Mlingo wamafuta amafuta

Mlingo wamafuta amafuta yodziwika ndi mfundo ziwiri: maziko mafuta phulusa ndi sulphate phulusa. Mwachidule, zomwe zimachitika phulusa zimawonetsa momwe mazikowo adatsukidwira bwino, pomwe mafuta omaliza adzapangidwa m'tsogolomu (ndiko kukhalapo kwa mchere wosiyanasiyana komanso wosayaka, kuphatikiza zitsulo, zonyansa momwemo). Ponena za phulusa la sulphate, limadziwika ndi mafuta omalizidwa, omwe ali ndi zina zowonjezera, ndipo amasonyeza ndendende kuchuluka kwake ndi kapangidwe kake (ndiko kukhalapo kwa sodium, potaziyamu, phosphorous, sulfure ndi zinthu zina).

Ngati phulusa la sulphate liri lalitali, ndiye kuti izi zidzapangitsa kuti pakhale phokoso la abrasive pamakoma a injini yoyaka mkati, ndipo motero, kuvala mofulumira kwa injini, ndiko kuti, kuchepa kwa gwero lake. Kutsika kwa phulusa lachizoloŵezi kumatsimikizira kuti dongosolo lotayirira pambuyo pake limatetezedwa ku kuipitsidwa. Nthawi zambiri, zizindikiro za phulusa ndi lingaliro lovuta, koma losangalatsa, kotero tidzayesetsa kuyika zonse mu dongosolo.

Zomwe zili phulusa ndi zomwe zimakhudza

Phulusa ndi chizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa zonyansa zosayaka. Mu injini iliyonse yoyaka mkati, mafuta ena odzaza amapita "kuwonongeka", ndiko kuti, amasanduka nthunzi pa kutentha kwakukulu akalowa m'masilinda. Zotsatira zake, zinthu zoyaka moto, kapena phulusa lokha, lomwe lili ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala, zimapangika pamakoma awo. Ndipo ndi kupangidwa kwa phulusa ndi kuchuluka kwake komwe munthu angaweruze phulusa lodziwika bwino la mafutawo. chizindikirochi chimakhudza kuthekera kwa ma depositi a kaboni kuti apange magawo a injini zoyatsira mkati, komanso magwiridwe antchito azinthu zosefera (pambuyo pake, mwaye wosayaka moto umatsekereza zisa za uchi). Chifukwa chake, sizingadutse 2%. Popeza pali mitundu iwiri ya phulusa, tidzakambirana motsatira.

Mafuta a phulusa apansi

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi lingaliro la phulusa wamba, ngati losavuta. Mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lovomerezeka, phulusa ndi muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa zonyansa zomwe zatsala pakuwotchedwa kwa zitsanzo zamafuta, zomwe zimawonetsedwa ngati kuchuluka kwamafuta omwe akuyesedwa. Lingaliroli nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa mafuta opanda zowonjezera (kuphatikiza mafuta oyambira), komanso zamadzimadzi osiyanasiyana opaka mafuta omwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zoyatsira mkati kapena muukadaulo wamakina. nthawi zambiri, mtengo wa phulusa lonse umakhala pakati pa 0,002% mpaka 0,4%. Choncho, m'munsi chizindikiro ichi, kuyeretsa mafuta anayesedwa.

Kodi chimayambitsa phulusa ndi chiyani? Zomwe zili bwino (kapena zofunikira) phulusa zimakhudza ubwino wa kuyeretsa mafuta, zomwe zilibenso zowonjezera. Ndipo popeza ali pano pafupifupi mafuta onse ogwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto, lingaliro la phulusa wamba siligwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, koma lingaliro la phulusa la sulphate limagwiritsidwa ntchito mozama. tiyeni tipitirire kwa izo.

Sulphated phulusa okhutira

Zowonongeka mu mafuta

Choncho, phulusa la sulphate (dzina lina la mlingo kapena chizindikiro cha sulphate slags) ndi chizindikiro chodziwira zowonjezera zomwe zimaphatikizapo mankhwala achitsulo (omwe ali ndi mchere wa zinki, potaziyamu, magnesium, calcium, barium, sodium ndi zinthu zina) . Pamene mafuta okhala ndi zowonjezera zoterezi amawotchedwa, phulusa limapangidwa. Mwachibadwa, ochuluka a iwo omwe ali mu mafuta, m'pamenenso padzakhala phulusa. Komanso, amasakanikirana ndi ma depositi utomoni mu injini kuyaka mkati (izi ndi zoona makamaka ngati injini kuyaka mkati akale ndi / kapena mafuta sanasinthidwe mmenemo kwa nthawi yaitali), chifukwa abrasive. wosanjikiza aumbike pa akusisita mbali. Panthawi yogwira ntchito, amakanda ndi kutha pamwamba, motero amachepetsa gwero la injini yoyaka mkati.

Phulusa la sulphate limawonetsedwanso ngati kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwa mafuta. Komabe, kuti mudziwe izi, ndikofunikira kuchita njira yapadera ndikuwotcha ndi calcining misa yoyesa. Ndipo chiwerengerocho chimatengedwa kuchokera pamlingo wokhazikika. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, sulfuric acid imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa sulfates ku misa. Apa ndipamene dzina la sulphate ash limachokera.. Tiwonanso ma aligorivimu enieni pakuyesa miyeso molingana ndi GOST pansipa.

Nthawi zambiri, phulusa la sulphate limasonyezedwa ndi chidule cha Chingerezi SA - kuchokera ku sulphate ndi phulusa - phulusa.

Zotsatira za phulusa la sulphate

Tsopano tiyeni tipitirire ku funso la zomwe zimakhudza phulusa la sulphate. Koma zisanachitike, ziyenera kumveka bwino kuti lingaliro lake limagwirizana mwachindunji ndi lingaliro la chiwerengero cha mafuta a injini. Mtengo uwu umakupatsani mwayi woyika kuchuluka kwa ma depositi a kaboni muchipinda choyaka moto. Nthawi zambiri mafuta amafika pamenepo kudzera mu mphete za pistoni, akuyenda pansi pamakoma a masilindala. Kuchuluka kwa anati phulusa zimakhudza mwachindunji ntchito ya poyatsira dongosolo, komanso chiyambi cha injini kuyaka mkati mu nyengo yozizira.

Kudalira kwa nambala yoyambira pa nthawi

Chifukwa chake, phulusa la sulphate limagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mtengo woyambira wamafuta osagwiritsidwa ntchito (kapena odzazidwa okha). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ziyenera kumveka kuti nambala yoyambira si chizindikiro chenicheni cha mphamvu yowonongeka ya mafuta odzola, ndipo pakapita nthawi imagwa. Izi ndichifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa sulfure ndi zinthu zina zovulaza mumafuta. Ndipo mafuta akakhala osauka (mochuluka sulfure mmenemo), m'pamenenso nambala yoyambira imagwera mofulumira.

Chonde dziwani kuti phulusa la sulphate limakhudza mwachindunji kung'anima kwamafuta a injini, mwachitsanzo, pakapita nthawi, pamene zowonjezera zomwe zili muzolemba zake zimayaka, mtengo wa kutentha womwe watchulidwawo umachepa. Zimachepetsanso ntchito ya mafuta omwewo, ngakhale atakhala apamwamba bwanji.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta otsika phulusa kuli ndi "mbali ziwiri zandalama". Kumbali imodzi, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kuli koyenera, chifukwa mankhwalawa amapangidwa kuti ateteze kuipitsidwa kwachangu kwa makina otulutsa mpweya (omwe ali ndi zopangira, zosefera, makina a EGR). Kumbali ina, mafuta otsika phulusa samapereka (amachepetsa) mlingo wofunikira wa chitetezo cha ziwalo za injini zoyaka mkati. Ndipo apa, posankha mafuta, muyenera kusankha "golide" ndikutsogoleredwa ndi malingaliro a wopanga galimoto. Ndiko kuti, yang'anani mtengo wa phulusa ndi nambala ya alkaline!

Udindo wa sulfure pakupanga phulusa

Chonde dziwani kuti yachibadwa phulusa zili galimoto mafuta alibe chochita ndi mlingo wa sulfure mwa iwo. Ndiko kuti, mafuta otsika phulusa sadzakhala otsika-sulfure, ndipo nkhaniyi iyenera kufotokozedwa mosiyana. Ndikoyenera kuwonjezera kuti phulusa la sulphate limakhudzanso kuipitsidwa ndi ntchito ya fyuluta ya particulate (kuthekera kwa kusinthika). Kumbali ina, phosphorus imalemitsa pang'onopang'ono chothandizira pakuwotcha kwa carbon monoxide, komanso ma hydrocarbon osawotchedwa.

Koma sulfure, imasokoneza ntchito ya nayitrogeni oxide neutralizer. Tsoka ilo, mtundu wamafuta ku Europe komanso m'malo a Soviet ndi wosiyana kwambiri, osati kutipindulitsa. ndiko kuti, mumafuta athu muli sulfure yambiri, yomwe imakhala yovulaza kwambiri kwa injini zoyatsira mkati chifukwa, zikasakanizidwa ndi madzi pa kutentha kwakukulu, zimapanga ma asidi owopsa (makamaka sulfuric), omwe amawononga mbali za injini zoyatsira mkati. Chifukwa chake, ndikwabwino kuti msika waku Russia usankhe mafuta okhala ndi nambala yayikulu. Ndipo monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, m'mafuta omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha alkaline, pali phulusa lalikulu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ziyenera kumveka kuti palibe mafuta onse, ndipo ayenera kusankhidwa molingana ndi mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso mawonekedwe a injini yoyaka moto. Choyamba, muyenera kumanga pa malangizo a wopanga galimoto (ndiko, injini kuyaka mkati).

Zomwe zimafunikira kuti phulusa likhale ndi mafuta

Phulusa la kutenthedwa kwa mafuta

Mafuta otsika amafuta amakono amatsatiridwa ndi zofunikira zachilengedwe za Euro-4, Euro-5 (zosatha) ndi Euro-6, zomwe ndizovomerezeka ku Europe. Mogwirizana ndi iwo, mafuta amakono sayenera kutseka kwambiri zosefera ndi zopangira magalimoto, ndikutulutsa zinthu zochepa zovulaza m'chilengedwe. amapangidwanso kuti achepetse kuyika kwa mwaye pa mavavu ndi masilindala. Komabe, kwenikweni, njira iyi amachepetsa kwambiri gwero la injini zamakono zoyaka mkati, koma imapindulitsanso kwa opanga magalimoto, chifukwa imatsogolera mwachindunji kusinthidwa pafupipafupi kwagalimoto ndi eni galimoto ku Ulaya (zofuna za ogula).

Ponena za oyendetsa magalimoto apanyumba (ngakhale izi zimagwira ntchito kwambiri pamafuta apanyumba), nthawi zambiri, mafuta otsika phulusa amakhudza kwambiri ma liner, zala, komanso amathandizira kuti masiketi opaka mkati mwa injini yoyaka moto. Komabe, pokhala ndi phulusa lochepa la mafuta, kuchuluka kwa madipoziti pa mphete za pistoni kudzakhala kochepa.

Chochititsa chidwi, mulingo wa phulusa la sulphate mumafuta aku America (miyezo) ndiotsika kuposa ku Europe. Izi ndichifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mafuta apamwamba kwambiri a gulu 3 ndi / kapena 4 (opangidwa pamaziko a polyalphaolefins kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa hydrocracking).

Kugwiritsira ntchito zowonjezera zowonjezera, mwachitsanzo, kuyeretsa dongosolo la mafuta, kungapangitse kuti pakhale gawo lowonjezera la soot, kotero kuti mapangidwe otere ayenera kusamalidwa mosamala.

Ma cell a catalyst otsekedwa ndi mwaye

Mawu ochepa okhudza injini zoyaka zamkati zamitundu yatsopano, momwe midadada ya silinda imapangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yokhala ndi zokutira zowonjezera (magalimoto ambiri amakono ochokera ku VAG ndi ena "Japanese"). Pa intaneti, amalemba zambiri zakuti ma motors amawopa sulfure, ndipo izi ndi zoona. Komabe, mu mafuta a injini, kuchuluka kwa chinthu ichi kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kuposa mafuta. Choncho, choyamba, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta muyezo Euro-4 ndi apamwambakomanso gwiritsani ntchito mafuta a sulfure ochepa. Koma, kumbukirani kuti mafuta a sulfure otsika si mafuta otsika phulusa nthawi zonse! Choncho nthawi zonse fufuzani okhutira phulusa mu osiyana zolembedwa akufotokoza mmene makhalidwe a injini mafuta.

Kupanga mafuta ochepa phulusa

kufunikira kwa kupanga mafuta otsika phulusa kunayamba makamaka chifukwa cha zofunikira zachilengedwe (zodziwika bwino za Euro-x miyezo). Popanga mafuta agalimoto, amakhala (mosiyana, malinga ndi zinthu zambiri) sulfure, phosphorous ndi phulusa (pambuyo pake amakhala sulphate). Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otsatirawa kumabweretsa mawonekedwe azinthu zomwe zatchulidwa mumafuta:

• zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (chomwe chimatchedwa multifunctional additive ndi antioxidant, antiwear ndi katundu wopanikizika kwambiri);
• calcium sulfonate ndi detergent, ndiko kuti, zowonjezera zowonjezera.

Kutengera izi, opanga apeza njira zingapo zochepetsera phulusa lamafuta. Choncho, zotsatirazi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa:

• kuyambitsa zowonjezera zowonjezera osati mu mafuta, koma mu mafuta;
• kugwiritsa ntchito ma antioxidants opanda phulusa;
• kugwiritsa ntchito phulusa dialkyldithiophosphates;
• kugwiritsa ntchito phulusa la magnesium sulfonates (komabe, pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa izi zimathandizanso kupanga ma depositi mu injini yoyaka moto), komanso zowonjezera zowonjezera za alkylphenol;
• kugwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira mafuta (mwachitsanzo, ma esters ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera zomwe zimagonjetsedwa ndi kuwonongeka, zofunikira kuti zitsimikizidwe zomwe zimafunidwa ndi kutentha kwa viscosity-kutentha ndi kutsika kochepa, mwachitsanzo, mafuta oyambira kuchokera kumagulu 4 kapena 5).

Ukadaulo wamakono wamankhwala umapangitsa kuti zitheke kupeza mafuta mosavuta ndi phulusa lililonse. Mukungoyenera kusankha zomwe zili zoyenera kwambiri pagalimoto inayake.

Miyezo ya phulusa

Funso lofunika kwambiri ndiloti tidziwe phulusa okhutira miyezo. Ndikoyenera kutchula nthawi yomweyo kuti sizidzadalira mtundu wa injini yoyaka mkati (ya mafuta, injini zoyaka moto za dizilo, komanso injini zoyaka mkati ndi zida za gasi-baluni (GBO), zizindikiro izi zidzasiyana), koma komanso pamiyezo yapano ya chilengedwe (Euro-4, Euro-5 ndi Euro-6). M'mafuta ambiri oyambira (ndiko kuti, asanakhazikitsidwe zowonjezera zowonjezera muzolemba zawo), phulusa ndilochepa, ndipo pafupifupi 0,005%. Ndipo pambuyo powonjezera zowonjezera, ndiko kuti, kupanga mafuta okonzeka opangidwa ndi galimoto, mtengo uwu ukhoza kufika pa 2% yomwe GOST imalola.

Miyezo ya phulusa lamafuta amagalimoto imanenedwa momveka bwino mumiyezo ya European Association of Auto Manufacturers ACEA, ndipo zopatuka kwa iwo ndizosavomerezeka, chifukwa chake opanga mafuta onse amakono (ovomerezeka) amatsogozedwa ndi zolemba izi. Timapereka zidziwitso mu mawonekedwe a tebulo lazomwe zafala kwambiri pazakale za Euro-5, zomwe zimaphatikiza makonda azinthu zowonjezera zamankhwala ndi miyezo yomwe ilipo.

Zofunikira za API	SL	SM	SN-RC/ILSAC GF-5	CJ-4
Phosphorous,%	0,1 max	0,06-0,08	0,06-0,08	0,12 max
Sulfure,%	-	0,5-0,7	0,5-0,6	0,4 max
Phulusa la sulphate,%	-	-	-	1 max
Zofunikira za ACEA zamainjini amafuta	C1-10	C2-10	C3-10	C4-10
-	Mtengo wa magawo LowSAPS	Mtengo wa MidSAPS	Mtengo wa MidSAPS	Mtengo wa magawo LowSAPS
Phosphorous,%	0,05 max	0,09 max	0,07-0,09 kukula	0,09 max
Sulfure,%	0,2 max	0,3 max	0,3 max	0,2 max
Phulusa la sulphate,%	0,5 max	0,8 max	0,8 max	0,5 max
Nambala yoyambira, mg KOH/g	-	-	6 Mph	6 Mph
Zofunikira za ACEA zama injini za dizilo	E4-08	E6-08	E7-08	E9-08
Phosphorous,%	-	0,08 max	-	0,12 max
Sulfure,%	-	0,3 max	-	0,4 max
Phulusa la sulphate,%	2 max	1 max	1 max	2 max
Nambala yoyambira, mg KOH/g	12 Mph	7 Mph	9 Mph	7 Mph

Monga tikuonera pa tebulo pamwambapa, n'zovuta kuweruza phulusa malinga ndi American API muyeso, ndipo izi ndi chifukwa chakuti phulusa phulusa si crupulous mu New World. zomwe zimangowonetsa kuti ndi mafuta ati omwe ali m'zitini - zodzaza, phulusa lapakati (MidSAPS). Chifukwa chake, alibe phulusa lochepa. Chifukwa chake, posankha mafuta amodzi kapena ena, muyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri chizindikiro cha ACEA.

Chidule cha Chingerezi SAPS chimayimira Sulphated Ash, Phosphorus ndi Sulfur.

Mwachitsanzo, kutengera zomwe zaperekedwa molingana ndi muyezo wa Euro-5, womwe uli wovomerezeka komanso wofunikira mu 2018 m'gawo la Russian Federation, pagalimoto yamakono yamafuta amaloledwa kudzaza mafuta a C3 molingana ndi ACEA (nthawi zambiri). SN malinga ndi API) - zomwe zili mu phulusa la sulfate siziposa 0,8% (phulusa lapakati). Ngati tilankhula za injini za dizilo zomwe zimagwira ntchito m'malo ovuta, mwachitsanzo, muyezo wa ACEA E4 salola kupitilira 2% yamafuta opangidwa ndi sulphated mumafuta.

Malinga ndi zofunikira zapadziko lonse lapansi mumafuta amagalimoto kwa injini zamafuta phulusa la sulphate siliyenera kupitirira - 1.5% ya dizilo ICE mphamvu yochepa - 1.8% ndi ma dizilo amphamvu kwambiri - 2.0%.

Zofunikira za phulusa pamagalimoto a LPG

Ponena za magalimoto okhala ndi zida za silinda ya gasi, ndikwabwino kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochepa a phulusa. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka mafuta ndi gasi (mosasamala kanthu za methane, propane kapena butane). Pali tinthu tambiri tolimba ndi zinthu zovulaza mu petulo, ndipo kuti zisawononge dongosolo lonse, mafuta apadera otsika phulusa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Opanga mafuta opangira mafuta amapereka makamaka ogula omwe amatchedwa "gasi" mafuta opangidwira ICE yofananira.

Komabe, zovuta zawo zazikulu ndizokwera mtengo, ndipo kuti mupulumutse ndalama, mutha kungoyang'ana mawonekedwe ndi kulolerana kwamafuta "mafuta" wamba, ndikusankha mtundu woyenera wa phulusa lotsika. Ndipo kumbukirani kuti muyenera kusintha mafuta oterowo molingana ndi malamulo omwe atchulidwa, ngakhale kuti kuwonekera kwa migodi kudzakhala kwakukulu kuposa mafuta achikhalidwe!

Njira yodziwira phulusa

Koma kodi phulusa lamafuta a injini limatsimikiziridwa bwanji komanso momwe mungamvetsetsere ndi mafuta otani omwe ali mumtsuko? Ndizosavuta kuti wogula adziwe phulusa lamafuta a injini pongolemba zomwe zili pachidebe. Pa iwo, zomwe zili phulusa nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa molingana ndi muyezo wa ACEA (European standard for opanga magalimoto). Malinga ndi izi, mafuta onse omwe akugulitsidwa pano amagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

• phulusa lathunthu. Ali ndi phukusi lathunthu la zowonjezera. Mu Chingerezi, ali ndi dzina - Full SAPS. Malinga ndi muyezo wa ACEA, amasankhidwa ndi zilembo zotsatirazi - A1 / B1, A3 / B3, A3 / B4, A5 / B5. Zonyansa za Phulusa pano ndi za 1 ... 1,1% ya kuchuluka kwa mafuta opaka mafuta.
• phulusa lapakati. Ali ndi phukusi lochepetsedwa la zowonjezera. Amatchedwa Middle SAPS kapena Mid SAPS. Malinga ndi ACEA iwo amasankhidwa C2, C3. Momwemonso, m'mafuta apakati aphulusa, phulusa la phulusa lidzakhala pafupifupi 0,6 ... 0,9%.
• Phulusa Lochepa. Zochepa zomwe zili ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera zitsulo. Wosankhidwa Low SAPS. Malinga ndi ACEA iwo amasankhidwa C1, C4. Kwa phulusa lotsika, mtengo wofananira udzakhala wochepera 0,5%.

Chonde dziwani kuti nthawi zina, mafuta okhala ndi mayina a ACEA kuchokera ku C1 mpaka C5 amaphatikizidwa kukhala gulu limodzi lotchedwa "phulusa lotsika". ndiye, zambiri zitha kupezeka mu Wikipedia. Komabe, izi sizolondola, chifukwa njira yotereyi imangowonetsa kuti zonsezi mafuta odzola amagwirizana ndi otembenuza catalytic, ndipo palibenso china! M'malo mwake, kuwongolera kolondola kwamafuta ndi phulusa laperekedwa pamwambapa.

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Mafuta okhala ndi dzina la ACEA A1 / B1 (osatha kuyambira 2016) ndi A5 / B5 ndi omwe amatchedwa. kupulumutsa mphamvu, ndipo sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse, koma m'mainjini opangidwa mwapadera kuti azitha injini (nthawi zambiri magalimoto atsopano, mwachitsanzo, mu "Korea" ambiri). Choncho, tchulani mfundo imeneyi mu Buku la galimoto yanu.

Miyezo ya phulusa

Kuyesa zitsanzo zamafuta osiyanasiyana

Pali muyezo waku Russia wapakati wa GOST 12417-94 "Zogulitsa zamafuta. Njira yodziwira phulusa la sulphate, malinga ndi zomwe aliyense angathe kuyeza phulusa la sulphate la mafuta omwe akuyesedwa, popeza izi sizikutanthauza zida zovuta ndi ma reagents. Palinso zina, kuphatikizapo zapadziko lonse, zomwe zimatsimikizira zomwe zili phulusa, zomwe ndi ISO 3987-80, ISO 6245, ASTM D482, DIN 51 575.

Choyamba, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti GOST 12417-94 imatanthawuza phulusa la sulphate ngati zotsalira pambuyo pa carbonization ya chitsanzo, yothandizidwa ndi sulfuric acid ndi calcined kuti ikhale yolemera nthawi zonse. Chofunika cha njira yotsimikizira ndizosavuta. Pa gawo lake loyamba, mafuta ena oyesedwa amatengedwa ndikuwotchedwa kukhala otsalira a carbon. ndiye muyenera kuyembekezera kuti zotsalirazo zizizizira, ndikuzichitira ndi sulfuric acid. kuyatsanso pa kutentha kwa +775 digiri Celsius (kupatuka kwa madigiri 25 mbali imodzi ndikuloledwa) mpaka mpweya utakhazikika. The chifukwa phulusa amapatsidwa nthawi kuti kuziziritsa. Pambuyo pake, amathandizidwa ndi dilute (mofanana ndi madzi) sulfuric acid ndi calcined pa kutentha komweko mpaka mtengo wake umakhala wokhazikika.

Mothandizidwa ndi sulfuric acid, phulusa lomwe limakhalapo lidzakhala sulphate, kumene, kwenikweni, tanthauzo lake linachokera. ndiye yerekezerani kuchuluka kwa phulusa lomwe limachokera ndi misa yoyamba ya mafuta oyesedwa (unyinji wa phulusa umagawidwa ndi misa ya mafuta oyaka). Chiŵerengero cha misa chimasonyezedwa ngati peresenti (ndiko kuti, zotsatira zake zimachulukitsidwa ndi 100). Izi zidzakhala mtengo wofunidwa wa phulusa la sulphate.

Ponena za phulusa lachizolowezi (loyamba), palinso muyezo wa boma GOST 1461-75 womwe umatchedwa "Mafuta ndi Mafuta. Njira yodziwira phulusa", malinga ndi momwe mafuta oyesera amawunikiridwa kuti ali ndi zonyansa zosiyanasiyana m'menemo. Chifukwa chakuti imaphatikizapo njira zovuta, ndipo makamaka pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, sitidzawonetsa zofunikira zake m'nkhaniyi. Ngati mukufuna, GOST iyi imapezeka mosavuta pa intaneti.

Palinso Russian wina GOST 12337-84 "Motor mafuta injini dizilo" (kope lomaliza la 21.05.2018/XNUMX/XNUMX). Imafotokoza momveka bwino zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamafuta amagalimoto, kuphatikiza omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu dizilo ICE amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Imawonetsa zovomerezeka zamagulu osiyanasiyana amankhwala, kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa ma depositi ovomerezeka.