Nkhani yakuda. Mavuto asanu ndi limodzi a cosmological

Mayendedwe a zinthu pamlingo wa cosmic amatsatira chiphunzitso chabwino chakale cha Newton. Komabe, kutulukira kwa Fritz Zwicky m’zaka za m’ma 30 ndi kufufuzidwa kochuluka kwa milalang’amba yakutali yomwe imazungulira mofulumira kuposa momwe maonekedwe ake angasonyezere, kunachititsa akatswiri a zakuthambo ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo kuti awerengere kuchuluka kwa zinthu zakuda, zomwe sizingadziwike mwachindunji m'magulu aliwonse omwe alipo. . ku zida zathu. Biliyo idakhala yokwera kwambiri - tsopano akuti pafupifupi 27% ya unyinji wa chilengedwe chonse ndi zinthu zakuda. Izi ndizoposa kuwirikiza kasanu kuposa nkhani "yawamba" yomwe ikupezeka pazomwe tikuwona.

Tsoka ilo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono sizimawoneratu kukhalapo kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono topanga misa yodabwitsayi. Mpaka pano, sitinathe kuzizindikira kapena kupanga matabwa amphamvu kwambiri pamakina othamanga. Chiyembekezo chomaliza cha asayansi chinali kupeza ma neutrinos "osabala", omwe amatha kupanga zinthu zakuda. Komabe, mpaka pano zoyesayesa zowazindikira sizinaphule kanthu.

mphamvu zakuda

Popeza zinadziwika m’zaka za m’ma 90 kuti kufutukuka kwa chilengedwe sikokhazikika, koma kufulumira, kuwonjezera kwina kwa mawerengedwewo kunafunikira, nthaŵi ino ndi mphamvu m’chilengedwe chonse. Zinapezeka kuti kufotokozera mathamangitsidwe awa, mphamvu zowonjezera (ie misa, chifukwa malinga ndi chiphunzitso chapadera cha relativity iwo ali ofanana) - i.e. mphamvu zakuda - ziyenera kupanga pafupifupi 68% ya chilengedwe.

Izi zikutanthawuza kuti zoposa magawo awiri pa atatu a chilengedwe chonse chapangidwa ndi ... mulungu amadziwa chiyani! Chifukwa, monga momwe zilili ndi zinthu zamdima, sitinathe kuzigwira kapena kufufuza chikhalidwe chake. Ena amakhulupirira kuti iyi ndi mphamvu ya vacuum, mphamvu yomweyi yomwe particles "zopanda kanthu" zimawoneka chifukwa cha zotsatira za quantum. Ena amati ndi "quintessence", mphamvu yachisanu ya chilengedwe.

Palinso lingaliro lakuti mfundo ya chilengedwe siigwira ntchito konse, Chilengedwe ndi chosiyana, chimakhala ndi kachulukidwe kosiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana, ndipo kusinthasintha kumeneku kumapanga chinyengo cha kufulumizitsa kukula. M'bukuli, vuto la mphamvu zamdima lingakhale chinyengo chabe.

Einstein adayambitsa malingaliro ake - kenako adachotsa - lingalirolo cosmological nthawi zonsekugwirizana ndi mphamvu zakuda. Lingaliroli linapitilizidwa ndi akatswiri a quantum mechanics theorists omwe anayesa kusintha lingaliro la cosmological constant. quantum vacuum field energy. Komabe, chiphunzitso ichi chinapereka 10¹²⁰ mphamvu zochulukirapo kuposa zomwe zimafunikira kukulitsa chilengedwe pamlingo womwe tikudziwa ...

kukwera

Chiphunzitso kukwera kwa mitengo imalongosola zambiri mokhutiritsa, koma imayambitsa vuto laling'ono (chabwino, osati laling'ono) - limasonyeza kuti kumayambiriro kwa kukhalapo kwake, kukula kwake kunali mofulumira kuposa liwiro la kuwala. Izi zitha kufotokozera momwe zinthu zakuthambo zimawonekera, kutentha kwake, mphamvu, ndi zina zambiri. Komabe, mfundo ndi yakuti palibe zizindikiro za zochitika zakalezi zomwe zapezeka mpaka pano.

Ofufuza a ku Imperial College London, London ndi Universities of Helsinki ndi Copenhagen anafotokoza mu 2014 mu Physical Review Letters momwe mphamvu yokoka inaperekera kukhazikika kofunikira kuti chilengedwe chikhale ndi kukwera kwakukulu kwa inflation kumayambiriro kwake. Gulu linasanthula kugwirizana pakati pa Higgs particles ndi mphamvu yokoka. Asayansi asonyeza kuti ngakhale kuyanjana kwapang’ono kotereku kungakhazikitse thambo ndi kulipulumutsa ku tsoka.

Chithunzi cha liwiro la kuzungulira kwa spiral galaxy M33

Pulofesayo anati: “Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha pulayimale ya particle physics, chimene asayansi amachigwiritsa ntchito pofotokoza mmene zinthu zilili ndi mmene zinthu zilili, sizinayankhebe funso loti n’chifukwa chiyani Chilengedwe sichinagwe nthawi yomweyo kuphulika kwakukulu kunachitika,” anatero pulofesayo. Artu Rajanti kuchokera ku Physics Department of Imperial College. "Mu kafukufuku wathu, tidayang'ana pa gawo losadziwika la Standard Model, ndiko kuti, kulumikizana pakati pa tinthu tating'ono ta Higgs ndi mphamvu yokoka. Gawoli silingayesedwe mu kuyesa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, koma limakhudza kwambiri kusakhazikika kwa tinthu ta Higgs panthawi ya inflation. Ngakhale mtengo wochepa wa parameter iyi ndi wokwanira kufotokoza za kupulumuka. "

Ukonde wa zinthu zakuda zowunikiridwa ndi quasar

Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti kukwera kwa mitengo kukayamba, kumakhala kovuta kuti asiye. Iwo amaona kuti chotulukapo chake chinali kulengedwa kwa thambo latsopano, lolekanitsidwa mwakuthupi ndi lathu. Ndipo ndondomekoyi ipitilira mpaka lero. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ikubalabe maiko atsopano pakukwera kwa inflation.

Pobwereranso ku liwiro losalekeza la mfundo ya kuunika, ena okhulupirira kukwera kwa mitengo amati liwiro la kuwala ndi, inde, malire okhwima, koma osati nthawi zonse. M'zaka zoyambirira zinali zapamwamba, kulola kukwera kwa inflation. Tsopano ikupitirira kugwa, koma pang'onopang'ono kotero kuti sitingathe kuzindikira.

Kuphatikiza Zogwirizana

Zomwe zilipo panopa za zinthu wamba, zinthu zakuda ndi mphamvu zakuda

The Standard Model, pamene ikugwirizanitsa mitundu itatu ya mphamvu za chilengedwe, sichimagwirizanitsa zofooka ndi zamphamvu zogwirizana ndi kukhutiritsa asayansi onse. Mphamvu yokoka imayima pambali ndipo sichingaphatikizidwe mumtundu wamba ndi dziko lazinthu zoyambira. Kuyesa kulikonse koyanjanitsa mphamvu yokoka ndi quantum mechanics kumabweretsa kusakwanira kowerengera kotero kuti ma equation amataya mtengo wake.

chiphunzitso cha quantum cha mphamvu yokoka kumafuna kupuma kwa kugwirizana pakati pa mphamvu yokoka ndi misa ya inertial, yomwe imadziwika kuchokera ku mfundo yofanana (onani nkhani: "Mfundo Zisanu ndi ziwiri za Chilengedwe"). Kuphwanya mfundo imeneyi kumalepheretsa kumanga fizikisi yamakono. Choncho, chiphunzitso choterocho, chomwe chimatsegula njira yopita ku chiphunzitso cha maloto pa chirichonse, chikhoza kuwononganso fizikiki yomwe ikudziwika mpaka pano.

Ngakhale mphamvu yokoka ndi yofooka kwambiri kuti isawonekere pamiyeso yaying'ono ya kuyanjana kwa quantum, pali malo omwe amakhala amphamvu kwambiri kuti apange kusiyana kwa makina a quantum phenomena. Izi mabowo wakuda. Komabe, zochitika zomwe zikuchitika mkati ndi kunja kwawo zimaphunziridwabe pang'ono.

Kukhazikitsa chilengedwe

The Standard Model sangathe kuneneratu kukula kwa mphamvu ndi unyinji umene umapezeka mu dziko la tinthu ting'onoting'ono. Timaphunzira za kuchuluka kumeneku poyesa ndi kuwonjezera deta ku chiphunzitsocho. Asayansi amangozindikira kuti kusiyana pang'ono chabe pamiyezo yoyezera ndikokwanira kuti chilengedwe chiziwoneka chosiyana kwambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, ili ndi unyinji wochepa kwambiri wofunikira kuthandizira nkhani yokhazikika ya chilichonse chomwe timadziwa. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zakuda ndi mphamvu zimayendetsedwa bwino kuti zipange milalang'amba.

Chimodzi mwamavuto odabwitsa kwambiri pakuwongolera magawo a chilengedwe ndi ubwino wa zinthu kuposa antimatterzomwe zimalola kuti chilichonse chikhalepo mokhazikika. Malinga ndi Standard Model, kuchuluka komweko kwa zinthu ndi antimatter ziyenera kupangidwa. Zoonadi, malinga ndi momwe timaonera, ndi bwino kuti zinthu zili ndi ubwino, popeza kuchuluka kofanana kumatanthauza kusakhazikika kwa Chilengedwe, kugwedezeka ndi kuphulika kwamphamvu kwa kuwononga mitundu yonse ya zinthu.

Kuwonetseratu kosiyanasiyana kokhala ndi maiko akutukuka komanso ogwirizana

Kuyeza vuto

chisankho gawo zinthu za quantum amatanthauza kugwa kwa ntchito yoweyula, mwachitsanzo "kusintha" kwa dziko lawo kuchokera awiri (mphaka Schrödinger mu indeterminate boma "wamoyo kapena akufa") kuti mmodzi (tikudziwa zimene zinachitika mphaka).

Mmodzi mwa malingaliro olimba mtima okhudzana ndi vuto la kuyeza ndi lingaliro la "mayiko ambiri" - zotheka zomwe timasankha poyezera. Dziko likulekana mphindi iliyonse. Choncho, tili ndi dziko limene timayang'ana mu bokosi ndi mphaka, ndi dziko limene sitiyang'ana mu bokosi ndi mphaka ... Poyamba - dziko limene mphaka amakhala, kapena mmodzi. m'mene sakhala, ndi zina zotero d.

ankakhulupirira kuti chinachake chinali cholakwika kwambiri ndi makina a quantum, ndipo maganizo ake sanayenera kutengedwa mopepuka.

Zochita zinayi zazikulu