiyi yoyatsira, koma choyambitsa sichitembenuka, injini sichiyamba kapena kuyambitsa, koma movutikira kwambiri. Pazochitika zapamwamba, ngakhale zokhoma za electromechanical sizigwira ntchito, muyenera kutsegula pamanja, popeza alamu yazimitsidwa ... Koma pambuyo pake, usiku watha zonse zinali bwino! Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kutulutsa kwa batri, komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi kutayikira kwakukulu komwe kumachitika mu zida zamagetsi. Momwe mungayang'anire kutayikira kwapano pagalimoto yokhala ndi ma multimeter, pazifukwa ziti zomwe zimayenera kuwomba alamu, ndi zomwe tingachite - tikambirana izi m'nkhaniyi.

Zamkatimu

• 1 Zoyambitsa ndi zotsatira zake
• 2 Momwe mungayang'anire kuthamanga kwagalimoto m'galimoto
• 3 Momwe mungapezere kutayikira pano

Zoyambitsa ndi zotsatira zake

Choyamba muyenera kumvetsa chimene batire galimoto. Monga batri ina iliyonse, ndi gwero lamakono la mankhwala lomwe lili ndi mphamvu yamagetsi, mtengo wake womwe nthawi zambiri umasindikizidwa pa chizindikiro cha batri. Imayesedwa mu ma ampere-hours (Ah).

Kuchuluka kwa batire kumayesedwa mu ma ampere-maola ndikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa batire yagalimoto yomwe imatulutsa.

M'malo mwake, mphamvuyo imatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe batire yodzaza mokwanira imatha kupereka. Kutayikira kwapano ndi komwe kumachokera ku batri. Tiyerekeze kuti tili ndi kagawo kakang'ono kakang'ono mu waya wamagalimoto, ndipo kutayikira kwapano ndi 1 A. Kenako batire ya 77 Ah yoperekedwa monga chitsanzo idzatulutsidwa mu maola 77. Panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, moyo wa batri ndi mphamvu zake zogwira ntchito zimachepa, kotero kuti choyambiracho sichingakhale ndi chiyambi chokwanira ngakhale batri ikatulutsidwa theka (mpaka 75% nyengo yozizira). Ndi kutayikira koteroko, tikhoza kuganiza kuti tsiku limodzi lidzakhala zosatheka kuyambitsa galimoto ndi kiyi.

Vuto lalikulu ndikutaya kwakuya kwa batri. Polandira mphamvu kuchokera ku batire, sulfuric acid, yomwe ndi gawo la electrolyte, imasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono kukhala mchere wotsogolera. Mpaka nthawi ina, njirayi ndi yosinthika, chifukwa izi zimachitika pamene batire imayikidwa. Koma ngati voteji m'maselo akutsikira pansi pa mlingo wina, electrolyte imapanga mankhwala osasungunuka omwe amakhazikika pa mbale mu mawonekedwe a kristalo. Makristalowa sadzachira, koma amachepetsa ntchito ya mbale, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kukana kwa mkati mwa batri, motero, kuchepa kwa mphamvu zake. Pamapeto pake, muyenera kugula batri yatsopano. Kutulutsa kowopsa kumawonedwa ngati voteji pansi pa 10,5 V pama batire. Ngati mwabweretsa batire lagalimoto yanu kunyumba kuti mudzalipire ndikuwona mphamvu yocheperako, ndi nthawi yoyimba alamu ndikuthana ndi kutayikira mwachangu!

Kuphatikiza apo, kutayikira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mabwalo amfupi kapena kusungunula waya pamafunde okwera mokwanira sikungangoyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa batri, komanso kuwotcha. Zowonadi, batire yatsopano yagalimoto imatha kubweretsa mazana a ma amps kwakanthawi kochepa, zomwe, malinga ndi malamulo afizikiki, zimatha kusungunuka ndikuyaka mumphindi zochepa. Mabatire akale amatha kuwira kapena kuphulika chifukwa cha kupsinjika kosalekeza. Choipa kwambiri, zonsezi zikhoza kuchitika mwangozi nthawi iliyonse, mwachitsanzo, usiku pamalo oimika magalimoto.

Dongosolo lamagetsi lagalimoto ndizovuta zovuta zamagetsi zolumikizidwa

Pambuyo poganizira zotsatira zosasangalatsa za kutayikira pano, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa. M'mbuyomu, m'masiku a magalimoto a carburetor okhala ndi zida zochepa zamagetsi, kusakhalapo kwake konse kumawonedwa ngati kutayikira kwanthawi zonse. M'magalimoto amenewo, munalibe chilichonse chotengera mphamvu kuchokera ku batire pamene kuyatsa kwazimitsidwa. Masiku ano, zonse zasintha: galimoto iliyonse imangokhala yodzaza ndi magetsi osiyanasiyana. Izi zitha kukhala zida zonse zokhazikika ndikuyikidwa ndi dalaivala. Ndipo ngakhale zida zonse zamakono zimathandizira mitundu yapadera ya "tulo" kapena mitundu yoyimilira yokhala ndi mphamvu yochepa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwaposachedwa kumadyedwa ndi mabwalo oyimilira, motsogozedwa ndi okonda zachilengedwe okhala ndi mawu onena za kupulumutsa mphamvu. Chifukwa chake, mafunde ang'onoang'ono otuluka (mpaka 70 mA) ndi abwinobwino.

Pa zida za fakitale m'galimoto, zida zotsatirazi nthawi zambiri zimawononga mphamvu zina:

• Diodes mu rectifier jenereta (20-45 mA);
• Wailesi (mpaka 5 mA);
• Alamu (10-50 mA);
• Zida zosiyanasiyana zosinthira kutengera ma relay kapena ma semiconductors, makompyuta a injini (mpaka 10 mA).

M'makoloko muli mitengo yovomerezeka pazida zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Zigawo zosagwira ntchito zimatha kukulitsa magwiritsidwe ake. Tidzakambirana za kuzindikira ndi kuchotsa zigawo zoterezi mu gawo lomaliza, koma pakadali pano tipereka mndandanda wa zida zowonjezera zomwe zimayikidwa ndi madalaivala, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatha kuwonjezera ma milliamps ena abwino pa kutayikira:

• Wailesi yosakhala wamba;
• Zowonjezera amplifiers ndi subwoofers yogwira;
• Anti-kuba kapena alamu yachiwiri;
• DVR kapena chojambulira radar;
• GPS navigator;
• Chida chilichonse cha USB cholumikizidwa ndi choyatsira ndudu.

Momwe mungayang'anire kuthamanga kwagalimoto m'galimoto

Kuyang'ana kutayikira kwapakali pano pamzere wa 12 V wagalimoto ndikosavuta: muyenera kuyatsa multimeter munjira ya ammeter mumpata pakati pa batri ndi maukonde ena onse agalimoto. Nthawi yomweyo, injini iyenera kuzimitsidwa ndipo palibe kusintha komwe kungapangidwe ndi kuyatsa. Mafunde akuluakulu oyambira oyambira adzatsogolera kuwonongeka kwa ma multimeter ndi kuyatsa.

Ndikofunikira! Musanayambe kugwira ntchito ndi multimeter, ndi bwino kuti muwerenge nkhani yophunzitsa ntchito ndi chipangizocho.

Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane ndondomekoyi:

• Zimitsani kuyatsa ndi ogula onse owonjezera.
• Timafika ku batri ndipo, pogwiritsa ntchito wrench yoyenera, timachotsa cholumikizira cholakwikacho.
• Khazikitsani multimeter kukhala DC ammeter mode. Timayika malire oyezera kwambiri. Pamamita ambiri, iyi ndi 10 kapena 20 A. Timalumikiza zofufuza ndi soketi zolembedwa bwino. Chonde dziwani kuti mumayendedwe ammeter, kukana kwa "tester" ndi zero, kotero ngati mumakonda kukhudza ma terminals awiri a batri ndi ma probes, mudzapeza dera lalifupi.

Kuti muyeze kutayikira kwapano, muyenera kuyatsa multimeter mumayendedwe a DC

Ndikofunikira! Osagwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira cholembedwa "FUSED". Kulowetsa kwa multimeter uku kumatetezedwa ndi fuse, nthawi zambiri 200 kapena 500 mA. Kuthamanga kwaposachedwa sikudziwika kwa ife pasadakhale ndipo kungakhale kokulirapo, zomwe zingayambitse kulephera kwa fuse. Mawu akuti "UNFUSED" akuwonetsa kusakhalapo kwa fuse pamzerewu.

• Tsopano timagwirizanitsa zofufuzazo mumpata: wakuda kwa minus pa batri, wofiira ku "misa". Kwa mamita ena akale, polarity ikhoza kukhala yofunikira, koma pa mita ya digito zilibe kanthu.

Ndizotetezeka kwambiri kuyesa miyeso pochotsa cholumikizira cholakwika, koma kugwiritsa ntchito "plus" ndikovomerezekanso.

• Timayang'ana zowerengera za chipangizocho. Pa chithunzi pamwambapa, tikhoza kuona zotsatira za 70 mA, zomwe ziri mwachizolowezi. Koma apa ndikofunika kuganizira, 230 mA ndi zambiri.

Ngati zipangizo zonse zamagetsi zimazimitsidwa, ndiye kuti mtengo wamakono wa 230 mA umasonyeza mavuto aakulu.

Kuchenjera kofunikira: mutatha kutseka chigawo cha pa bolodi ndi ma multimeter, mumphindi zingapo zoyambirira, kutayikira komweku kumatha kukhala kwakukulu. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti zipangizo zochepetsera mphamvu zangolandira mphamvu ndipo sizinalowe mu njira yopulumutsira mphamvu. Gwirani ma probes mwamphamvu pazolumikizana ndikudikirira mpaka mphindi zisanu (mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ma probe okhala ndi tatifupi za alligator kuti muwonetsetse kulumikizana kodalirika kwa nthawi yayitali). Ambiri mwina, panopa adzagwa pang'onopang'ono. Ngati mtengo wamtengo wapatali utsalira, ndiye kuti pali vuto lamagetsi.

Makhalidwe abwinobwino a mafunde akutayikira amasiyanasiyana pamagalimoto osiyanasiyana. Pafupifupi izi ndi 20-70 mA, koma magalimoto akale akhoza kukhala kwambiri, komanso magalimoto zoweta. Magalimoto amakono akunja amatha kudya ma milliamp angapo pamalo oyimikapo magalimoto. Kubetcha kwanu kwabwino ndikugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndikupeza zomwe zili zovomerezeka pamitundu yanu.

Momwe mungapezere kutayikira pano

Ngati miyesoyo idakhala yokhumudwitsa, muyenera kuyang'ana "wolakwa" wakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Tiyeni tikambirane kaye za kuwonongeka kwa zigawo muyezo, zomwe zingachititse mkulu kutayikira panopa.

• Ma diode pa alternator rectifier sayenera kudutsa pano mobwerera kumbuyo, koma izi ndizongoganiza chabe. M'malo mwake, ali ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono kosinthira, pamadongosolo a 5-10 mA. Popeza pali ma diode anayi mu mlatho wokonzanso, kuchokera apa timakwera mpaka 40 mA. Komabe, pakapita nthawi, ma semiconductors amatha kunyozeka, kutsekeka pakati pa zigawo kumakhala kocheperako, ndipo m'mbuyomo kumatha kuwonjezeka mpaka 100-200 mA. Pankhaniyi, kusintha kokha kwa rectifier kungathandize.
• Wailesi ili ndi njira yapadera yomwe simawononga mphamvu. Komabe, kuti alowe munjira iyi komanso osatulutsa batri pamalo oimikapo magalimoto, ayenera kulumikizidwa molondola. Pachifukwa ichi, kulowetsa kwa chizindikiro cha ACC kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, komwe kumayenera kulumikizidwa ndi zomwe zikugwirizana ndi chosinthira choyatsira moto. Mulingo wa +12 V umawoneka pazotulutsa izi pokhapokha kiyi ikalowetsedwa mu loko ndikutembenuka pang'ono (malo a ACC - "zowonjezera"). Ngati pali chizindikiro cha ACC, wailesiyo ili mumayendedwe oyimilira ndipo imatha kudya zambiri zamakono (mpaka 200 mA) pamene ikuzimitsidwa. Pamene dalaivala amakoka fungulo m'galimoto, chizindikiro cha ACC chimasowa ndipo wailesi imapita kumalo ogona. Ngati mzere wa ACC pa wailesi sunagwirizane kapena kufupikitsidwa ku + 12 V mphamvu, ndiye kuti chipangizocho chimakhala choyimira nthawi zonse ndipo chimadya mphamvu zambiri.
• Ma alamu ndi ma immobilizer amayamba kudya kwambiri chifukwa cha zomverera zolakwika, mwachitsanzo, ma switch otsekeka pakhomo. Nthawi zina "zilakolako zimakula" chifukwa cha kulephera kwa pulogalamu (firmware) ya chipangizocho. Mwachitsanzo, wowongolera amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi nthawi zonse pa coil ya relay. Zimatengera chipangizocho, koma kutseka kwathunthu ndikukhazikitsanso chipangizocho, kapena kuwunikira, kungathandize.
• Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosinthira monga ma relay kapena ma transistors amathanso kupangitsa kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Mu relay, izi zitha kukhala zolumikizana "zomata" kuchokera kudothi ndi nthawi. Ma transistors ali ndi vuto losasinthika, koma semiconductor ikawonongeka, kukana kwake kumakhala ziro.

Mu 90% ya milandu, vuto siliri pazida wamba zagalimoto, koma pazida zosagwirizana ndi dalaivala yekha:

• Chojambulira cha tepi cha "osakhala mbadwa" chimakhala ndi lamulo lomwelo polumikiza mzere wa ACC ngati wanthawi zonse. Mawayilesi otsika mtengo amatha kunyalanyaza mzerewu kwathunthu ndikukhalabe mumayendedwe abwinobwino, kuwononga mphamvu zambiri.
• Pogwirizanitsa amplifiers, m'pofunikanso kutsatira ndondomeko yoyenera yolumikizira, chifukwa amakhalanso ndi mzere wowongolera mphamvu ndi mphamvu yopulumutsa mphamvu, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayendetsedwa ndi wailesi.
• Anangosintha kapena kuwonjezera chitetezo, ndipo m'mawa wotsatira batire idatulutsidwa "mpaka zero"? Vuto lilidi mmenemo.
• M'magalimoto ena, socket yopepuka ya ndudu siyizimitsa ngakhale kuyatsa kwazimitsidwa. Ndipo ngati zipangizo zilizonse zimayendetsedwa ndi izo (mwachitsanzo, DVR yomweyo), ndiye kuti akupitiriza kupereka katundu woonekera pa batire. Osapeputsa "bokosi laling'ono la kamera", ena mwa iwo amamwa 1A kapena kupitilira apo.

Pali zida zambiri m'galimoto yamakono, koma pali njira yabwino yofufuzira "mdani". Zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito bokosi lolumikizirana ndi ma fuse, lomwe lili mugalimoto iliyonse. Basi ya +12 V yochokera ku batire imabwera kwa iyo, ndipo mawaya amitundu yonse ya ogula amapatukana nawo. Ndondomekoyi ili motere:

• Timasiya ma multimeter pamalo omwewo olumikizidwa monga momwe tikuyezera kutayikira kwapano.
• Pezani komwe kuli bokosi la fuse.

Mabokosi a fuse nthawi zambiri amakhala mu chipinda cha injini komanso m'chipinda chapansi pa bolodi

• Tsopano, mmodzimmodzi, timachotsa fuse iliyonse, kutsatira kuwerengedwa kwa multimeter. Ngati mawerengedwewo sanasinthe, ibwezereni pamalo omwewo ndikupita kumalo ena. Kutsika kowonekera pakuwerengera kwa chipangizocho kukuwonetsa kuti ndi pamzerewu pomwe wogula ali ndi vuto.
• Nkhaniyi imakhalabe yaying'ono: molingana ndi dera lamagetsi lagalimoto kuchokera pazolembedwa, timapeza zomwe izi kapena fuseyo ili nazo, komanso komwe waya amapitako. Pamalo omwewo timapeza zida zomaliza zomwe vuto linali.

Mudadutsa ma fusesi onse, koma pompopompo sinasinthe? Ndiye ndi bwino kuyang'ana vuto m'mabwalo amagetsi agalimoto, pomwe choyambira, jenereta ndi dongosolo loyatsira injini zimalumikizidwa. Mfundo ya kugwirizana kwawo zimadalira galimoto. Pazitsanzo zina, zimakhala pafupi ndi batri, zomwe ndizosavuta. Zimangokhala kuti muyambe kuzimitsa mmodzimmodzi ndipo musaiwale kuyang'anira kuwerengera kwa ammeter.

Mabwalo amagetsi akulimbikitsidwa kuti awonedwe ngati njira yomaliza.

Njira ina ndi yotheka: adapeza mzere wovuta, koma zonse zili mu dongosolo ndi ogula ogwirizana. Kumvetsetsa mawaya okha pamzerewu. Zomwe zimachitika kwambiri ndi izi: kutsekemera kwa mawaya kumasungunuka chifukwa cha kutentha kapena kutentha kwa injini, pali kukhudzana ndi thupi la galimoto (lomwe ndilo "misa", mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa magetsi), dothi kapena madzi ali nazo. adalowa muzinthu zolumikizana. Muyenera kuyika malowa ndikukonza vutoli, mwachitsanzo, posintha mawaya kapena kuyeretsa ndi kuumitsa midadada yomwe yakhudzidwa ndi kuipitsidwa.

Vuto la kutayikira kwapano m'galimoto silinganyalanyazidwe. Chida chilichonse chamagetsi nthawi zonse chimakhala chowopsa pamoto, makamaka m'galimoto, chifukwa pali zinthu zoyaka moto pomwepo. Kutembenuza diso kuti muwonjezere kudya, mudzayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa batri yatsopano, ndipo choyipa kwambiri chomwe chingachitike ndi moto kapena kuphulika kwa galimoto.

Ngati nkhaniyo ikuwoneka yosamvetsetseka kwa inu, kapena mulibe ziyeneretso zokwanira zogwirira ntchito ndi zida zamagetsi, ndi bwino kuyika ntchitoyi kwa akatswiri odziwa ntchito.