Thanki yolemera kwambiri ya K-Wagen

Tanki yachitsanzo ya K-Wagen, mawonekedwe akutsogolo. Dome la nsanja ya zida ziwiri zowonera zida zikuwonekera padenga, kutulutsa mapaipi owonjezera kuchokera ku injini ziwiri.

Zikuwoneka kuti nthawi ya akasinja akulu ndi olemetsa kwambiri m'mbiri idagwirizana ndi nthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse - ndiye mu Ulamuliro Wachitatu, ma projekiti adapangidwa kuti apange magalimoto angapo omenyedwa olemera matani opitilira zana kapena kupitilira apo, ndi zina zinakhazikitsidwa (E-100, Maus, etc. .d.). Komabe, nthawi zambiri amanyalanyazidwa kuti Ajeremani anayamba kugwira ntchito pa akasinja ndi makhalidwe amenewa pa Nkhondo Yaikulu, posakhalitsa kuwonekera koyamba kugulu la mtundu watsopano wa zida pa nkhondo pa mbali Allied. Chotsatira chomaliza cha ntchito ya uinjiniya chinali K-Wagen, thanki yayikulu komanso yolemera kwambiri pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse.

Pamene Ajeremani anakumana koyamba ndi akasinja ku Western Front mu September 1916, chida chatsopanocho chinadzutsa malingaliro awiri otsutsana: mantha ndi kusirira. Zikuwoneka kuti makina osasunthikawo adawoneka kwa asitikali achifumu ndi olamulira omwe adamenya nkhondo yakutsogolo ngati chida chowopsa, ngakhale poyamba atolankhani aku Germany ndi maofesala ena adachitapo kanthu mosagwirizana ndi zomwe zidapangidwa. Komabe, malingaliro osayenera, opanda ulemu adasinthidwa mwachangu ndi kuwerengera kwenikweni komanso kuwunika kwamphamvu kwa magalimoto omwe amatsata nkhondo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale chidwi chochokera ku Germany High Command of the Ground Forces (Oberste Heersleitung - OHL). amene ankafuna kukhala ndi asilikali ofanana ndi a ku Britain m'nkhokwe yake yankhondo.

Model K-Wagen, nthawi ino kuchokera kumbuyo.

Kuyesa kwa Germany kuti apange akasinja oyamba kutha (osati kuwerengera mapangidwe angolo omwe adasiyidwa pazithunzi) ndikumanga magalimoto awiri: A7V ndi Leichter Kampfwagen Mabaibulo I, II ndi III (akatswiri ena a mbiri yakale ndi okonda zankhondo amati Kukula kwa LK III kunayima pa siteji ya mapangidwe). Makina oyamba - oyenda pang'onopang'ono, osasunthika kwambiri, opangidwa mu kuchuluka kwa makope makumi awiri okha - adakwanitsa kulowa muutumiki ndikuchita nawo nkhondo, koma kusakhutira kwakukulu ndi kapangidwe kake kunapangitsa kuti makinawo asamalidwe mpaka kalekale. mu February 1918. Zowonjezereka, ngakhale chifukwa cha makhalidwe abwino, ngakhale kuti zinalibe zolakwika, mapangidwe oyesera anakhalabe. Kulephera kupereka zida zankhondo zaku Germany zomwe zidapangidwa mwachangu ndi akasinja opangidwa kunyumba zidatanthauza kufunikira kopereka zida zolandidwa m'magulu awo. Asilikali ankhondo achifumu "anasaka" kwambiri magalimoto ogwirizana nawo, koma osapambana. Tanki yoyamba yogwira ntchito (Mk IV) idagwidwa m'mawa wa Novembara 24, 1917 ku Fontaine-Notre-Dame pambuyo pa opareshoni yomwe gulu lotsogozedwa ndi corporal (non-commissioned officer) Fritz Leu waku Armee Kraftwagen Park 2 ( ndithudi, tsikuli lisanafike, Ajeremani anatha kupeza chiwerengero cha akasinja a British, koma anawonongeka kapena kuonongeka kwambiri moti sakanatha kukonzanso ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pomenyana). Pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondo ya Cambrai, akasinja makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu amodzi aku Britain m'mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yaukadaulo adagwa m'manja mwa Ajeremani, ngakhale kuwonongeka kwa makumi atatu aiwo kunali kwachiphamaso kwambiri kotero kuti kukonza kwawo sikunali vuto. Posakhalitsa chiwerengero cha magalimoto British anagwidwa anafika mlingo kuti anatha kulinganiza ndi kukonzekeretsa angapo akasinja akasinja, amene kenako ntchito pa nkhondo.

Kuwonjezera akasinja tatchulazi, Ajeremani anathanso kumaliza pafupifupi 85-90% ya makope awiri a thanki K-Wagen (Colossal-Wagen) matani pafupifupi 150 (dzina lina wamba Mwachitsanzo, Grosskampfwagen) zosayerekezeka kukula ndi kulemera nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike.

Model K-Wagen, mbali yakumanja yokhala ndi nacelle yam'mbali yoyikidwa.

Model K-Wagen, mbali yakumanja yokhala ndi nacelle yam'mbali yolumikizidwa.

Mbiri ya thanki yamutu mwina ndiyodabwitsa kwambiri kuposa zonse zomwe zidalumikizidwa ndi magalimoto aku Germany omwe adatsatiridwa pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale mibadwo yamagalimoto monga A7V, LK II/II/III kapena Sturm-Panzerwagen Oberschlesien yomwe sinamangidwepo imatha kutsatiridwa molondola chifukwa cha zinthu zakale zomwe zidatsalira komanso zofalitsa zingapo zofunika, pankhani ya kapangidwe kathu. ali ndi chidwi, ndizovuta . Zikuganiziridwa kuti dongosolo la mapangidwe a K-Wagen linayikidwa ndi OHL pa March 31, 1917 ndi akatswiri ochokera ku dipatimenti ya asilikali a 7th Department of Transport (Abteilung 7. Verkehrswesen). Zomwe zidapangidwa mwanzeru komanso zaukadaulo zimaganiza kuti galimoto yopangidwayo ilandila zida zankhondo kuchokera ku 10 mpaka 30 mm wandiweyani, imatha kuthana ndi ngalande mpaka 4 m mulifupi, ndipo zida zake zazikulu ziyenera kukhala ndi imodzi kapena ziwiri za SK / L. Mfuti 50, ndipo zida zodzitchinjiriza zidayenera kukhala ndi mfuti zinayi zamakina. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthekera koyika zowotcha moto "pabwalo" kudasiyidwa kuti kulingalire. Zinali zokonzekera kuti mphamvu yokoka ya kukakamizidwa pansi idzakhala 0,5 kg / cm2, kuyendetsa galimotoyo kudzachitika ndi injini ziwiri za 200 HP, ndi bokosi la gear lingapereke magiya atatu kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Malinga ndi zoneneratu, oyendetsa galimotoyo amayenera kukhala anthu 18, ndipo misa iyenera kusinthasintha pafupifupi matani 100. Mtengo wa galimoto imodzi unayesedwa pa 500 zizindikiro, zomwe zinali mtengo wa zakuthambo, makamaka poganizira kuti LK II imodzi inagula m'dera la 000-65. Polemba zovuta zomwe zingabwere chifukwa cha kufunikira koyendetsa galimoto mtunda wautali, kugwiritsa ntchito ma modular mapangidwe kumaganiziridwa - ngakhale kuchuluka kwazinthu zodziyimira pawokha sikunatchulidwe, kumayenera kulemera kwake sikuposa matani 000. Zomwe zikunenedwazo zinkawoneka ngati zopanda pake ku Unduna wa Nkhondo (Kriegsministerium) kotero kuti poyambirira idakana kufotokozera lingaliro lomanga galimoto, koma idasintha mwachangu malingaliro ake pokhudzana ndi nkhani zakukula bwino kwa Allied. magalimoto okhala ndi zida. magalimoto kuchokera kutsogolo.

Makhalidwe a makinawo, omwe panthawiyo anali achilendo komanso omwe anali asanakhalepo panthawiyo, akuthamanga ndi megalomania, tsopano akudzutsa funso lomveka lokhudza cholinga chake. Pakali pano, ambiri amakhulupirira, mwina fanizo ndi ntchito za R.1000 / 1500 land cruisers pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, kuti Germany ankafuna kugwiritsa ntchito K-Vagens monga "mobile linga", kuwatsogolera kuchitapo kanthu. madera oopsa kwambiri kutsogolo. Kuchokera pamalingaliro omveka, lingaliro ili likuwoneka lolondola, koma nkhani za Emperor Wilhelm II zikuwoneka kuti zidawawona ngati chida chokhumudwitsa. Osachepera pang'ono, chiphunzitsochi chikutsimikiziridwa ndi chakuti m'chilimwe cha 1918 dzina la Sturmkraftwagen schwerster Bauart (K-Wagen) linagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa tachanka kamodzi, zomwe zikuwonetseratu kuti sizinaganizidwe ngati zodzitetezera. chida.

Ngakhale kuti ankafunira zabwino, antchito a Abteilung 7. Verkehrswesen analibe chidziwitso chokonzekera tanki yotumizidwa ndi OHL, kotero utsogoleri wa dipatimentiyo unaganiza "zolemba" wakunja kwa cholinga ichi. M'mabuku, makamaka m'mabuku akale, pali lingaliro lakuti chisankhocho chinagwera pa Josef Vollmer, injiniya wotsogolera wa German Automobile Society, yemwe kale mu 1916, chifukwa cha ntchito yake ya A7V, adadziwika kuti ndi wojambula. masomphenya abwino. Komabe, ndiyenera kutchula kuti zofalitsa zina zamtsogolo zili ndi chidziwitso chomwe kuyesetsa kwakukulu pakupanga K-Wagen kudapangidwanso ndi: wamkulu wamkulu wamayendedwe apamsewu (Chef des Kraftfahrwesens-Chefkraft), captain (Hauptmann) Wegner (Wegener?) ndi kapitawo wosadziwika Muller. Pakalipano, n'zosatheka kutsimikizira mosakayikira ngati izi zinalidi choncho.

7,7 cm Sockel-Panzerwagengeschűtz mfuti, zida zazikulu za thanki yolemera kwambiri ya Grosskampfagen

Pa June 28, 1917, Dipatimenti Yankhondo inaika oda ya K-Wagens khumi. Zolemba zaukadaulo zidapangidwa ku chomera cha Riebe-Kugellager-Werken ku Berlin-Weissensee. Kumeneko, posachedwa mu July 1918, ntchito yomanga akasinja awiri oyambirira inayamba, yomwe inasokonezedwa ndi mapeto a nkhondo (malinga ndi magwero ena, ntchito yomanga prototypes iwiri inatha pa September 12, 1918). Mwina gulu la ngolo linasokonekera kale pang'ono, popeza October 23, 1918 zinanenedwa kuti K-Wagen sanali mu zofuna za Imperial Army, choncho kupanga kwake sikunaphatikizidwe mu ndondomeko yomanga nkhondo. magalimoto otsatiridwa (omwe ali ndi dzina logwira ntchito Großen Programm). Pambuyo kusaina Pangano la Versailles, akasinja onse awiri omwe anali pamalowo adayenera kutayidwa ndi bungwe logwirizana.

Kuwunika kwa zolemba zamapangidwe, zithunzi zamitundu yopangidwa, ndi chithunzi chokhacho chosungidwa cha K-Wagen chomwe sichinamalizidwe mumsonkhano wopanga wa Riebe chimatilola kunena kuti zofunikira zoyambira zamaluso ndi luso zidangowoneka pang'ono m'magalimoto. Kusintha kwakukulu kwakukulu kwachitika, kuyambira pakusintha injini zoyambirira ndi zamphamvu kwambiri, polimbitsa zida zankhondo (kuyambira mfuti ziwiri mpaka zinayi komanso mfuti zinayi mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri) ndikutha ndi kukhuthala kwa zida. Iwo anachititsa kuwonjezeka kulemera kwa thanki (mpaka matani 150) ndi mtengo unit (mpaka 600 zizindikiro pa thanki). Komabe, positi ya kamangidwe ka modular yokonzedwa kuti ithandizire mayendedwe idakhazikitsidwa; thanki inali ndi zinthu zosachepera zinayi - i.e. zida zotera, fuselage ndi ma nacelles a injini ziwiri (Erkern).

Panthawiyi, pali gwero lachidziwitso kuti K-Wagen inkalemera matani "okha" 120. Kulemera uku kunali chifukwa cha kuchulukitsa chiwerengero cha zigawozo ndi kuchuluka kwake (ndi kuloledwa ndi zofotokozera) kulemera kwake.

7,7 cm Sockel-Panzerwagengeschűtz mfuti, zida zazikulu za tanki yolemera kwambiri ya Grosskampfagen gawo 2

Kulekanitsa kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kusokoneza galimotoyo m'zigawo (zomwe zinkachitidwa ndi crane) ndikuzikweza m'magalimoto a njanji. Atafika potsitsa katundu, ngoloyo inayenera kusonkhanitsidwanso (komanso mothandizidwa ndi crane) ndikutumizidwa kunkhondo. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale njira yonyamulira K-Wagen ikuwoneka kuti yathetsedwa, funso lidakalipo, kodi msewu wake wopita kutsogolo ungawoneke bwanji ngati uyenera kugonjetsa, mwachitsanzo, makilomita khumi m'munda pansi. mphamvu zake komanso m'njira yakeyake?

Kufotokozera kwaukadaulo

Malinga ndi mapangidwe ambiri, K-Wagen inkapangidwa ndi zinthu zazikuluzikulu zotsatirazi: zida zofikira, fuselage ndi ma nacelles awiri a injini.

Lingaliro lakumanga pansi pa thanki mwachiwonekere limafanana ndi la Mk. IV, yomwe imadziwika kuti ngati diamondi. Gawo lalikulu la choyendetsa mbozi linali ngolo makumi atatu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Ngolo iliyonse inali ndi utali wa masentimita 78 ndipo inkakhala ndi mawilo anayi (awiri mbali iliyonse), amene ankayenda m’mizere yoikidwa m’danga la pakati pa mbale za zida zomwe zinapanga chimango cha galimoto. Chitsulo chokhala ndi mano chinali chowotcherera ku mbali yakunja (yoyang'ana pansi) ya ngolo, kugwedezeka-kugwedezeka ndi akasupe oima (kuyimitsidwa), komwe ulalo wogwirira ntchito wa mbozi udalumikizidwa (cholumikizira chidalekanitsidwa ndi choyandikana nacho. ). Matigari amayendetsedwa ndi mawilo awiri oyendetsa omwe ali kumbuyo kwa thanki, koma sizikudziwika momwe kukhazikitsidwa kwa njirayi kumawonekera kuchokera kumbali yaukadaulo (ulalo wa kinematic).

Schematic yomwe ikuwonetsa kugawika kwa hull ya K-Wagen.

Thupi la makinawo linagawidwa m'zigawo zinayi. Kutsogolo kunali chipinda chowongolera chokhala ndi mipando ya madalaivala awiri ndi malo a mfuti zamakina (onani pansipa). Chotsatira chinali chipinda chomenyera nkhondo, chomwe chinali ndi zida zazikulu za thanki mu mawonekedwe a mfuti zinayi za 7,7-cm Sockel-Panzerwagengeschűtz, zomwe zili m'magulu awiri a injini ziwiri zomwe zimayikidwa pambali pa galimotoyo, imodzi mbali iliyonse. Zikuganiziridwa kuti mfuti izi anali Baibulo mpanda wa ankagwiritsa ntchito 7,7 masentimita FK 96, chifukwa iwo anali ang'onoang'ono, okha 400 mm, kubwerera. Mfuti iliyonse inkagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asilikali atatu, ndipo zida zomwe zinali mkatimo zinali zozungulira 200 pa mbiya. Tankiyo inalinso ndi mfuti zisanu ndi ziwiri, zitatu zomwe zinali kutsogolo kwa chipinda chowongolera (ndi asilikali awiri) ndi zina zinayi za injini za injini (ziwiri mbali iliyonse; imodzi, yokhala ndi mivi iwiri, inayikidwa pakati pa mfuti, ndi ina. kumapeto kwa gondola, pafupi ndi malo a injini). Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a utali wa chipinda chomenyera nkhondo (kuwerengera kuchokera kutsogolo) anali malo a owonera zida ziwiri, akuyang'ana malo ozungulira pofunafuna zolinga kuchokera ku turret yapadera yokwera padenga. Kumbuyo kwawo kunali malo a mkulu wa asilikali amene ankayang’anira gulu lonse la asilikali. M’chipinda chotsatira motsatizana, mainjini a galimoto aŵiri anaikidwa, amene amawongoleredwa ndi amakanika aŵiri. Palibe mgwirizano wathunthu m'mabuku pankhaniyi ponena za mtundu ndi mphamvu zomwe anthuwa anali. Zodziwika bwino ndikuti K-Wagen inali ndi injini ziwiri za ndege za Daimler zokhala ndi mphamvu ya 600 hp iliyonse. aliyense. Chipinda chomaliza (Getriebe-Raum) chinali ndi zinthu zonse zotumizira mphamvu. Pamphumi pa chombo anali otetezedwa ndi zida 40 mm, amene kwenikweni anali mbale ziwiri 20-mm zida anaika pa mtunda waufupi wina ndi mzake. M'mbali (ndipo mwina kumbuyo) yokutidwa ndi zida 30 mm wandiweyani, ndi denga - 20 mm.

Chidule

Ngati muyang'ana zomwe zinachitikira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, ndiye kuti akasinja aku Germany olemera matani 100 kapena kuposerapo adakhala, kunena mofatsa, kusamvetsetsana. Chitsanzo ndi thanki ya Mouse. Ngakhale zida zankhondo komanso zida zankhondo, koma pankhani yakuyenda komanso kuyenda, zinali zotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zida zopepuka, ndipo chifukwa chake, zikadapanda kuyendetsedwa ndi mdani, zikadapangidwa mwachilengedwe, chifukwa dambo. dera kapena phiri losawoneka bwino lingakhale kwa iye kusintha kosatheka. Mapangidwe ovuta sanathandize kupanga kapena kukonzanso m'munda, ndipo misa yayikulu inali kuyesa kwenikweni kwa ntchito zogwirira ntchito, chifukwa kunyamula colossus yotere, ngakhale kwa mtunda waufupi, kumafunikira zida zapamwamba. Denga lopyapyala kwambiri limatanthawuza kuti ngakhale zida zankhondo zolimba zomwe zimateteza mphumi, mbali ndi turret mwachidziwitso zimapatsa chitetezo chanthawi yayitali motsutsana ndi mfuti zambiri zotsutsana ndi akasinja panthawiyo, galimotoyo idatetezedwa kumoto wamlengalenga womwe rocket kapena flashbomb. zingachititse chiwopsezo cha imfa kwa iye.

Mwinamwake zolakwa zonse zomwe zili pamwambazi za Maus, zomwe zinali zambiri, zingavutitse K-Wagen ngati adatha kulowa muutumiki (mapangidwe amtundu wokhawokha kapena amawoneka kuti athetse vuto la kunyamula makina). Kuti amuwononge, iye sakanayenera kuyatsa ndege (kwenikweni, zingamuwopsyeze pang'ono, chifukwa pa Nkhondo Yaikulu sikunali kotheka kupanga ndege yokhoza kugunda zolinga zazing'onoting'ono), chifukwa zida zomwe anali nazo zinali zazing'ono kotero kuti zidatha kuthetsedwa ndi mfuti yakumunda, komanso zinali zamtundu wapakatikati. Choncho, pali zizindikiro zambiri kuti K-Wagen sidzapambana pa nkhondo, komabe, poyang'ana mbali ya mbiri ya chitukuko cha magalimoto onyamula zida, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti inali galimoto yochititsa chidwi, yomwe ikuimira. chinthu chopepuka - osanena - zero mtengo wankhondo.