Ma network a Smart Energy

Kufuna mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi kukuyembekezeka kukula pafupifupi 2,2 peresenti pachaka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi yopitilira maola 20 a petawatt idzakwera mpaka maola 2030 a petawatt mu 33. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, akugogomezera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera kuposa kale lonse.

1. Auto mu gulu lanzeru

Zolinga zina zimaneneratu kuti zoyendera zidzadya zoposa 2050 peresenti ya magetsi ofunikira pofika chaka cha 10, makamaka chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa magalimoto a magetsi ndi hybrid.

ngati kuthamangitsa batire yagalimoto yamagetsi sichiyendetsedwa bwino kapena sichigwira ntchito payokha nkomwe, pali chiopsezo cha katundu wapamwamba kwambiri chifukwa cha mabatire ambiri omwe amaperekedwa nthawi imodzi. Kufunika kwa mayankho omwe amalola kuti magalimoto azilipiritsidwa pa nthawi yoyenera (1).

Makina amagetsi azaka za zana la XNUMX, momwe magetsi amapangidwira makamaka m'mafakitale amagetsi apakati ndikuperekedwa kwa ogula kudzera pamizere yamagetsi othamanga kwambiri komanso ma netiweki apakati komanso otsika kwambiri, sakugwirizana ndi zofunikira zanthawi yatsopano.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, tikhoza kuonanso chitukuko chofulumira cha machitidwe ogawidwa, opanga mphamvu zazing'ono zomwe zingagawire zotsalira zawo ndi msika. Iwo ali ndi gawo lalikulu mu machitidwe ogawidwa. magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa.

Kalozera wa ma grid anzeru

AMI - mwachidule cha Advanced Metering Infrastructure. Zikutanthauza maziko a zida ndi mapulogalamu omwe amalumikizana ndi mita yamagetsi, kusonkhanitsa deta yamphamvu ndikusanthula deta iyi.

m'badwo wogawidwa - Kupanga mphamvu ndi makhazikitsidwe ang'onoang'ono opangira kapena malo olumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi ma network ogawa kapena omwe ali mumagetsi a wolandila (kumbuyo ndi zida za metering), nthawi zambiri amapanga magetsi kuchokera kumagwero ongowonjezwdwa kapena osakhala achikhalidwe, nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza ndi kupanga kutentha (kuphatikiza kugawa ). . Manetiweki otulutsa omwe amagawidwa angaphatikizepo, mwachitsanzo, ma prosumers, mabungwe amagetsi, kapena mafakitale opangira magetsi.

mita yanzeru - mita yamagetsi yakutali yomwe imakhala ndi ntchito yotumiza deta yamagetsi yamagetsi kwa wogulitsa ndipo motero imapereka mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito magetsi mozindikira.

Micro power source - malo opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito paokha. Kagwero kakang'ono katha kukhala kanyumba kakang'ono ka dzuwa, kamadzi kapena kamphepo, ma turbine ang'onoang'ono omwe amayendera gasi kapena gasi, mayunitsi okhala ndi mainjini omwe amayendera gasi kapena gasi.

Malingaliro - wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yozindikira yemwe amatulutsa mphamvu pazosowa zake, mwachitsanzo, m'magawo ang'onoang'ono, ndikugulitsa zotsalira zosagwiritsidwa ntchito ku network yogawa.

Mitengo yamphamvu - mitengo yotengera kusintha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku pamitengo yamagetsi.

Kuwoneka nthawi ya danga

Kuthetsa mavutowa (2) kumafuna maukonde okhala ndi "malingaliro" osinthika omwe angawongolere mphamvu pomwe ikufunika. Chosankha choterocho grid yamagetsi yanzeru - grid yamagetsi yanzeru.

2. Mavuto omwe akukumana ndi msika wamagetsi

Nthawi zambiri, gululi wanzeru ndi dongosolo lamagetsi lomwe limagwirizanitsa mwanzeru zochitika za onse omwe akutenga nawo mbali pakupanga, kutumiza, kugawa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kuti apereke magetsi m'njira yachuma, yokhazikika komanso yotetezeka (3).

Cholinga chake chachikulu ndikulumikizana pakati pa onse omwe akutenga nawo gawo pamsika wamagetsi. Maukonde amalumikiza magetsi, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, ndi ogula mphamvu mu dongosolo limodzi. Ikhoza kukhalapo ndikugwira ntchito chifukwa cha zinthu ziwiri: makina opangidwa ndi masensa apamwamba ndi makina a ICT.

Kufotokozera mophweka: gululi wanzeru "amadziwa" pamene ndi pamene kufunikira kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ndi kuperekedwa kwakukulu kumatuluka, ndipo akhoza kutsogolera mphamvu zowonjezera kumene zikufunikira kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, maukonde otere amatha kuwongolera bwino, kudalirika komanso chitetezo chaunyolo wamagetsi.

3. Gulu lanzeru - dongosolo loyambira

4. Magawo atatu a ma gridi anzeru, zolinga ndi zopindulitsa zomwe zimachokera kwa iwo

Ma network anzeru zimakupatsani mwayi wowerengera mita yamagetsi patali, kuyang'anira momwe adalandirira ndi netiweki, komanso mbiri yakulandila mphamvu, kuzindikira kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mosaloledwa, kusokoneza mita ndi kutayika kwamagetsi, kulumikiza patali / kulumikiza wolandila, kusintha mitengo, sungani ndi ndalama zowerengera, ndi zina (4).

N'zovuta kudziwa molondola kufunika kwa magetsi, choncho nthawi zambiri dongosololi liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malo otchedwa otentha. Kugwiritsa ntchito makina ogawa (onani Smart Grid Glossary) kuphatikiza Smart Grid kungachepetse kwambiri kufunikira kosunga nkhokwe zazikulu zikugwira ntchito mokwanira.

Mzati ma grids anzeru pali njira yoyezera, yowerengera mwanzeru (5). Zimaphatikizapo njira zolumikizirana pa telefoni zomwe zimatumiza deta yoyezera kumalo opangira zisankho, komanso chidziwitso chanzeru, kulosera komanso kupanga zisankho.

Kuyika koyamba kwa makina a "smart" metering akumangidwa kale, kuphimba mizinda kapena ma communes. Chifukwa cha iwo, mutha, mwa zina, kuwonetsa malipiro aola lililonse kwa kasitomala aliyense. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nthawi zina za tsiku mtengo wa magetsi kwa wogula mmodzi wotere udzakhala wotsika, choncho ndi bwino kuyatsa, mwachitsanzo, makina ochapira.

Malinga ndi asayansi ena, monga gulu la ofufuza a ku Germany Max Planck Institute ku Göttingen motsogozedwa ndi Mark Timm, mamiliyoni a mita anzeru atha kupanga mtsogolo mokhazikika. wodzilamulira okha network, yogawidwa ngati intaneti, komanso yotetezeka chifukwa imagonjetsedwa ndi zomwe machitidwe apakati amawonekera.

Mphamvu zochokera kuzinthu zambiri

Magwero amagetsi ongowonjezwdwa Chifukwa cha mphamvu yaing'ono ya unit (RES) imagawidwa magwero. Zotsirizirazi zikuphatikiza magwero okhala ndi mphamvu yochepera 50-100 MW, yoyikidwa pafupi ndi wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yomaliza.

Komabe, pochita, mtengo wamalire wa gwero lomwe limagawidwa ngati logawidwa limasiyanasiyana kwambiri kumayiko ena, mwachitsanzo, ku Sweden ndi 1,5 MW, ku New Zealand 5 MW, ku USA 5 MW, ku UK 100 MW. .

Ndi kuchuluka kokwanira kwa magwero omwazikana kudera laling'ono lamagetsi komanso chifukwa cha mwayi womwe amapereka. ma grids anzeru, zimakhala zotheka komanso zopindulitsa kuphatikiza magwerowa kukhala dongosolo limodzi lolamulidwa ndi woyendetsa, kupanga "chomera chamagetsi".

Cholinga chake ndikuyang'ana kachitidwe kogawidwa kukhala njira imodzi yolumikizidwa bwino, ndikuwonjezera luso laukadaulo komanso zachuma pakupanga magetsi. M'badwo wogawidwa womwe uli pafupi kwambiri ndi ogula magetsi ungagwiritsenso ntchito mafuta amtundu wamba, kuphatikizapo biofuels ndi mphamvu zowonjezera, komanso zinyalala zamatauni.

Chomera chamagetsi cholumikizira chimalumikiza magwero ambiri amagetsi am'dera linalake (hydro, mphepo, magetsi opangira magetsi, makina opangira magetsi ophatikizika, majenereta oyendetsedwa ndi injini, ndi zina zotero) ndi kusungirako mphamvu (ma tanki amadzi, mabatire) omwe amayendetsedwa kutali ndi dongosolo lalikulu la IT.

Ntchito yofunikira pakupanga magetsi opangira magetsi iyenera kuseweredwa ndi zida zosungira mphamvu zomwe zimakulolani kuti musinthe kupanga magetsi kuti mukhale ndi kusintha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa ogula. Kawirikawiri nkhokwe zoterezi ndi mabatire kapena supercapacitors; malo osungiramo madzi amatha kuchitanso chimodzimodzi.

Dera lokhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira lomwe limapanga makina opangira magetsi amatha kupatulidwa ndi gridi yamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito masiwichi amakono. Kusintha koteroko kumateteza, kumagwira ntchito yoyezera ndikugwirizanitsa dongosolo ndi intaneti.

Dziko likukhala anzeru

W ma grids anzeru pano amayikidwa ndi makampani akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi. Ku Ulaya, mwachitsanzo, EDF (France), RWE (Germany), Iberdrola (Spain) ndi British Gas (UK).

6. Smart grid imaphatikiza magwero azikhalidwe komanso zongowonjezwdwa

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha mtundu uwu wa dongosolo ndi mauthenga ogawa mauthenga, omwe amapereka njira ziwiri zodalirika zotumizira IP pakati pa machitidwe apakati ogwiritsira ntchito ndi mamita amagetsi anzeru omwe ali kumapeto kwa dongosolo lamagetsi, pamapeto ogula.

Pakali pano, padziko lonse lapansi matelefoni maukonde zosowa Grid Smart kuchokera kwa opanga mphamvu zazikulu kwambiri m'maiko awo - monga LightSquared (USA) kapena EnergyAustralia (Australia) - amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wopanda zingwe wa Wimax.

Kuonjezera apo, choyamba komanso chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zinakonzedweratu za dongosolo la AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) ku Poland, lomwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la intaneti yanzeru ya Energa Operator SA, imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la Wimax potumiza deta.

Ubwino wofunikira wa yankho la Wimax pokhudzana ndi matekinoloje ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'gawo lamphamvu pakutumiza deta, monga PLC, ndikuti palibe chifukwa chozimitsa magawo onse amagetsi pakakhala ngozi.

7. Piramidi yamagetsi ku Ulaya

Boma la China lapanga dongosolo lalikulu lanthawi yayitali loti likhazikitse ndalama zamakina amadzi, kukweza ndi kukulitsa ma network ndi zomangamanga kumidzi, ndi ma grids anzeru. Chinese State Grid Corporation ikukonzekera kuziwonetsa pofika 2030.

Bungwe la Japan Electricity Industry Federation likukonzekera kupanga grid yanzeru yoyendera mphamvu ya dzuwa pofika chaka cha 2020 mothandizidwa ndi boma. Pakalipano, pulogalamu ya boma yoyesa mphamvu zamagetsi pamagulu anzeru ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Germany.

Mphamvu "gridi yapamwamba" idzapangidwa m'mayiko a EU, momwe mphamvu zowonjezera zidzagawidwa, makamaka kuchokera ku minda yamphepo. Mosiyana ndi maukonde achikhalidwe, sizidzakhazikitsidwa pakusinthana, koma pamagetsi achindunji (DC).

Ndalama za ku Ulaya zinathandizira pulogalamu yokhudzana ndi kafukufuku ndi maphunziro a MEDOW, yomwe imasonkhanitsa pamodzi mayunivesite ndi oimira makampani opanga mphamvu. MEDOW ndi chidule cha dzina la Chingerezi "Multi-terminal DC Grid For Offshore Wind".

Pulogalamu yophunzitsira ikuyembekezeka kuchitika mpaka Marichi 2017. Chilengedwe ma network amphamvu zongowonjezwdwa pamlingo wa kontinenti komanso kulumikizana bwino ndi maukonde omwe alipo (6) zimamveka chifukwa cha mawonekedwe enieni a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, zomwe zimadziwika ndi zochulukirapo nthawi ndi nthawi kapena kuchepa kwa mphamvu.

Pulogalamu ya Smart Peninsula yomwe ikugwira ntchito ku Hel Peninsula imadziwika bwino m'makampani opanga mphamvu ku Poland. Apa ndi pamene Energa yakhazikitsa njira zowerengera zowerengera zakutali za dzikolo ndipo ili ndi luso loyenera la polojekitiyi, yomwe idzapitirire patsogolo.

Malowa sanasankhidwe mwangozi. Derali limadziwika ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu (kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri m'chilimwe, mocheperapo m'nyengo yozizira), zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta zina kwa akatswiri opanga mphamvu.

Dongosolo lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito liyenera kudziwika osati ndi kudalirika kwakukulu, komanso kusinthasintha kwa makasitomala, kuwalola kuti azitha kuwongolera mphamvu zamagetsi, kusintha mitengo yamagetsi ndikugwiritsa ntchito magwero amphamvu omwe akutuluka (mapanelo a photovoltaic, makina amphepo ang'onoang'ono, etc.).

Posachedwapa, chidziwitso chawonekeranso kuti Polskie Sieci Energetyczne ikufuna kusunga mphamvu mu mabatire amphamvu omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya 2 MW. Wogwira ntchitoyo akukonzekera kumanga malo osungiramo mphamvu ku Poland zomwe zidzathandizire gululi yamagetsi poonetsetsa kuti kupitiriza kwa magetsi pamene magwero a mphamvu zowonjezereka (RES) amasiya kugwira ntchito chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mphepo kapena mdima. Magetsi ochokera ku nyumba yosungiramo katundu adzapita ku gridi.

Kuyesedwa kwa yankho kungayambe mkati mwa zaka ziwiri. Malinga ndi zidziwitso zosavomerezeka, aku Japan ochokera ku Hitachi amapereka PSE kuyesa zida zamphamvu za batri. Batire imodzi yotere ya lithiamu-ion imatha kutulutsa mphamvu ya 1 MW.

Malo osungiramo katundu amathanso kuchepetsa kufunika kokulitsa magetsi okhazikika m'tsogolomu. Mafamu amphepo, omwe amadziwika ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zamagetsi (malingana ndi nyengo), amakakamiza mphamvu zachikhalidwe kuti zikhalebe ndi mphamvu zosungiramo mphamvu kuti makina amphepo azitha kusinthidwa kapena kuwonjezeredwa nthawi iliyonse ndi mphamvu zochepa.

Ogwira ntchito ku Europe akuika ndalama zosungiramo mphamvu. Posachedwapa, a British adayambitsa kukhazikitsa kwakukulu kwamtunduwu ku kontinenti yathu. Malo omwe ali ku Leighton Buzzard pafupi ndi London amatha kusunga mphamvu mpaka 10 MWh ndikupereka mphamvu 6 MW.

Kumbuyo kwake kuli S&C Electric, Samsung, komanso UK Power Networks ndi Younicos. Mu Seputembala 2014, kampani yomalizayo idapanga malo osungiramo mphamvu zamagetsi ku Europe. Idakhazikitsidwa ku Schwerin, Germany ndipo ili ndi mphamvu ya 5 MW.

Chikalata cha "Smart Grid Projects Outlook 2014" chili ndi mapulojekiti 459 omwe akhazikitsidwa kuyambira 2002, momwe kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano, luso la ICT (teleinformation) linathandizira pakupanga "gridi yanzeru".

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti ntchito zinaganiziridwa momwe dziko limodzi la EU Member linachita nawo (anali bwenzi) (7). Izi zikupangitsa kuti mayiko omwe afotokozedwa mu lipotili akhale 47.

Pakalipano, ma euro 3,15 biliyoni aperekedwa kwa ntchitozi, ngakhale kuti 48 peresenti ya iwo sanamalizidwe. Ntchito za R&D pakadali pano zimawononga ma euro 830 miliyoni, pomwe kuyesa ndi kukhazikitsa kumawononga 2,32 biliyoni mayuro.

Pakati pawo, pa munthu aliyense, Denmark amaika ndalama zambiri. Kumbali ina, France ndi UK, ali ndi ma projekiti apamwamba kwambiri, pafupifupi € 5 miliyoni pa polojekiti iliyonse.

Poyerekeza ndi maiko ameneŵa, maiko a Kum’maŵa kwa Yuropu zinthu zinaipa kwambiri. Malinga ndi lipotili, iwo akupanga 1 peresenti yokha ya bajeti yonse ya ntchito zonsezi. Ndi kuchuluka kwa mapulojekiti omwe akhazikitsidwa, asanu apamwamba ndi awa: Germany, Denmark, Italy, Spain ndi France. Poland idatenga malo a 18 pamndandanda.

Switzerland inali patsogolo pathu, kenako Ireland. Pansi pa mawu oti "gridi yanzeru", mayankho ofunitsitsa, pafupifupi osintha zinthu akukwaniritsidwa m'malo ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. akukonzekera kukonzanso mphamvu zamagetsi.

Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri ndi Ontario Smart Infrastructure Project (2030), yomwe yakonzedwa m'zaka zaposachedwa ndipo ili ndi nthawi yoyerekeza mpaka zaka 8.

8. Konzani zotumiza Smart Grid m'chigawo cha Canada ku Ontario.

Mphamvu mavairasi?

Komabe, ngati mphamvu network kukhala ngati intaneti, muyenera kuganizira kuti ikhoza kukumana ndi ziwopsezo zomwe timakumana nazo m'makompyuta amakono.

9. Maloboti opangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito mumagetsi amagetsi

F-Secure Laboratories posachedwapa inachenjeza za chiwopsezo chatsopano cha machitidwe ogwira ntchito zamakampani, kuphatikizapo ma gridi amagetsi. Imatchedwa Havex ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano kwambiri yopatsira makompyuta.

Havex ili ndi zigawo ziwiri zazikulu. Yoyamba ndi pulogalamu ya Trojan, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira patali dongosolo lomwe likuukira. Chinthu chachiwiri ndi seva ya PHP.

Trojan horse idalumikizidwa ndi omwe akuukira pulogalamu ya APCS/SCADA yomwe imayang'anira momwe ukadaulo ndi kupanga zikuyendera. Ozunzidwa amatsitsa mapulogalamu oterowo kuchokera kumasamba apadera, osadziwa za chiwopsezocho.

Ozunzidwa ndi Havex anali makamaka mabungwe aku Europe ndi makampani omwe amakhudzidwa ndi mayankho amakampani. Mbali ina ya code ya Havex ikusonyeza kuti omwe adayipanga, kuwonjezera pa kufuna kuba zambiri za njira zopangira, atha kukhudzanso njira yawo.

10. Madera amagetsi anzeru

Olemba pulogalamu yaumbandayi anali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi maukonde amagetsi. Mwina chinthu chamtsogolo dongosolo lamphamvu lamphamvu maloboti nawonso adzatero.

Posachedwapa, ofufuza a pa yunivesite ya Michigan Technological University adapanga mtundu wa robot (9) womwe umapereka mphamvu kumalo okhudzidwa ndi kuzimitsidwa kwa magetsi, monga zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha masoka achilengedwe.

Makina amtunduwu amatha, mwachitsanzo, kubwezeretsa mphamvu kuzinthu zolumikizirana ndi matelefoni (nsanja ndi malo oyambira) kuti agwire ntchito zopulumutsira moyenera. Maloboti ndi odziyimira pawokha, iwo eni amasankha njira yabwino yopitira komwe akupita.

Atha kukhala ndi mabatire pa board kapena ma solar panel. Akhoza kudyetsana. Tanthauzo ndi ntchito ma grids anzeru kupita kutali kwambiri ndi mphamvu (10).

Zomangamanga zomwe zimapangidwa motere zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga moyo watsopano wanzeru zam'manja zam'tsogolo, kutengera umisiri wamakono. Mpaka pano, tikhoza kungoganizira ubwino (komanso kuipa) kwa mtundu uwu wa yankho.