Katatu Fritz-X

Sitima yankhondo yaku Italy ya Roma itangomangidwa.

Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 30, anthu ankakhulupirirabe kuti zombo zokhala ndi zida zankhondo kwambiri zidzatsimikizira zotsatira za nkhondo panyanja. Ajeremani, omwe anali ndi magulu ocheperapo kuposa a British ndi French, adayenera kudalira Luftwaffe kuti athandize kutseka kusiyana ngati kuli kofunikira. Panthawiyi, kutenga nawo mbali kwa Condor Legion mu Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe ya Chisipanishi kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupeza kuti ngakhale pansi pa mikhalidwe yabwino komanso pogwiritsa ntchito zochitika zaposachedwa, kugunda chinthu chaching'ono ndi chosowa, ndipo ngakhale chosowa pamene chikuyenda.

Izi sizinali zodabwitsa, kotero oponya mabomba a Junkers Ju 87 adayesedwanso ku Spain, ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zoponya. Vuto linali lakuti ndegezi zinali ndi maulendo afupiafupi kwambiri, ndipo mabomba omwe amatha kunyamula sakanatha kudutsa zida zopingasa m'zipinda zovuta za zombo zomwe zaukira, ndiko kuti, m'zipinda za zida ndi injini. Njira yothetsera vutoli inali kugwetsa bomba lalikulu (galimoto yonyamulira yokhala ndi injini zosachepera ziwiri) momwe mungathere kuchokera pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri (omwe amalepheretsa kwambiri chiwopsezo cha flak) pomwe akupereka mphamvu zokwanira za kinetic.

Zotsatira za kuukira experimental ndi osankhidwa osankhidwa a Lehrgeschwader Greifswald anali ndi tanthauzo lomveka - ngakhale wailesi chandamale chandamale sitima, Hessen wakale wankhondo, 127,7 mamita yaitali ndi 22,2 mamita m'lifupi, anayenda mofatsa ndi pa liwiro zosaposa 18 mfundo, ndi kulondola kwa 6000-7000 m pamene mabomba anagwetsa anali 6% okha, ndi kuwonjezeka kutalika kwa 8000-9000 m, kokha 0,6%. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti zida zotsogoleredwa zokha zingapereke zotsatira zabwino kwambiri.

The aerodynamics ya bomba lopanda kugwa, lomwe cholinga chake chinali chandamale ndi wailesi, chinachitidwa ndi gulu la German Institute for Aeronautical Research (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt, DVL), yomwe ili m'chigawo cha Berlin cha Adlershof. Anatsogoleredwa ndi Dr. Max Cramer (wobadwa 1903, womaliza maphunziro a Munich University of Technology, ndi Ph.D. analandira pa zaka 28 chifukwa cha ntchito sayansi m'munda wa aerodynamics, mlengi wa patented njira yomanga ndege. , mwachitsanzo, pokhudzana ndi ma flaps, wolamulira mu gawo la laminar dynamics flow), yomwe mu 1938, pamene ntchito yatsopano ya Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium, RLM) inabwera, inagwira ntchito, mwa zina, pa waya- mizinga yoyendetsedwa ndi mpweya kupita kumlengalenga.

Bomba loyendetsedwa ndi Fritz-X likadali mugawo lothawirako atangochotsedwa kuyimitsidwa.

Sizinatengere nthawi kuti gulu la Kramer, ndi kuyesa kwa SC 250 DVL bomba kugwetsa ring-mchira kunali kopambana kotero kuti chigamulo chinapangidwa kuti PC 1400 ikhale chida "chanzeru", chimodzi mwa zolinga zazikulu kwambiri za bomba lolemera mu dziko. Arsenal wa Luftwaffe. Idapangidwa ndi chomera cha Ruhrstahl AG ku Brakwede (dera la Bielefeld).

Dongosolo lowongolera bomba la wailesi lidapangidwa poyambilira ku RLM Research Center ku Gröfelfing pafupi ndi Munich. Kuyesedwa kwa zida zomangidwa kumeneko, zomwe zidachitika m'chilimwe cha 1940, sizinabweretse zotsatira zogwira mtima. Akatswiri ochokera m'magulu a Telefunken, Siemens, Lorenz, Loewe-Opta ndi ena, omwe poyamba ankangogwira nawo mbali za polojekitiyi kuti asunge ntchito yawo mwachinsinsi, anachita bwino. Ntchito yawo idapangitsa kuti pakhale FuG (Funkgerät) 203 transmitter, codenamed Kehl, ndi wolandila FuG 230 Strassburg, omwe adakwaniritsa zomwe amayembekeza.

Kuphatikizika kwa bomba, nthenga ndi njira zowongolera zidalandira dzina la fakitale X-1, ndipo asitikali - PC 1400X kapena FX 1400. Monga m'munsi mwa Luftwaffe, bomba la "wamba" la kilogalamu 1400 limatchedwa Fritz, mawu akuti Fritz-X adadziwika, omwe adatengera pambuyo pake kudzera m'mabungwe awo anzeru. Malo opanga zida zatsopano anali chomera m'chigawo cha Berlin cha Marienfelde, chomwe chinali gawo la nkhawa ya Rheinmetall-Borsig, yomwe idalandira mgwirizano womanga m'chilimwe cha 1939. Ma prototypes oyamba adayamba kutuluka m'mafakitale awa. mu February 1942 anapita ku Peenemünde West, malo oyesera a Luftwaffe pachilumba cha Usedom. Pofika pa Epulo 10, 111 Fritz-Xs anali atachotsedwa pagulu la Heinkli He 29H lomwe lili pafupi ndi Harz, ndipo asanu okha omaliza adawonedwa kuti ndi okhutiritsa.

Mndandanda wotsatira, kumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi zachitatu za June, unapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Cholinga chake chinali mtanda wolembedwa pansi, ndipo mabomba 9 mwa 10 omwe anatsika kuchokera ku 6000 mamita anagwera mkati mwa mamita 14,5 kuchokera pamtunda, atatu mwa iwo anali pafupifupi pamwamba pake. Popeza cholinga chachikulu chinali zombo zankhondo, m'lifupi mwake m'lifupi mwake zombozi zinali pafupifupi mamita 30, kotero n'zosadabwitsa kuti Luftwaffe inaganiza zophatikizira mabomba atsopano mu zida za Luftwaffe.

Anaganiza zopanga gawo lotsatira la kuyesa ku Italy, komwe kunali thambo lopanda mitambo, ndipo kuyambira Epulo 1942, Heinkle idachoka ku Foggia airfield (Erprobungsstelle Süd). Pamayeserowa, mavuto adawuka ndi ma switch ma elekitiroma, kotero ntchito idayambika pakuyambitsa pneumatic mu DVL (dongosololi limayenera kupereka mpweya kuchokera ku bomba la bomba), koma omvera a Cramer, atayesedwa munjira yamphepo, adapita gwero la vuto ndi kutsegula kwamagetsi kunasungidwa. Chilemacho chitachotsedwa, zotsatira za mayeso zinayamba kuyenda bwino, ndipo chifukwa chake, mwa mabomba pafupifupi 100 anaponyedwa, 49 anagwera pa malo omwe akukonzekera ndi mbali ya mamita 5. Zolepherazo zinali chifukwa cha khalidwe loipa la " mankhwala”. kapena cholakwika cha opareshoni, mwachitsanzo zinthu zomwe zikuyembekezeka kuthetsedwa pakapita nthawi. Pa Ogasiti 8, chandamale chinali mbale ya zida za 120 mm wandiweyani, yomwe mutu wa bombayo unaboola bwino popanda kupunduka kwapadera.

Chifukwa chake, adaganiza zopita patsogolo pakupanga njira zopangira zida zatsopano zolimbana ndi onyamula chandamale ndi oyendetsa ndege. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, RLM inaika oda ndi Rheinmetall-Borsig kwa mayunitsi amtundu wa Fritz-X, omwe amafunikira kubweretsa mayunitsi osachepera 35 pamwezi (cholinga chake chinali 300). Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya blockages zakuthupi (chifukwa cha kusowa kwa faifi tambala ndi molybdenum, kunali koyenera kuyang'ana aloyi ina ya mitu) ndi mayendedwe, komabe, zidapangitsa kuti izi zidatheka ku Marienfeld mu Epulo 1943.

M'mbuyomu, mu Seputembala 1942, gawo lophunzitsira ndi kuyesa (Lehr-und Erprobungskommando) EK 21 idapangidwa pabwalo la ndege la Harz, ndikuwuluka Dornier Do 217K ndi Heinklach He 111H. Mu Januwale 1943, yomwe idatchedwa kale Kampfgruppe 21, inali ndi anayi a Staffeln Dornier Do 217K-2 okha, okhala ndi Fritz-X mounts ndi Kehl III transmitters. Pa Epulo 29, EK 21 idakhala gulu lankhondo, lotchedwa III./KG100 ndipo limakhala ku Schwäbisch Hall pafupi ndi Stuttgart. Pofika pakati pa Julayi, kusamukira kwake ku bwalo la ndege la Istres pafupi ndi Marseille kunamalizidwa, komwe adayamba kuchita.

Augusti pafupi ndi Romy

Pa July 21, a Dorniers atatu ochokera ku Istria anatumizidwa kukamenyana ndi Augusta (Sicily), doko lomwe linagwidwa ndi asilikali a Allied masiku asanu ndi atatu m'mbuyomo. Mabomba aja anafika komwe amapita kale madzulo ndipo sanatembenuke kalikonse. Kuukira kofananako ku Surakusa patatha masiku awiri kunathanso chimodzimodzi. Mabomba anayi a III./KG31 adachita nawo nkhondo yayikulu yolimbana ndi Palermo usiku wa 1 July/100 August. Maola angapo m'mbuyomo, gulu la zombo zapamadzi za US Navy linalowa pa doko, likupereka malo otsetsereka ku Sicily, omwe anali oyendetsa maulendo awiri ndi owononga asanu ndi limodzi, pamsewu umene ogwira ntchito zoyendera ndi asilikali anali kuyembekezera. Anayi a ku Istria adafika kumene amapita kutangotsala pang'ono kuca, koma sizikudziwika ngati adapambana.

Akuluakulu a "Skill" (AM 115) ndi "Aspiration" (AM 117), omwe adawonongeka chifukwa cha kuphulika kwapafupi (otsiriza anali ndi dzenje la 2 x 1 m mu fuselage), analemba m'mabuku awo kuti mabomba anagwetsedwa kuchokera ku ndege zouluka pamtunda waukulu. Komabe, chotsimikizika ndi chakuti 9th Staffel KG100 idataya magalimoto awiri omwe adawomberedwa ndi adani ausiku (mwina awa anali Beaufighters a 600 Squadron RAF okhala ku Malta). Woyendetsa ndege m'modzi wa gulu la Dornier adapulumuka ndipo adatengedwa mndende, komwe ma scouts adalandira chidziwitso chowopsa chatsopano.

Izi sizinali zodabwitsa konse. Chenjezo loyamba linali kalata yomwe inalandira pa 5 November 1939 ndi British Navy attaché ku likulu la Norway, losaina "wasayansi wa ku Germany kumbali yanu." Wolemba wake anali Dr. Hans Ferdinand Maier, mkulu wa malo ofufuza a Siemens & Halske AG. Briton adazindikira izi mu 1955 ndipo, chifukwa adafuna, sanaulule mpaka imfa ya Mayer ndi mkazi wake, zaka 34 pambuyo pake. Ngakhale kuti "chuma" china chinapangitsa kuti ikhale yodalirika, inali yochuluka komanso yosafanana mu khalidwe.

Ripoti la Oslo lidawonedwa ndi kusakhulupirira. Chifukwa chake gawo la "zowongolera zakutali" za ndege zotsutsana ndi sitima zomwe zatsika kuchokera kundege zowuluka pamtunda zidasiyidwa. Mayer adaperekanso tsatanetsatane: miyeso (iliyonse 3 m kutalika ndi kutalika), gulu lafupipafupi lomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito (mafunde amfupi) ndi malo oyesera (Penemünde).

Komabe, m'zaka zotsatira, nzeru za ku Britain zinayamba kulandira "chitonzo" pa "zinthu Hs 293 ndi FX", zomwe mu May 1943 zinatsimikizira kulembedwa kwa lamulo la Bletchley Park lowamasula ku nyumba zosungiramo katundu ndikuwateteza mosamala ku ukazitape ndi kuwononga. Kumapeto kwa July, chifukwa cha decryption, British anaphunzira za kukonzekera nkhondo mishoni za onyamula ndege: Dornierów Do 217E-5 kuchokera II./KG100 (Hs 293) ndi Do 217K-2 kuchokera III./KG100. Chifukwa cha umbuli pa nthawi ya malo a magulu awiriwa, machenjezo anatumizidwa kokha ku lamulo la asilikali apanyanja ku Mediterranean.

Usiku wa pa 9/10 August 1943, ndege zinayi za III./KG100 zinayambanso mlengalenga, ulendo uno ku Syrakusa. Chifukwa cha mabomba awo, ogwirizanawo sanawonongeke, ndipo Dornier, yemwe anali wa kiyi wamba, adawomberedwa. Woyendetsa ndege wogwidwa ndi woyendetsa ndege (otsala onse adamwalira) panthawi yofunsidwa adatsimikizira kuti Luftwaffe inali ndi mitundu iwiri ya zida zoyendetsedwa ndi wailesi. Sizinali zotheka kutulutsa zambiri zafupipafupi kuchokera kwa iwo - zidapezeka kuti musanachoke pabwalo la ndege, makristasi omwe ali ndi manambala kuyambira 1 mpaka 18 adangoyikidwa pazida zowongolera, malinga ndi dongosolo lomwe adalandira.

M'masabata otsatirawa, a Dorniers a Istria anapitirizabe kugwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono komanso popanda kupambana, nthawi zambiri amatenga nawo mbali pamagulu ophatikizana ndi Ju 88s. Palermo (23 August) ndi Reggio Calabria (3 September). Kutayika kwake kunali kokha pa wrench, yomwe inawonongedwa ndi kuphulika kwa bomba lake pamene akuwuluka pa Messina.

Madzulo a September 8, 1943, anthu a ku Italy adalengeza za mgwirizano ndi Allies. Malinga ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zake, gululi motsogozedwa ndi Adm. Carlo Bergamini, wopangidwa ndi zombo zankhondo zitatu - flagship Roma, Italia (ex-Littorio) ndi Vittorio Veneto - chiwerengero chomwecho cha cruisers kuwala ndi 8 owononga, amene anagwirizana ndi squadron ku Genoa (atatu kuwala cruisers ndi torpedo bwato). Popeza Ajeremani ankadziwa zomwe ogwirizana nawo akukonzekera, ndege za III./KG100 zinayikidwa tcheru, ndipo 11 Dorniers anathamangitsidwa ku Istra kuti akawukire. Anafika pa zombo za ku Italy pambuyo pa 15:00 pm pamene anafika pamadzi pakati pa Sardinia ndi Corsica.

Madontho oyambirira sanali olondola, zomwe zinachititsa kuti anthu a ku Italy atsegule moto ndikuyamba kuthawa. Sizinali zogwira mtima - pa 15:46 Fritz-X, atathyola chigoba cha Aromani, anaphulika pansi pamunsi pake, makamaka pamalire pakati pa makina a injini kumanja ndi kumbuyo, zomwe zinayambitsa kusefukira kwawo. Chiwonetsero cha Bergamini chinayamba kugwa, ndipo mphindi 6 pambuyo pake, bomba lachiwiri linagunda malo a sitimayo pakati pa 2-mm turret ya mfuti yaikulu ya zida za 381 ndi kutsogolo kwa doko la 152-mm. Chotsatira cha kuphulika kwake chinali kuyatsa kwa ma propellant charges m'chipinda choyambira (mpweya womwe unaponyedwa pamwamba pa nyumba yolemera matani pafupifupi 1600) ndipo, mwina, pansi pa nsanja No. Utsi waukulu udakwera pamwamba pa ngalawayo, idayamba kumira, kutsamira mbali ya nyenyezi. Pambuyo pake idagwedezeka ngati keel ndikusweka pomwe idakhudzidwanso, ndikuzimiririka pansi pamadzi pa 1:16. Malinga ndi zomwe zachitika posachedwa, anthu 15 anali m'bwalo ndipo anthu 2021, motsogozedwa ndi Bergamini, adamwalira nawo.

Gulu lankhondo la Uganda, gulu loyamba lankhondo laku Britain kutenga nawo gawo mu Operation Avalanche, idawonongeka ndi bomba lomwe linawongoleredwa.

Pa 16:29 Fritz-X adalowa pamtunda wa Italy ndi lamba wam'mbali kutsogolo kwa turret 1, akuphulika m'madzi kuchokera kumbali ya sitimayo. Izi zikutanthauza kupangika kwa dzenje la 7,5 × 6 m ndi kupindika kwa khungu, kupitirira mpaka pansi kudera la 24 × 9 m, koma kusefukira kwa madzi (matani 1066 a madzi) kunali kocheperako pakati pa khungu. ndi longitudinal anti-torpedo bulkhead. M'mbuyomo, nthawi ya 15:30, bomba linaphulika kumbuyo kwa doko la Italy, ndipo chiwongolerocho chinaphwanyidwa pang'ono.

Bomba loyamba lomwe linagunda Aromani lidagwetsedwa kuchokera mundege ya wamkulu wa Major III./KG100. Bernhard Jope, ndipo gululo linamutsogolera ku chandamale. Klaproth. Yachiwiri, yochokera ku Dornier, yoyendetsedwa ndi Sgt. antchito. Kurt Steinborn adatsogolera gululi. Degan.