Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Malangizo kwa oyendetsa

Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101

Galimoto iliyonse, kuphatikizapo VAZ 2101, ili ndi magwero awiri a magetsi - batire ndi jenereta. Jenereta imatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwa zipangizo zonse zamagetsi pamene mukuyendetsa galimoto. Kulephera kwake kungayambitse mavuto ambiri kwa mwini galimotoyo. Komabe, kudziwa vuto ndi kukonza jenereta Vaz 2101 ndi manja awo - ndi losavuta.

Mbali za jenereta VAZ 2101

Vaz 2101 ali magwero awiri magetsi - batire ndi jenereta. Yoyamba imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene injini yazimitsidwa, ndipo yachiwiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa galimoto. Mfundo ya ntchito ya jenereta VAZ 2101 zachokera chodabwitsa electromagnetic kupatsidwa ulemu. Zimapanga zokhazokha zokhazokha, zomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala zamakono ndi chipangizo chapadera.

Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
VAZ 2101 imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa zitsanzo zautali kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha mphamvu ya jenereta.

Ntchito yaikulu ya jenereta ndi mbadwo wosasokonezeka wa magetsi kuti apitirize kugwira ntchito pa zipangizo zonse zamagetsi m'galimoto, kuphatikizapo kubwezeretsanso batri.

Makhalidwe luso la jenereta VAZ 2101

Jeneretayo imalumikizidwa ndi pulley ya crankshaft yomwe imayendetsa pampu yamadzi. Choncho, mu Vaz 2101 anaika mu chipinda injini kumanja kwa injini. Jenereta ili ndi izi:

  • mphamvu yamagetsi - 12 V;
  • pazipita panopa - 52 A;
  • Njira yozungulira yozungulira ili kumanja (kukhudzana ndi nyumba yamagalimoto);
  • kulemera (popanda kusintha chipika) - 4.28 kg.
Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Mlengi anaika G-2101 jenereta pa VAZ 221

Kusankha jenereta kwa VAZ 2101

Mlengi anamaliza Vaz 2101 ndi jenereta chitsanzo G-221. Mphamvu yaposachedwa ya 52 A inali yokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zonse zamagetsi zamagetsi. Komabe, kuyika kwa zida zowonjezera ndi eni magalimoto (mayimbidwe amphamvu, oyendetsa sitima, magetsi owonjezera, ndi zina zotero) zinachititsa kuti G-221 sakanathanso kulimbana ndi katundu wochuluka. Panafunika kusintha jenereta ndi yamphamvu kwambiri.

Popanda mavuto, zipangizo zotsatirazi zikhoza kuikidwa pa VAZ 2101:

  1. Jenereta yochokera ku VAZ 2105 yokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya 55 A. Mphamvuyi ndi yokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito makina olankhula ochiritsira komanso, mwachitsanzo, chingwe chowonjezera cha LED chowunikira. Imayikidwa pamapiri okhazikika a jenereta ya VAZ 2101. Kusiyana kokha ndiko kuti relay regulator imamangidwa mu nyumba ya jenereta, ndipo pa G-221 ili padera.
  2. Jenereta yochokera ku VAZ 2106 yokhala ndi 55 A. Imalimbana ndi zolemetsa zazing'ono. Imayikidwa pamapiritsi a G-221.
  3. Jenereta yochokera ku VAZ 21074 yokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya 73 A. Mphamvu zake ndizokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zilizonse zowonjezera zamagetsi. Imayikidwa pa mapiri okwera a VAZ 2101, koma chithunzi cholumikizira ndi chosiyana pang'ono.
  4. Jenereta yochokera ku VAZ 2121 "Niva" yokhala ndi 80 A. Yamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa ma analogi. Komabe, unsembe wake pa Vaz 2101 adzafunika kusintha kwambiri.
  5. Majenereta ochokera ku magalimoto akunja. Njira yabwino ndi majenereta ochokera ku Fiat. Kuyika kwa chipangizo choterocho pa Vaz 2101 kudzafuna kusintha kwakukulu pakupanga jenereta yowonjezera ndi ndondomeko yake yolumikizira popanda zitsimikizo za ntchito yapamwamba.

Zithunzi zojambula: jenereta za VAZ 2101

Ndipotu, zidzakhala zokwanira kuti dalaivala wa VAZ 2101 akhazikitse jenereta kuchokera ku "zisanu ndi ziwiri" kapena "zisanu ndi ziwiri" kuti akwaniritse zosowa zawo zonse zamagetsi. Ngakhale ndikukonzekera kovutirapo, mphamvu ya 60-70 amperes ndiyokwanira kusunga zida zonse.

Wiring chithunzi cha jenereta VAZ 2101

Kulumikizana kwa jenereta ya VAZ 2101 ikuchitika molingana ndi ndondomeko ya waya - waya umodzi kuchokera ku jenereta umagwirizanitsidwa ndi chipangizo chilichonse. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kulumikiza jenereta ndi manja anu.

Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Kugwirizana kwa jenereta ya VAZ 2101 ikuchitika molingana ndi dera limodzi la waya

Features kulumikiza jenereta VAZ 2101

Mawaya angapo amitundu yosiyanasiyana amalumikizidwa ndi jenereta ya VAZ 2101:

  • waya wachikasu umachokera ku nyali yolamulira pa dashboard;
  • waya wandiweyani wotuwa umachokera ku regulator kupita ku maburashi;
  • waya woonda wotuwa amapita ku relay;
  • waya wa lalanje umagwira ntchito ngati cholumikizira chowonjezera ndipo nthawi zambiri umalumikizidwa ndi waya woonda wa imvi pakuyika.

Mawaya olakwika angayambitse kagawo kakang'ono kapena kuthamanga kwamagetsi pamagetsi a VAZ 2101.

Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Kuti muchepetse unsembe, mawaya kulumikiza jenereta VAZ 2101 utoto mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Jenereta ya VAZ 2101

Kwa nthawi yake, mapangidwe a jenereta a G-221 anali opambana kwambiri. Idayikidwa popanda kusinthidwa pazitsanzo zotsatizana za mbewu - VAZ 2102 ndi VAZ 2103. Ndi kukonza koyenera komanso kusintha kwanthawi yake kwa zinthu zomwe zidalephera, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri.

Mwadongosolo, jenereta ya G-221 imakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

  • ozungulira;
  • stator;
  • chowongolera cholumikizira;
  • mlatho wa semiconductor;
  • maburashi;
  • puli.

Jenereta ya G-221 imamangiriridwa ku injini pa bulaketi yapadera. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mukonzekere mwamphamvu chipangizocho ndipo nthawi yomweyo muteteze ku kutentha kwakukulu.

Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Bracket imakonza jenereta mwamphamvu ngakhale mukuyenda m'misewu yovuta

Chozungulira

Rotor ndi gawo losuntha la jenereta. Amakhala ndi tsinde, pamwamba pa malata pomwe manja achitsulo ndi mitengo yooneka ngati milomo amapanikizidwa. Kapangidwe kameneka kamakhala ngati phata la maginito amagetsi ozungulira ma berelo awiri a mpira. Zonyamula ziyenera kukhala zamtundu wotsekedwa. Apo ayi, chifukwa chosowa mafuta, iwo adzalephera mwamsanga.

Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Rotor (armature) ndi gawo losuntha la jenereta

Pulley

Pulley imatha kuonedwa ngati gawo la jenereta, komanso chinthu chosiyana. Imayikidwa pamtengo wa rotor ndipo imatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta ngati kuli kofunikira. Pulley, pamene injini ikuyenda, imazunguliridwa ndi crankshaft kupyolera mu lamba ndikutumiza torque ku rotor. Pofuna kuteteza pulley kuti isatenthedwe, pali masamba apadera pamwamba pake omwe amapereka mpweya wabwino.

Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Pulley ya alternator imayendetsedwa ndi crankshaft kudzera pa lamba

Stator yokhala ndi ma windings

Stator imakhala ndi mbale zingapo zapadera zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zamagetsi. Kuti muwonjezere kukana katundu m'malo anayi pamtunda wakunja, mbalezi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwotcherera. Waya wokhotakhota wamkuwa amawayika pamipata yapadera. Pazonse, stator ili ndi ma windings atatu, omwe ali ndi ma coils awiri. Choncho, ma koyilo asanu ndi limodzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito jenereta.

Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Stator imakhala ndi mbale zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zamagetsi, zomwe zimapangidwira waya wamkuwa.

Regulator

Regulator relay ndi mbale yaying'ono yokhala ndi magetsi ozungulira mkati, opangidwa kuti aziwongolera voteji pakutulutsa kwa jenereta. Pa VAZ 2101, relay ili kunja kwa jenereta ndipo imayikidwa pa chivundikiro chakumbuyo kuchokera kunja.

Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
The regulator relay idapangidwa kuti iziwongolera voteji pakutulutsa kwa jenereta

Maburashi

Kupanga magetsi ndi jenereta sikutheka popanda maburashi. Zili mu chosungira burashi ndipo zimamangiriridwa ku stator.

Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Maburashi awiri okha amakhazikika mu chotengera burashi cha G-221 jenereta

Mlatho wa diode

Chokonzanso (kapena mlatho wa diode) ndi mbale yooneka ngati nsabwe ya akavalo yokhala ndi ma diode asanu ndi limodzi omwe amasintha kusintha kwapano kukhala kulunjika kwapano. Ndikofunika kuti ma diode onse azikhala bwino - apo ayi jenereta silingathe kupereka mphamvu pazida zonse zamagetsi.

Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Mlatho wa diode ndi mbale yofanana ndi akavalo

Diagnostics ndi mavuto jenereta VAZ 2101

Pali zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro zingapo zomwe mungazindikire kuti jenereta ndiyolakwika.

Nyali yowunikira imayatsa

Pa dashboard ya VAZ 2101 pali chizindikiro cha kulipiritsa batire. Imayatsa batire ikakhala pafupi ndi ziro. Izi, monga lamulo, zimachitika ndi jenereta yolakwika, pamene zipangizo zamagetsi zimachokera ku batri. Nthawi zambiri, mababu amawunikira pazifukwa izi:

  1. Kutsika kwa V-lamba pa pulley ya alternator. Ndikoyenera kuyang'ana kugwedezeka kwa lamba, ndipo ngati kuvala koopsa, m'malo mwatsopano.
  2. Kulephera kwa cholumikizira cholumikizira batire. Muyenera kuyang'ana thanzi la relay ndi multimeter.
  3. Dulani mukuyenda kwa stator. M'pofunika disassemble jenereta ndi kuyeretsa zinthu zake zonse.
  4. Kuvala kwambiri burashi. Muyenera kusintha maburashi onse omwe ali muchosungira, ngakhale imodzi yokha yatha.
  5. Dera lalifupi mu diode bridge circuit. Ndikofunikira kusintha diode yowotchedwa kapena mlatho wonse.
Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Chizindikiro cha batri chimayatsa pamene mtengo wa batri uli pafupi ndi ziro.

Batire silikulipira

Imodzi mwa ntchito za jenereta ndi recharge batire pamene akuyendetsa. Ngati izi sizichitika, muyenera kumvetsera mfundo zotsatirazi.

  1. Lamba wocheperako wa V. Iyenera kusinthidwa kapena kusinthidwa.
  2. Mawaya omasuka olumikiza alternator ku batire. Tsukani zolumikizana zonse kapena sinthani malangizo owonongeka.
  3. Kulephera kwa batri. Imafufuzidwa ndikuchotsedwa ndikuyika batire yatsopano.
  4. Kuwonongeka kwa voltage regulator. Ndikoyenera kuyeretsa onse ojambula a regulator ndikuyang'ana kukhulupirika kwa mawaya.
Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Vuto la kusowa kwa batire nthawi zambiri limalumikizidwa ndi kulephera kwa batire lokha.

Batiri limatha

Ngati batri iyamba kuwira, ndiye, monga lamulo, moyo wake wautumiki ukutha. Kuti musakhale pachiwopsezo cha batri yatsopano, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tiwone chomwe chimayambitsa chithupsa. Zitha kukhala:

  1. Kupanda kukhudzana nthawi zonse pakati pa jenereta voteji chowongolera nyumba ndi pansi. Ndi bwino kuyeretsa ojambula ndi kuwasintha ngati kuli kofunikira.
  2. Kuzungulira kwakanthawi mu regulator. Voltage regulator iyenera kusinthidwa.
  3. Kulephera kwa batri. Batire yatsopano iyenera kukhazikitsidwa.
Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Batire ikayamba kuwira, iyenera kusinthidwa posachedwa

Phokoso lalikulu poyendetsa galimoto

Jenereta ya VAZ 2101 nthawi zambiri imakhala phokoso. Chifukwa cha phokoso ndi kukhalapo kwa kukhudzana ndi kupukuta zinthu mu kapangidwe ka jenereta. Ngati phokosoli lidakhala lalikulu modabwitsa, panali kugogoda, mluzu ndi kubangula, ndikofunikira kudziwa chomwe chimayambitsa vutoli. Izi nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mavuto otsatirawa.

  1. Kumasula mtedza wokonza pa alternator pulley. Limbitsani nati ndikuwunika zolumikizira zonse zolumikizira.
  2. Kukhala ndi kulephera. Muyenera disassemble jenereta ndi m'malo mayendedwe.
  3. Kuzungulira kwachidule mumayendedwe a stator. Msonkhano wa stator uyenera kusinthidwa.
  4. Kuphulika kwa maburashi. Ndi bwino kuyeretsa kulankhula ndi pamwamba maburashi.
Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Phokoso lililonse lochokera ku jenereta ndi chifukwa chothetsa mavuto

Kuyang'ana ntchito ya jenereta VAZ 2101

Kutulutsa ndi kumanga kwa jenereta ndizovuta kwambiri. Akatswiri amalangiza nthawi ndi nthawi (osachepera kawiri pachaka) kuti awone momwe amagwirira ntchito kuti adziwe zomwe zatsala.

N'zosatheka kuyang'ana ntchito ya jenereta pa Vaz 2101 pamene kuchotsedwa kwa batire pamene injini ikutha, chifukwa pali mwayi waukulu wa opaleshoni yamagetsi.

Izi zikhoza kuchitika poyimilira pa siteshoni ya utumiki, komanso mothandizidwa ndi oscilloscope. Komabe, zotsatira zochepa zolondola zitha kupezeka m'magalasi pogwiritsa ntchito ma multimeter wamba.

Kuyang'ana jenereta ndi multimeter

Kuti muyese jenereta, mungagwiritse ntchito analogi ndi multimeter ya digito.

Kukhazikika kwa cheke sikukulolani kuti mugwire ntchito nokha. Choncho, m'pofunika kuitana bwenzi pasadakhale, chifukwa munthu mmodzi adzakhala mu kanyumba, ndipo wina adzalamulira kuwerenga multimeter mu chipinda injini ya galimoto.

Chitani nokha chipangizo, cholinga, diagnostics ndi kukonza jenereta VAZ 2101
Mukhoza kuyang'ana ntchito ya jenereta ya VAZ 2101 pogwiritsa ntchito multimeter

Algorithm yotsimikizira ndiyosavuta kwambiri ndipo imakhala ndikuchita zotsatirazi.

  1. Multimeter imayikidwa ku DC mode muyeso wapano.
  2. Chipangizocho chimalumikizidwa ndi malo opangira batire. Ndi injini yozimitsa, iyenera kuwonetsa pakati pa 11.9 ndi 12.6 V.
  3. Wothandizira kuchokera kumalo okwera anthu amayatsa injini ndikuisiya kuti igwire ntchito.
  4. Panthawi yoyambira injini, zowerengera za multimeter zimalembedwa. Ngati magetsi atsika kwambiri, gwero la jenereta ndilopanda kanthu. Ngati, M'malo mwake, voteji analumpha (mpaka 14.5 V), ndiye owonjezera mlandu posachedwapa adzatsogolera batire kuwira kutali.

Video: kuyang'ana jenereta ya VAZ 2101

Momwe mungayang'anire jenereta ya VAZ

Chizolowezi ndi kutsika kwamagetsi pang'ono panthawi yoyambitsa galimoto ndikuchira msanga.

DIY VAZ 2101 kukonza jenereta

Kukonzekera nokha kwa jenereta ya VAZ 2101 ndikosavuta. Ntchito zonse zitha kugawidwa m'magawo asanu:

  1. Kuchotsa jenereta m'galimoto.
  2. Kuphatikizika kwa jenereta.
  3. Kusaka zolakwika.
  4. Kusintha zinthu zakale ndi zolakwika ndi zatsopano.
  5. Msonkhano wa jenereta.

Gawo loyamba: kugwetsa jenereta

Kuchotsa jenereta VAZ 2101 muyenera:

Kuti muchotse jenereta, muyenera kuchita izi:

  1. Chotsani gudumu lakumanja lakumanja mgalimoto.
  2. Konzani bwino galimoto pa jack ndi zothandizira zina.
  3. Kukwawa pansi pa galimoto kumanja ndi kupeza nyumba jenereta.
  4. Masulani, koma musati muchotse kwathunthu nati yokonzera nyumba.
  5. Masulani, koma musamasule nati pa bulaketi.
  6. Kuti mumasule lamba wa V, sunthani pang'ono nyumba ya alternator.
  7. Chotsani chingwe chamagetsi kupita ku jenereta.
  8. Lumikizani mawaya onse ndi zolumikizirana.
  9. Chotsani mtedza wokonza, kokerani jenereta kwa inu ndikuichotsa pazitsulo.

Video: kugwetsa jenereta ya VAZ 2101

Gawo lachiwiri: disassembly jenereta

Jenereta yochotsedwa iyenera kufufutidwa ndi nsalu yofewa, kuchotsa gawo lalikulu la dothi. Kuti mutsegule chipangizo muyenera:

Musanayambe kumasula jenereta, ndi bwino kukonzekera zotengera zazing'ono zosungira ma washers, zomangira ndi mabawuti. Chifukwa pali zambiri zazing'ono pamapangidwe a jenereta, ndipo kuti mumvetse pambuyo pake, ndi bwino kugawa zinthuzo pasadakhale.

The disassembly palokha ikuchitika motere:

  1. Chotsani mtedza anayi pachikuto chakumbuyo cha jenereta.
  2. Mtedza wotetezera pulley ku nyumbayo ndi wosasunthika.
  3. Pulley imachotsedwa.
  4. Thupi lagawidwa m'magawo awiri (stator idzakhalabe imodzi, rotor idzakhalabe ina).
  5. Kuthamanga kumachotsedwa pagawo ndi stator.
  6. Mtsinje wokhala ndi zimbalangondo udzachotsedwa pagawo lomwe lili ndi rotor.

Kuphatikizanso kwina kumaphatikizapo kukanikiza ma bearings.

Video: disassembly wa jenereta VAZ 2101

Gawo lachitatu: kukonza zovuta za jenereta

Pa gawo lothetsera mavuto, zovuta zazinthu zamtundu wa jenereta zimazindikirika ndikuchotsedwa. Pa nthawi yomweyi, gawo la ntchitoyo likhoza kuchitidwa pa siteji ya disassembly. Chidwi kwambiri chiyenera kuperekedwa ku:

Zinthu zonse zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka ziyenera kusinthidwa ndi zatsopano.

Gawo lachinayi: kukonza jenereta

Kuvuta kwa kukonza jenereta ya G-221 kwagona pa mfundo yakuti n'zovuta kupeza zida zosinthira. Ngati zimbalangondo zitha kugulidwabe pa intaneti, ndiye kuti zidzakhala zovuta kupeza cholumikizira choyenera kapena chowongolera.

Kanema: kukonza jenereta ya VAZ 2101

"Kopeyka" anasiya mzere fakitale msonkhano mu 1970. Kupanga kwakukulu kunatha mu 1983. Kuyambira nthawi za Soviet, "AvtoVAZ" sinapange zida zosinthira kuti zikonzere mtundu wosowa.

Choncho, mndandanda wa zinthu kukonza jenereta Vaz 2101 ndi ochepa. Choncho, pamene ma fani aphwanyidwa kapena maburashi atha, zinthu zolowa m'malo zimatha kupezeka mosavuta m'malo ogulitsa magalimoto.

Alternator lamba VAZ 2101

M'mitundu yakale ya VAZ, jenereta imayendetsedwa ndi lamba wa V-944 mm kutalika. Lamba wautali wa 2101 mm akhoza kuikidwa pa Vaz 930, koma njira zina sizigwira ntchito.

Zida za fakitale za jenereta zimatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito lamba 2101-1308020 ndi malo osalala ndi miyeso ya 10x8x944 mm.

Lamba wa alternator uli kutsogolo kwa galimoto ndipo umagwirizanitsa ma pulleys atatu nthawi imodzi:

Momwe mungamangirire lamba wa alternator

Mukasintha lamba wa alternator, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuumitsa bwino. Kupatuka kulikonse kumakhudza magwiridwe antchito a zida zamagetsi za VAZ 2101.

Zifukwa zosinthira lamba wa alternator ndi:

Kuti musinthe lamba mudzafunika:

Ntchitoyi ikuchitika motere:

  1. Ikani alternator m'malo mwa kulimbitsa theka-mitsinje iwiri yomangirira. M'pofunika kumangitsa mtedza mpaka sitiroko ya jenereta nyumba si upambana 2 cm.
  2. Ikani pry bar kapena spatula pakati pa nyumba ya jenereta ndi nyumba yopopera madzi.
  3. Ikani lamba pamapulleys.
  4. Popanda kuthetsa kupanikizika kwa phiri, sungani chingwecho.
  5. Mangitsani mtedza wapamwamba wa alternator.
  6. Onani kuthamanga kwa lamba. Siziyenera kukhala zothina kwambiri kapena, mosiyana, kugwa.
  7. Mangitsani mtedza wapansi.

Kanema: Kuvuta kwa lamba wa VAZ 2101

Kuonetsetsa kuti lamba ali ndi digiri yogwira ntchito, m'pofunika kugulitsa malo ake aulere ndi chala chanu mukamaliza ntchito. Rubber sayenera kupitirira 1.5 centimita.

Choncho, ngakhale wosadziwa galimoto akhoza paokha kudziwa vuto, kukonza ndi kusintha jenereta Vaz 2101. Izi sizifuna luso lapadera kapena zida zapadera. Komabe, munthu sayeneranso kuganiza mopambanitsa mphamvu zake. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti jenereta ndi chipangizo chamagetsi, ndipo pakachitika cholakwika, zotsatira za makinawo zingakhale zovuta kwambiri.

Kuwonjezera ndemanga