Imasinthasintha ngati mphepo, imayaka ngati dzuwa. Mbali Yamdima ya Mphamvu Zongowonjezwdwa

Magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa si maloto okha, ziyembekezo ndi zoneneratu zachiyembekezo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti zongowonjezwdwa zikuyambitsa chisokonezo m'dziko lamagetsi ndikuyambitsa mavuto omwe ma gridi achikhalidwe ndi machitidwe sangathe kuthana nawo nthawi zonse. Kukula kwawo kumabweretsa zodabwitsa zambiri zosasangalatsa ndi mafunso omwe sitingathe kuyankha.

Mphamvu zomwe zimapangidwa m'malo opangira mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa - minda yamphepo ndi makhazikitsidwe a photovoltaic - ndizovuta kwambiri pamakina amagetsi adziko lonse.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pa intaneti sikukhazikika. Imakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwatsiku ndi tsiku pamitengo yochulukirapo. Kuwongolera kwake ndi dongosolo lamagetsi kumakhalabe kovuta, chifukwa kumalumikizidwa ndi kufunikira koonetsetsa kuti magawo oyenera a mains apano (voltage, frequency). Pankhani yamagetsi ochiritsira, monga turbine ya nthunzi, kuchepetsa mphamvu kumatheka mwa kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa nthunzi kapena kuthamanga kwa turbine. Kuwongolera koteroko sikutheka mu makina opangira mphepo. Kusintha kwachangu mu mphamvu ya mphepo (monga namondwe) kungathe kutulutsa mphamvu zazikulu pakanthawi kochepa, koma kumakhala kovuta kuti gridi yamagetsi itenge. Kukwera kwamagetsi pamanetiweki kapena kusapezeka kwake kwakanthawi, kumabweretsa chiwopsezo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, makina, makompyuta, ndi zina zambiri. magridi anzeru, otchedwa okhala ndi zida zoyenera, kuphatikiza machitidwe osungira mphamvu, machitidwe ogawa bwino komanso omveka bwino. Komabe, akadali ochepa machitidwe otere padziko lapansi.

Zithunzi za Australian Greens zokondwerera kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa ziro

Kupatulapo ndi mphamvu zosagwiritsidwa ntchito

Kuzimitsidwa kwa magetsi komwe kunagunda ku South Australia September watha kunayambika chifukwa cha mavuto asanu ndi anayi mwa mafamu khumi ndi atatu omwe amapereka magetsi kuderali. Zotsatira zake, ma megawati 445 a magetsi adatayika kuchokera mu gridi. Ngakhale oyendetsa famu yamphepo adatsimikizira kuti kupumula sikunayambike chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu yamphepo - ndiko kuti, kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa kwa mphamvu yamphepo - koma ndi zovuta zamapulogalamu, malingaliro amphamvu osadalirika ongowonjezedwanso anali ovuta kuwononga.

Dr. Alan Finkel, yemwe pambuyo pake adafufuza msika wamagetsi m'malo mwa akuluakulu a boma la Australia, adatsimikiza kuti chitukuko cha mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu chimasankha anthu osauka kwambiri. M'malingaliro ake, monga makampani amaika ndalama zambiri mu mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, mitengo mphamvu ayenera kukwera, kugunda ndalama zotsika kwambiri.. Izi ndi zoona ku Australia, yomwe ikutseka magetsi ake otsika mtengo a malasha ndikuyesera kuwasintha ndi zowonjezera.

Mwamwayi, malo omaliza opangira magetsi oyaka ndi malasha pamalo omwe tawatchulawa omwe adazimitsidwa ku South Australia adatseka mavuto omwe afotokozedwawo asanachitike, mu Meyi 2016. Supply volatility ndi vuto lodziwika bwino koma silidziwika bwino ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Timamudziwanso ku Poland. Ngati muphatikiza mphamvu ya 4,9 GW ya mphamvu yamphepo yamphepo yomwe idakwaniritsidwa pa Disembala 26, 2016, pomwe mphepo yamkuntho Barbara idachitika, ndi m'badwo wamagetsi apanyumba sabata yapitayi, zidawoneka kuti ndiye nthawi makumi asanu ndi awiri m'munsi!

Germany ndi China azindikira kale kuti sikokwanira kupanga makina opangira mphepo ndi ma solar kuti mphamvu zatsopano zizigwira ntchito bwino. Boma la Germany posachedwapa linakakamizika kulipira eni ma turbine amphepo omwe amalima bowa kuti achepetse mphamvu chifukwa ma gridi otumizira samatha kuthana ndi katundu omwe amaperekedwa. Palinso mavuto ku China. Kumeneko, magetsi opangira malasha, omwe sangathe kuzimitsa ndi kuzimitsa mwamsanga, amachititsa kuti makina opangira mphepo aime osagwira ntchito 15% ya nthawiyo, popeza gululi silingalandire mphamvu kuchokera kumagetsi ndi magetsi. Si zokhazo. Zopangira mphamvu za dzuwa zikumangidwa kumeneko mothamanga kwambiri kotero kuti maukonde otumizira sangalandire ngakhale 50% ya mphamvu zomwe amapanga.

Ma turbines amphepo akutha mphamvu

Chaka chatha, ofufuza a ku Germany Max Planck Institute ku Jena adafalitsa pepala lodziwika bwino la sayansi la Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) kuwonetsa kuti mphamvu zamafamu akuluakulu amphepo ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa zomwe zitha kukhala chifukwa cha sikelo. Chifukwa chiyani kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zolandirira sikudalira kukula kwa mbewu? Asayansi amati ndi makina amphepo okha omwe amachedwetsa mphepo pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake, kutanthauza kuti ngati pali zambiri zomwe zimayikidwa pamalo operekedwa, ndiye kuti ena sangalandire mokwanira kuti agwire ntchito bwino kwambiri.

Ofufuzawa anagwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera ku minda yambiri ya mphepo yamkuntho ndipo amawayerekeza ndi deta kuchokera ku makina opangira mphepo pawokha kuti apange chitsanzo chochokera ku zitsanzo zodziwika kale zamakina a mphepo. Izi zinapangitsa kuti zitheke kuyang'ana nyengo m'dera la makina opangira mphepo. Monga adanenera Dr. Lee Miller, m'modzi mwa omwe adalemba bukuli, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zama turbines opangidwa ndi mphepo ndipamwamba kwambiri kuposa momwe amawonera pakuyika kwawo konse.

Asayansiwo adatsimikiza kuti, zikavuta kwambiri, makina opangira mphepo omwe amakhala pamalo okhazikika kwambiri amayikapo amatha kupanga 20% yokha yamagetsi omwe angakhalepo ngati atakhala okha.

Asayansiwa adagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi ma turbines amphepo kuti athe kuyerekeza momwe amakhudzira padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zinapangitsa kuti athe kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu

Magetsi amatha kupangidwa padziko lonse lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito ma turbines amphepo. Zikuoneka kuti 4% yokha ya padziko lapansi ingathe kupanga zoposa 1 W/m.²ndipo pafupifupi pafupifupi 0,5 W / m² - Miyezo iyi ndi yofanana ndi zoyerekeza zam'mbuyomu kutengera nyengo zapamwamba, koma zocheperako kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa zomwe zikuyerekeza kutengera kuthamanga kwa mphepo komweko. Izi zikutanthauza kuti posunga kugawa koyenera kwa ma turbines amphepo, dziko lapansi silingathe kulandira mphamvu yopitilira 75 TW yamphamvu yamphepo. Komabe, izi zikadali zambiri kuposa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimayikidwa pano padziko lapansi (pafupifupi 20 TW), kotero palibe chifukwa chodera nkhawa, chifukwa pali pafupifupi 450 MW ya mphamvu yamphepo yomwe ikugwira ntchito padziko lapansi lero.

Kupha zolengedwa zouluka

Zaka zaposachedwapa, pakhala pali malipoti ndi mauthenga okhudza kuphedwa kwa mbalame ndi mileme ndi makina opangira mphepo. Pali mantha odziwika kuti makina, ozungulira msipu, amawopsyeza ng'ombe, kupatulapo, ayenera kutulutsa infrasound yovulaza, ndi zina zotero. Palibe maphunziro okhutiritsa a sayansi pa nkhaniyi, ngakhale kuti malipoti a hecatombs a zolengedwa zouluka ndi data yodalirika.

Chithunzi chochokera ku kamera yotentha yowonetsa mileme ikuwulukira pafupi ndi makina opangira mphepo usiku.

Chaka chilichonse, mileme yambirimbiri imaukira mafamu amphepo. Zilombo zoyamwitsa za Treetop zimasokoneza mafunde amphepo kuzungulira nyumba zawo, malowa adanenedwa mu 2014. Zomera zamagetsi ziyeneranso kukumbutsa mileme yamitengo yayitali, yomwe imayembekezera mitambo ya tizilombo kapena chisa chawo. Izi zikuwoneka kuti zimathandizidwa ndi makamera otenthetsera, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti mileme imachita chimodzimodzi ndi mafamu amphepo monga imachitira mitengo. Asayansi amanena kuti mileme masauzande mazanamazana ikanatha kukhala ndi moyo ngati kamangidwe ka ma rotor blade atasinthidwa. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikuwonjezeranso malo omwe amayamba kupota. Ofufuza akuganizanso zopangira ma turbines okhala ndi ma alarm a ultrasonic kuti achenjeze mileme.

Kaundula wa kugunda kwa nyamazi ndi ma turbine amphepo, mwachitsanzo ku Germany, motsogozedwa ndi Brandenburg State Environmental Protection Agency, imatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa imfa. Anthu aku America adafufuzanso chodabwitsa ichi, kutsimikizira kufa kwakukulu pakati pa mileme, ndipo zidadziwika kuti kugunda pafupipafupi kumadalira kwambiri nyengo. Pakuthamanga kwa mphepo, chiŵerengero cha mphamvuyo chinali chocheperapo, ndipo pa liwiro la mphepo yochepa, chiwerengero cha okhudzidwa ndi ngozi chinawonjezeka. Kuthamanga kwa mphepo komwe kumachepetsa kuthamanga kwa mphepo kunachepetsedwa kwambiri kunatsimikiziridwa kukhala 6 m / s.

Mbalame inawotchedwa pa Ivanpa complex

Monga momwe zinakhalira, mwatsoka, chomera chachikulu cha dzuwa cha ku America Ivanpah chimaphanso. Atangoyamba kumene, The Wall Street Journal inalengeza kuti polojekiti ya California ikhoza kukhala yotsiriza ya mtundu wake ku US, ndendende chifukwa cha hecatombs za mbalame.

Malowa amakhala mahekitala 1300 m'chipululu cha California, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Las Vegas. Ili ndi nsanja zitatu ndi kutalika kwa 40 pansi ndi magalasi 350 zikwi. Magalasi amawunikira kuwala kwa dzuwa kuchipinda chowotchera chomwe chili pamwamba pa nsanja. Mpweya umapangidwa, umene umayendetsa majenereta kuti apange magetsi. Zokwanira 140 zikwi. Nyumba. Komabe magalasi amatenthetsa mpweya kuzungulira nsanjazo mpaka 540 ° C ndipo mbalame zowuluka chapafupi zimangotentha zamoyo.. Malinga ndi lipoti la Harvey & Associates, anthu opitilira 3,5 adamwalira pafakitale mchakachi.

Kuchulukitsitsa kwa media

Pomaliza, ndi bwino kutchula chinthu chinanso chosasangalatsa. Chithunzi cha mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi kukokomeza komanso kuchulukirachulukira kwapa media, komwe kumatha kusokeretsa anthu za momwe chitukuko chaukadaulochi chikuyendera.

Mwachitsanzo, mitu ina idalengeza kuti mzinda wa Las Vegas ungowonjezedwanso. Zinamveka zochititsa chidwi. Pokhapokha titawerenga mosamala komanso mozama zomwe zaperekedwa, tinapeza kuti inde - ku Las Vegas akusintha ku 100% mphamvu zowonjezera, koma ... agglomeration.

tikukupemphani kuti muwerenge NAMBA YA MUTU m'mawu atsopano.