Kutsika kwa magalimoto amagetsi m'zaka za zana la XNUMX

Zaka za m'ma XNUMX zidawonetsa chiyambi cha kutuluka kwa magalimoto amagetsi, ndi kupambana kwakukulu: magalimotowa analidi ambiri pamsika wamagalimoto ndipo anali opambana kuposa omwe amapikisana nawo otentha.

Komabe, zaka za m'ma XNUMX zidadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa magalimoto amagetsi, zomwe zinatsatira kulephera pambuyo polephera. 

Chiyambi cholimbikitsa

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX kudakhala ndi chidwi chachikulu pagalimoto yamagetsi, yomwe idafika pachimake chifukwa cha kuthamanga komanso kuswa mbiri.

Chifukwa chake, magalimoto amagetsi ndi opambana komanso amtengo wapatali kuposa omwe akupikisana nawo: mu 1900, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a magalimoto anali amphamvu ndi mabatire.

Mu 1901, ku France, lPoste amatumizanso makalata ndi galimoto yamagetsi ndi Mildé, ndi kutalika kwa 50 km.

Panthawiyo, magalimoto amagetsi anali otchuka chifukwa cha ubwino wawo: kuyambitsa nthawi yomweyo, injini yabata, palibe utsi kapena fungo lotulutsa mpweya, komanso kusuntha zida.

Komabe, sikunali kokwanira kuti magalimoto amagetsi azithamanga ndipo makampani opanga magalimoto adatembenukira mwachangu kukhala magalimoto amafuta.

Kutsika kofulumira kwa magalimoto amagetsi

Kupambana kwa galimoto yamagetsi kungachedwetsedwe kwambiri ndi chitukuko cha injini yoyaka mkati (kapena injini yoyaka mkati) yopangidwa ndi Daimler ndi Benz, komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa Ford T mu 1908, komwe kunali chiyambi cha demokalase yaumwini. ntchito. injini kutentha.

Ichi ndi chiyambi cha nthawi yamakono yamagalimoto: kupanga pamzere wa msonkhano kumachepetsa ndalama zopangira, kupanga sitata magetsi Charles Kettering mu 1912 amawongolera chitonthozo cha magalimoto otentha, ndipo magalimotowa amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta otsika mtengo.

Magalimoto otenthetsera amapindulanso pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito mosalekeza malinga ndi Mphamvukuchokera kudziyimira pawokha, kulemera magalimoto komanso chitonthozo.

Zochitika zonsezi zikuwonetsa kutha kwa kayendedwe ka magetsi. Zinatenga zaka makumi awiri kuti injini ya petulo ilowe m'malo mwa magalimoto amagetsi.

M'zaka za m'ma 1920, magalimoto opangidwa ndi petulo oposa 3 miliyoni anapangidwa, poyerekeza ndi magalimoto amagetsi a 400.

Kuchepetsa magalimoto amagetsi ku msika wa niche

Ngati magalimoto amagetsi sakanatha kupikisana ndi ochita nawo matenthedwe, ndiye kuti izi ndi zina, chifukwa adangodzipangira okha msika wa niche: magalimoto akumidzi, makamaka makampani a taxi, magalimoto apadera, zotengera zapamwamba kapena zinyalala, mabasi, ngolo zamafakitale. ndi magalimoto operekera.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, opanga magalimoto a petulo ankafuna kuti azitha kupanga misa kuti akwaniritse zofuna zambiri. 

Kuphatikiza apo, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo m'munda wa mabatire, komwe kunayamba m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, kudzazimiririka mwachangu kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, kuletsa kusinthika kwa magalimoto amagetsi. Chifukwa chake, opanga mabatire amagalimoto amagetsi adasiya kuwongolera ndikutembenukira kukupanga mabatire kuti aziyatsa injini zamafuta.

Ngakhale apainiya okhudza magetsi, monga Charles Jeanteau kapena Louis Krieger, adzasinthira ku injini zotenthetsera.

Chifukwa chake, magalimoto amagetsi amangosinthidwa pang'ono, kotero samapeza kudziyimira kokwanira pamagalimoto atsopano. Zinthu zina zofunika zidakalipobe, makamaka, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa malo othamangitsira kapena akadali galimoto yolemera, zomwe sizilola kuti magalimoto amagetsi azikula mokwanira. 

Galimoto yamagetsi ndi njira ina yomwe siinasowepo

Ngakhale magalimoto amagetsi anali osagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, sanasiyiretu mawonekedwe amagalimoto.

Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, kusowa kwa mafuta kunapangitsa kuti galimoto yamagetsi ibwerere mwamantha. Mu 1941, Peugeot inayambitsa VLV (Light City Car), galimoto yamagetsi yonse yokhala ndi makilomita 80, koma mayunitsi opitirira 300 okha adagulitsidwa.

Kuchulukirachulukira (aluminiyamu, lead, kuzimitsa kwa magetsi, etc.) NDI kuletsa kupanga magalimoto amagetsi, komwe kunaperekedwa mu 1942. ndi msilikali wa ku Germany ku France adapangitsa kuti galimoto yamagetsi iwonongeke kachiwiri.

Sipanafike kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 kuti chidwi cha galimoto yamagetsi chinatsitsimutsidwa chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo. kuzindikira zachilengedwe limodzi ndi chikhumbo chochepetsa kuwononga mpweya. Mu 1966, American Congress ingalimbikitsedi kumanga magalimoto obiriwira, koma osachitapo kanthu mwachangu.

Kusinthasintha kwamitengo yamafuta kutsatira kugwedezeka kwamafuta kwa 1973 kudzalimbitsa chidziwitso cha chilengedwe ndikubweretsa magalimoto amagetsi kutsogolo kwa magalimoto.

Ma prototypes ambiri amagalimoto amagetsi amawonekera padziko lonse lapansi, monga 1974 CityCar ku United States yokhala ndi ma kilomita 64. Izi zikutsagananso ndi zochita zandale, makamaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa 1976.Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Act Bungwe la US Congress, lomwe likufuna kulimbikitsa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha magalimoto amagetsi ndi mabatire.

Kutha kwa zaka za zana lino kumadziwika ndi zopinga zokhazikika

Mu 1990, dziko la United States lidatengera dongosolo loyendetsera ntchito: kukhazikitsa galimoto yotulutsa ziro (ZEV) ku California, zomwe zimafuna kuti opanga aku America akwaniritse zosachepera 2% yazogulitsa ndi magalimoto opanda ziro mu 1998 kuti alandire chilolezo. kugulitsa. magalimoto ena (chiwerengerochi chidzafika 5% mu 2001 ndiyeno 10% mu 2003). Kenako opanga akuluakulu adayambitsa mitundu yamagalimoto amagetsi, makamaka General Motors yokhala ndi EV1. 

Ku France, boma lidayesetsa kukwaniritsa 5% yamagalimoto amagetsi mu 1999... Chifukwa chake, opanga akuyambitsa ma prototypes osiyanasiyana: Renault ndi Zoom mu 1992 ndiye Kenako mu 1995, Citroen AX magetsi kapena Electric Clio.

Komabe, zoyesayesa zamalondazi sizinaphule kanthu, ndipo lingaliro la galimoto yamagetsi linasiyidwanso. 

Sizinali mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 pamene galimoto yamagetsi inanyengereranso oyendetsa galimoto, ndipo nthawi ino mpaka kalekale!