Supermarine Seafire ch.2
Chonyamulira ndege chopepuka cha HMS Triumph chojambulidwa ku Subic Bay ku Philippines pamayendedwe okhudzana ndi Asitikali apamadzi aku US mu Marichi 1950, nkhondo yaku Korea isanayambe. Pa uta wa FR Mk 47 Seafire 800th AN, kumbuyo - ndege ya Fairey Firefly.
Pafupifupi kuyambira pachiyambi cha ntchito yake mu Royal Navy, Seafire idasinthidwa motsatizana ndi omenyera nkhondo omwe ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu komenya nkhondo komanso oyenerera bwino ntchito yonyamula ndege. Komabe, anakhalabe ndi asilikali a ku Britain kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti aloŵe nawo pankhondo ya ku Korea.
Kumpoto kwa France
Chifukwa chakuchedwa kulowa muutumiki wa HMS Indefatigable - wonyamulira ndege zatsopano za Implacable - gulu lankhondo la Seafire lodikirira kuchokera ku 24th Fighter Wing (887th ndi 894th NAS) adadzipeza okha ntchito ina. Kuchokera ku RAF Culmhead ku English Channel, adadutsa Brittany ndi Normandy, akuyendetsa "nkhondo yodziwitsa" kapena kuperekeza oponya mabomba a Hawker Typhoon. Pakati pa Epulo 20 ndi Meyi 15, 1944, adapanga maulendo okwana 400 kudutsa France. Adalimbana ndi zomwe adakumana nazo pansi komanso pansi, ndikutaya ndege ziwiri kuchokera pamoto woteteza ndege (imodzi kuchokera kugulu lililonse), koma sanawombane ndi mdani mumlengalenga.
Pakadali pano, adaganiza kuti 3rd Naval Fighter Mapiko ikhala yothandiza kwambiri kuposa panyanja powongolera zida zankhondo zapamadzi panthawi yomwe Normandy ikubwera. Zomwe adakumana nazo m'mbuyomu zidawonetsa kuti ndege zapanyanja zapanyanja pazantchitoyi zinali zosatetezeka kwambiri kuti ziwukidwe ndi adani. Mu Epulo, a 886. NAS ndi 885 adaukitsidwa mwapadera pamwambowu. Mapiko achitatu, okulitsidwa komanso okonzeka, anali ndi ndege zitatu ndi oyendetsa ndege 808. Pamodzi ndi magulu awiri a RAF squadrons (897 ndi 3 Squadrons) ndi gulu limodzi lankhondo la US Navy lomwe lili ndi Spitfires (VCS 42), adapanga 60th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing yomwe ili ku Lee-on-Solent pafupi ndi Portsmouth. Lieutenant R. M. Crosley waku 26 USA anakumbukira kuti:
Pa mtunda wa mamita 3000, Seafire L.III inali ndi mahatchi ochuluka 915 kuposa Spitfire Mk IX. Chinalinso chopepuka ndi makilogalamu 200. Tinachepetsanso ma Sifire athu pochotsa theka la zida zawo ndi mfuti zingapo zakutali. Ndege zosinthidwa motere zinali zokhotakhota motalikirapo kwambiri komanso zinali zokwera kwambiri kuposa za Mk IX Spitfires mpaka mamita 200. Ubwino umenewu udzakhala wothandiza kwambiri kwa ife posachedwa!
Crosley akutchula kuti Seafire yawo idachotsedwa nsonga za mapiko. Izi zinapangitsa kuti mpukutuwo ukhale wokwera kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwambiri, koma zinali ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka:
Tinauzidwa kuti tikatetezedwa bwino ku Luftwaffe ndi asilikali ena 150 oyenda mosalekeza, ounjikidwa pamtunda wa mamita 30 000. Koma sitinadziwe kuti zinali zotopetsa bwanji kwa oyendetsa ndege onse a RAF ndi USAAF. M’maola 9150 oyambirira a kuukiridwako, palibe ADR [radar yotsogolera ndege] ngakhale imodzi imene inalondola adani awo, amene sanathe kuwaonera iwo eni paliponse pamene maso akanatha kuwaona. Chotero anayang’ana pansi chifukwa cha chidwi. Anatiwona tikuzungulira awiri-awiri mozungulira ma bridgeheads. Nthawi zina tinkayenda makilomita 72 kulowera kumtunda. Iwo anaona nsonga za mapiko athu ndipo ankaganiza kuti ndife asilikali a ku Germany. Ngakhale kuti tinali ndi mikwingwirima ikuluikulu yakuda ndi yoyera pamapiko ndi fuselage, iwo anatiukira mobwerezabwereza. M’masiku atatu oyambirira a nkhondoyi, palibe chimene tinalankhula kapena kuchita chimene chikanawaletsa.
Chiwopsezo chinanso chomwe asitikali athu amachidziwa bwino chinali moto woletsa ndege. Nyengo ya pa D inatikakamiza kuuluka pamalo okwera mamita 1500 okha. Panthawiyi, gulu lathu lankhondo ndi gulu lankhondo la pamadzi linali kuwombera chilichonse chomwe chingathe kufika, ndipo chifukwa chake, osati m'manja mwa Ajeremani, tinatayika kwambiri pa D-Day ndi tsiku lotsatira.
Pa tsiku loyamba la kuukira, Crosley kawiri anatsogolera moto pa Warspite nkhondo. Kuyankhulana kwawailesi kwa "spotters" ndi zombo za English Channel nthawi zambiri kumasokonekera, kotero oyendetsa ndege osaleza mtima adachitapo kanthu ndikuthamangitsa zomwe adakumana nazo, akuwuluka pansi pamoto wandiweyani wa chitetezo cha ndege ku Poland, nthawi ino aku Germany. imodzi. Pofika madzulo a June 6, 808, 885, ndi 886, US inali itataya ndege imodzi; Oyendetsa ndege awiri (S/Lt HA Cogill ndi S/Lt AH Bassett) anaphedwa.
Choipa kwambiri, adani adazindikira kufunika kwa "owona" ndipo pa tsiku lachiwiri la kuukira, asilikali a Luftwaffe anayamba kuwasaka. Mtsogoleri wa asilikali Lieutenant S.L. Devonald, mkulu wa 885th NAS, adateteza ku zida zisanu ndi zitatu za Fw 190 kwa mphindi 109. Pobwerera, ndege yake yowonongeka kwambiri inataya injini ndipo inayenera kunyamuka. Nayenso Mtsogoleri wa asilikali JH Keen-Miller, mkulu wa bwalo la Lee-on-Solent, anawomberedwa pogundana ndi ma Bf 886 asanu ndi limodzi ndipo anatengedwa ukapolo. Kuphatikiza apo, 109th NAS idataya ma Seafire atatu pamoto wa airsoft. Mmodzi wa iwo anali L/Cdr PEI Bailey, mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo yemwe adawomberedwa ndi zida za Allied. Pokhala wotsika kwambiri kuti agwiritse ntchito parachuti, anaitsegula m'chipinda cha okwera ndege ndipo anatulutsidwa kunja. Anadzuka pansi, atamenyedwa koopsa, koma ali moyo. Kumwera kwa Evrecy, Lieutenant Crosley adadabwa ndikuwombera Bf XNUMX imodzi, mwina kuchokera kugulu lofufuza.
M'mawa wa tsiku lachitatu la kuukiridwa (June 8) ku Ulgeit, Lieutenant H. Lang 886 wa NAS adagwidwa kuchokera pamphumi ndi awiri a Fw 190s ndipo adawombera mmodzi mwa otsutsawo mwamsanga. Patapita nthawi, iyenso anamenyedwa ndipo anakakamizika kutera mwadzidzidzi. Lieutenant Crosley, yemwe analamulira moto pa sitima yankhondo ya Ramillies tsiku limenelo, anakumbukira kuti:
Ndinkangoyang'ana cholinga chomwe tinapatsidwa pamene gulu la Spitfires linatiukira. Tinazemba, kusonyeza kusalidwa. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ndinaitana pawailesi kuti Ramilis asiye. Woyendetsa ngalawa wa mbali inayo mwachiwonekere sanamvetse zomwe ndikunena. Anapitiliza kundiuza kuti "dikirani, okonzeka". Panthawiyi, tinali kuthamangitsana wina ndi mzake, ngati pa carousel yaikulu, ndi Spitfires makumi atatu. Ena mwa iwo mwachiwonekere sanali kuwombera ife kokha, komanso wina ndi mzake. Zinali zowopsa kwambiri, chifukwa "athu" nthawi zambiri amawombera bwino kuposa ma snags ndipo amawonetsa nkhanza zambiri. Ajeremani, akuyang'ana zonsezi kuchokera pansi, ayenera kuti adadabwa kuti timapenga chiyani.
Panali mikangano yambiri ndi asilikali a Luftwaffe tsiku limenelo ndi masiku otsatirawa, koma popanda zotsatira zowoneka. Pamene mitu ya mlathoyo inkakula, chiwerengero cha zolinga za zombozo chinachepa, kotero "owona" adalangizidwa kuti aziwombera mochepa. Mgwirizanowu unakulanso pakati pa 27 June ndi 8 July, pamene zombo zankhondo za Rodney, Ramillies ndi Warspite zidawombera Caen. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, oyendetsa ndege a Seafire anapatsidwa ntchito yolimbana ndi sitima zapamadzi zazing'ono za Kriegsmarine zomwe zinkaopseza zombo zowukira (mmodzi wa iwo anawonongeka kwambiri ndi Polish cruiser ORP Dragon). Opambana kwambiri anali oyendetsa ndege a 885th American Regiment, omwe anamira atatu mwa zombo zazing'onozi pa July 9th.
Ankhondo a Seafire adamaliza kutenga nawo gawo pakuwukira kwa Normandy pa Julayi 15. Posakhalitsa, 3rd Naval Fighter Mapiko awo adachotsedwa. 886th NAS kenako idaphatikizidwa ndi 808th NAS, ndi 807th ndi 885th NAS. Posakhalitsa, magulu onse awiriwa adakonzedwanso ndi Hellcats.
Supermarine Seafire airborne fighter ndege kuchokera ku 880. NAS ikunyamuka kuchokera ku chonyamulira ndege HMS Furious; Operation Mascot, Nyanja ya Norwe, July 1944
Norway (June-December 1944)
Ngakhale kuti magulu ankhondo ambiri ogwirizana ku Europe adamasula France, Royal Navy idapitilizabe kuthamangitsa olanda ku Norway. Monga gawo la Operation Lombard, pa June 1, ndege za US Federal Aviation Administration zinanyamuka pagulu lankhondo lankhondo pafupi ndi Stadlandet. Ten Victorious Corsairs ndi khumi ndi awiri a Furious Seafires (801 ndi 880 US) anawombera pa zombo zoperekeza zoperekeza zombozo. Panthawiyo, Barracudas anamira ndi magulu awiri a ku Germany: Atlas (Sperrbrecher-181) ndi Hans Leonhardt. C / Lieutenant K.R. Brown, m'modzi mwa oyendetsa ndege a 801st NAS, adamwalira pamoto woteteza ndege.
Panthawi ya Opaleshoni Chithumwa - kuyesa kwina kumira sitima yankhondo ya Tirpitz - pa Julayi 17, a Sifires ochokera ku 880 NAS (Wokwiya), 887 ndi 894 NAS (Indefatigable) adaphimba zombo za gululo. Operation Turbine, yomwe idachitika pa Ogasiti 3 kuti iyende mdera la Ålesund, sinapambane chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta. Ambiri mwa ndege zonyamula onse adabwerera mmbuyo, ndipo ma Seafire asanu ndi atatu okha kuchokera ku 887. A US adafika kumphepete mwa nyanja komwe adawononga wailesi pachilumba cha Vigra. Patatha mlungu umodzi (Ogasiti 10, Operation Spawn), a Indefatigable adabweranso ndi onyamula ndege awiri operekeza, omwe Avengers adakumba njira yamadzi pakati pa Bodø ndi Tromsø. Panthawiyi, ndege zisanu ndi zitatu za Seafire kuchokera ku 894. NAS inagonjetsa ndege ya Gossen, komwe inawononga ma Bf 110 asanu ndi limodzi omwe adadzidzimutsa pansi ndi antenna ya Würzburg radar.
Pa 22, 24 ndi 29 August, monga gawo la Operation Goodwood, Royal Navy inayesanso kuletsa Tirpitz yobisika ku Altafjord. Pa tsiku loyamba la opareshoni, pamene Barracudas ndi Hellcats anayesa kuphulitsa bomba lankhondo, ma Seafire asanu ndi atatu kuchokera ku 887. A US adagonjetsa bwalo la ndege lapafupi la Banak ndi maziko a ndege. Anawononga mabwato owuluka anayi a Blohm & Voss BV 138 ndi ndege zitatu zapanyanja: ziwiri za Arado Ar 196 ndi Heinkla He 115. Lieutenant R. D. Vinay anawomberedwa. Madzulo a tsiku lomwelo, Lieutenant H. T. Palmer ndi s / l R. Reynolds wa 894. United States, ikuyang'ana ku North Cape, inanena za kuphedwa kwa ndege ziwiri za BV 138 m'kanthawi kochepa. A Germany adalemba za kutaya. cha chimodzi chokha. Inali ya 3./SAGr (Seaufklärungsgruppe) 130 ndipo inali pansi pa ulamuliro wa lieutenant. August Elinger.
Ulendo wotsatira wa Royal Navy kulowa m'madzi aku Norway pa Seputembara 12 inali Operation Begonia. Cholinga chake chinali kukumba mayendedwe a sitima m'dera la Aramsund. Pomwe a Avengers of the escort ndege chonyamulira Trumpeter adagwetsa migodi yawo, operekeza awo - 801st ndi 880th US - anali kuyang'ana chandamale. Anaukira gulu laling'ono, ndikumiza operekeza ang'onoang'ono awiri, Vp 5105 ndi Vp 5307 Felix Scheder, ndi zida zankhondo. S/Lt MA Glennie wa 801 NAS adaphedwa pamoto woteteza ndege.
Panthawiyi, 801st ndi 880th NAS idayenera kuyimitsidwa pa chonyamulira chatsopano cha ndege, HMS Implacable. Komabe, kulowa mu utumiki anachedwa, kotero pa opareshoni "Begonia" squadrons onse anabwerera "Fast ndi Mkwiyo", amene anali ndege yomaliza mu ntchito yake yaitali. Kenako anasamukira kumalo otsetsereka, kumene anapangidwa mwalamulo kukhala gulu la 30 la Naval Fighter Aviation Regiment. Kumapeto kwa Seputembala, Mapiko a 1 (24th ndi 887th NAS) adapitanso kumtunda, ndipo chonyamulira ndege chawo cha Indefatigable (amtundu womwewo monga Implacable) adabwerera kumalo osungiramo zombo kuti akakhale amakono. Chifukwa chake, pamene Implacable inanena za kukonzekera ntchito posakhalitsa pambuyo pake, Mapiko a 894 adakwera kwakanthawi ngati wonyamulira ndege wodziwa zambiri zamtunduwu.
Cholinga cha ulendo wawo woyamba wapamadzi, womwe unachitika pa Okutobala 19, chinali kuyang'ana mtsinje wa Tirpitz ndikuwunika ngati sitima yankhondo ikadalipo. Ntchitoyi idachitidwa ndi omenyera a Firefly okhala ndi mipando iwiri; pa nthawi, ndi Seafires anapereka chivundikiro zombo za gulu. Kuwombera kwachiwiri komanso komaliza kwa Mapiko a 24 omwe adakwera Implacable kunali Operation Athletic, yomwe cholinga chake chinali kudutsa madera a Bodø ndi Lödingen. Pa tsiku lachiwiri la opaleshoniyo, October 27, Sifires anaphimba ndege ya Barracuda ndi Firefly, yomwe inawononga sitima yapamadzi ya U-1060 ndi rocket salvos. Kwa Mapiko a 24, iyi inali ntchito yomaliza m'madzi a ku Ulaya - posakhalitsa, Indefatigable anawatengera ku Far East.
Implacable adabwerera kumadzi aku Norway pa 27 Novembara ali ndi 30th Fighter Wing (US 801st ndi 880th) atakwera. Operation Provident inali ndi cholinga chotumiza sitima kudera la Rørvik. Apanso, omenyana ndi Firefly (omwe, mosiyana ndi Seafires a Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, anali ndi zida zinayi za 20-mm ndi mizinga eyiti) ndipo asilikali a Barracuda adakhala gulu lalikulu lankhondo. M’nyengo inanso (Operation Urban, December 7-8), imene cholinga chake chinali kukumba madzi m’dera la Salhusstremmen, sitimayo inawonongeka chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho. Kukonzekera kwake ndi kukonzanso (kuphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kwa malo a zida zazing'ono zotsutsana ndi ndege) kunapitirira mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka chamawa. Pambuyo pa izi, Implacable ndi Seafires ake adanyamuka ulendo wapanyanja ya Pacific.
Italy
Kumapeto kwa Meyi 1944, magulu ankhondo a 4 Naval Fighter Mapiko adafika ku Gibraltar, ndipo adakwera ndege zonyamula Attack (879 US), Hunter (807 US) ndi Stalker (809 US). Mu June ndi July iwo ankalondera maulendo apakati pa Gibraltar, Algiers ndi Naples.
Komabe, posakhalitsa zinaonekeratu kuti pa nthawi imeneyi ya nkhondo, kuperekeza zonyamulira ndege, kuposa Seafires, ankafunika ndege kuti akhoza kukhala ndi zida zoponya mivi ndi kuya mlandu kuteteza convoys ku sitima zapamadzi. Ma biplane akale a Swordfish anali oyenerera bwino ntchitoyi. Pachifukwa ichi, pa June 25, mbali ya asilikali a 4 Mapiko - 28 L.IIC Seafires kuchokera squadrons onse atatu - anasamutsidwa kumtunda kucheza ndi RAF omenyana regiments.
Gululi, lomwe limadziwika kuti Naval Fighter Wing D, lidakhazikitsidwa ku Fabrica ndi Orvieto mpaka 4 Julayi kenako ku Castiglione ndi Perugia. Panthawiyi, adachita, monga magulu ankhondo a Spitfire omwe adatsagana nawo, ntchito zowunikira mwanzeru, kuwotcha zida zankhondo, kuukira pansi komanso kuphulitsa mabomba. Anakumana ndi omenyana ndi adani kamodzi kokha - pa June 29, oyendetsa ndege awiri a 807th adatenga nawo mbali mu mkangano waufupi komanso wosasunthika pakati pa Spitfires ndi gulu la pafupifupi 30 Bf 109 ndi Fw 190 pa Perugia.
Mpikisanowu udatha kukhala ku Italy pa 17 July 1944, kubwerera kudzera ku Blida ku Algiers kupita ku Gibraltar, komwe adalowa nawo zombo zazikulu. M'milungu itatu pa Continent, adataya ma Seafire asanu ndi limodzi, kuphatikiza atatu pangozi ndi imodzi pakuukira kwa Orvieto usiku, koma palibe woyendetsa m'modzi. S/Lt RA Gowan wochokera ku 879. USA adawomberedwa ndi moto woteteza ndege ndipo adafika pamwamba pa Apennines, pomwe achigawenga adamupeza ndikubwerera ku gululo. S/Lt AB Foxley, nayenso anagunda kuchokera pansi, adakwanitsa kuwoloka mzere asanagwe.
Wonyamula ndege woperekeza HMS Khedive adafika ku Mediterranean kumapeto kwa Julayi. Anabwera ndi gulu la 899th US Regiment, lomwe kale linkagwira ntchito ngati gulu lachitetezo. Gulu lankhondoli linali loti lithandizire kutera komwe kukubwera kum'mwera kwa France. Mwa zonyamulira ndege zisanu ndi zinayi za Task Force 88, Seafires (ndege zonse za 97) zidayima anayi. Awa anali Attacker (879 US; L.III 24, L.IIC ndi LR.IIC), Khedive (899 US: L.III 26), Hunter (807 US: L.III 22, awiri LR.IIC) ndi Stalker ( 809 USA: 10 L.III, 13 L.IIC ndi LR.IIC). Mwa zonyamulira ndege zisanu zotsala, a Hellcats adayikidwa pa atatu (kuphatikiza awiri aku America), ndi Wildcats awiri.
Kumwera kwa France
Operation Dragoon inayamba pa Ogasiti 15, 1944. Posakhalitsa zinaonekeratu kuti chivundikiro cha ndege cha zombo zowukira ndi ma bridgeheads sizinali zofunikira kwenikweni, popeza a Luftwaffe sanamve mphamvu zokwanira kuti awawukire. Choncho, Sifires anayamba kusuntha kumtunda, kuukira magalimoto m'misewu yopita ku Toulon ndi Marseille. Gulu la ndege la L.III linagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo zophulitsa mabomba. M'mawa wa Ogasiti 17, ma Seafires khumi ndi awiri ochokera ku Attacker ndi Khedive ndi ma Hellcats anayi ochokera ku Imperator ndege chonyamulira adaphulitsa batire ya zida pachilumba cha Port-Cros.
Ena mwa onyamulira ndege a Task Force 88, omwe akuyenda chakumadzulo motsatira Côte d'Azur, adafika kumwera kwa Marseille m'bandakucha pa Ogasiti 19, pomwe magulu ankhondo a Seafire anali mkati mwa Toulon ndi Avignon. Apa anayamba kupha asilikali a ku Germany, omwe ankabwerera m’misewu yopita ku chigwa cha Rhone. Kusunthira kumadzulo kwambiri, pa 22 August Seafires of Attacker and Hellcats of Emperor anasokoneza gulu la German 11th Panzer Division lomwe linamanga misasa pafupi ndi Narbonne. Panthawiyo, otsala ankhondo a m'nyanja, kuphatikizapo iwo, anatsogolera moto wa British (nkhondo ya Ramillies), French (Lorraine Lorraine) ndi Achimereka (Nevada ndi Heavy Cruiser Augusta), bombarding Toulon, yomwe potsiriza inagonja. pa Ogasiti 28.
Magulu ankhondo apanyanja adamaliza kutenga nawo gawo mu Operation Dragoon dzulo lake. Adapanga mitundu 1073 (poyerekeza, 252 Hellcats ndi 347 Wildcats). Kutayika kwawo pankhondo kunali ndege 12. Anthu 14 amwalira pa ngozi zakutera, kuphatikiza khumi omwe adagwa m'bwalo la Khedive, lomwe gulu lawo silinali lodziwa zambiri. Kutayika kwa antchito kunali kokha kwa oyendetsa ndege ochepa. S / Lt AIR Shaw kuchokera ku 879. NAS inali ndi zochitika zosangalatsa kwambiri - inawomberedwa ndi moto wotsutsana ndi ndege, kugwidwa ndi kuthawa. Atagwidwanso, anathawanso, ulendo uno mothandizidwa ndi anthu awiri othawa asilikali a Germany.
Greece
Kutsatira Operation Dragoon, onyamula ndege a Royal Navy adaima ku Alexandria. Posakhalitsa ananyamukanso kunyanja. Kuyambira pa Seputembala 13 mpaka 20, 1944, monga gawo la Opaleshoni Yotuluka, adachita nawo zigawenga zothamangitsa magulu ankhondo aku Germany ku Crete ndi Rhodes. Onyamula ndege awiri, Attacker ndi Khedive, adanyamula Seafires, ena awiri (Otsatira ndi Ofufuza) adanyamula Wildcats. Poyambirira, woyendetsa wopepuka wa HMS Royalist yekha ndi owononga omwe adatsagana nawo adamenya nkhondo, kuwononga ma convoys aku Germany usiku ndikubwerera pansi pachivundikiro cha omenyera onyamula zida masana. M’masiku otsatira, Anyamati Otchedwa Seafire ndi Nyama Zakuthengo ankayendayenda ku Kerete, akumasakaza magalimoto amawilo a pachisumbucho.
Panthawiyo, Emperor ndi a Hellcats ake adalowa nawo gululo. M'mawa wa September 19, gulu la 22 Seafires, 10 Hellcats ndi 10 Wildcats anaukira Rhodes. Chodabwitsacho chinatha, ndipo ndege zonse zinabwerera osavulazidwa pambuyo pa kuphulitsidwa kwa mabomba kwa doko lalikulu pachisumbucho. Tsiku lotsatira, gululo linabwerera ku Alexandria. Panthawi ya Opaleshoni Sortie, Sifires adapanga maulendo opitilira 160 ndipo sanataye ndege imodzi (pankhondo kapena mwangozi), yomwe idachita bwino kwambiri.
