Scanners ndi sikani

Scanner ndi chipangizo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito powerenga mosalekeza: chithunzi, barcode kapena maginito code, mafunde a wailesi, ndi zina zotere kukhala mawonekedwe amagetsi (nthawi zambiri digito). Scanner imasanthula mitsinje yazidziwitso, kuwawerenga kapena kuwalembetsa.

40's Chida choyamba chomwe chingatchulidwe kuti choyambitsa fax / scanner chidapangidwa koyambirira kwa XNUMXs ndi woyambitsa waku Scotland. Alexandra Boothzomwe zimadziwika kuti woyambitsa wotchi yoyamba yamagetsi.

Pa May 27, 1843, Bain adalandira chilolezo cha British (No. 9745) kuti apititse patsogolo kupanga ndi kulamulira. magetsi Oraz kukonza nthawi, NS chisindikizo chamagetsi ndipo kenako adasintha zina patent ina yomwe idatulutsidwa mu 1845.

M'mafotokozedwe ake a patent, Bain adanena kuti malo ena aliwonse, okhala ndi zida zowongolera komanso zosagwirizana, atha kukopera pogwiritsa ntchito njirazi. Komabe, makina ake adatulutsa zithunzi zabwino kwambiri ndipo anali opanda ndalama kuti agwiritse ntchito, makamaka chifukwa chotumiza ndi cholandila sichinagwirizanitsidwe. Bain fax lingaliro anawongoleredwa pang’ono mu 1848 ndi katswiri wa sayansi wa ku England Frederica Bakewellkoma chipangizo cha Bakewell (1) chinapanganso zosapanga bwino.

1861 Makina oyamba a fax a electromechanical omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalonda amatchedwa "pantograph'(2) idapangidwa ndi wasayansi waku Italy Giovannigo Casellego. M'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, pantelegraph chinali chida chotumizira mawu olembedwa pamanja, zojambula ndi siginecha pamizere ya telegraph. Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chida chotsimikizira siginecha pamabanki.

Makina opangidwa ndi chitsulo chonyezimira komanso kutalika kwa mamita awiri, kwa ife lero ndi ovuta, koma ndithu ogwira ntchito panthawiyoiye anachitapo kanthu mwa kuuza wotumizayo kuti alembe uthengawo pa pepala la malata ndi inki yosakhala ya conductive. Kenako pepalali ankaliika pa mbale yachitsulo yopindika. Cholembera cha wotumiza chinasanthula chikalata choyambirira, motsatira mizere yake yofananira (mizere itatu pa millimita imodzi).

Zizindikiro zinatumizidwa ndi telegraph kupita ku siteshoni, kumene uthengawo unalembedwa ndi inki ya buluu ya Prussian, yomwe inapezedwa chifukwa cha zochita za mankhwala, popeza pepala lomwe linali mu chipangizo cholandira linali lopangidwa ndi potassium ferrocyanide. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti singano zonse ziwirizi zijambulidwa pa liwiro lofanana, okonzawo anagwiritsa ntchito mawotchi aŵiri olondola kwambiri omwe ankayendetsa pendulum, yomwenso inkalumikizidwa ku magiya ndi malamba omwe ankayendetsa kayendedwe ka singanozo.

1913 adzauka bellinographamene amatha kusanthula zithunzi ndi photocell. Lingaliro Eduard Belin (3) idalola kutumizirana matelefoni ndipo idakhala maziko aukadaulo a ntchito ya AT&T Wirephoto. Bellinograph izi zinapangitsa kuti zithunzi zitumizidwe kumadera akutali kudzera pa telegraph ndi matelefoni.

Mu 1921, njirayi idakonzedwanso kotero kuti zithunzi zitha kutumizidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde a wailesi. Pankhani ya belinograph, chipangizo chamagetsi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza mphamvu ya kuwala. Kuwala kwamphamvu kumaperekedwa kwa wolandilakumene gwero la kuwala lingathe kutulutsanso mphamvu yoyesedwa ndi chotumizira posindikiza pa pepala lojambula. Makina osindikizira amakono amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo yofanana kwambiri yomwe kuwala kumatengedwa ndi masensa oyendetsedwa ndi makompyuta ndipo kusindikiza kumatengera laser luso.

3. Eduard Belin ndi belingraph

1914 Zomera zozikika ukadaulo wozindikira mawonekedwe (optical character recognition), yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zilembo ndi zolemba zonse mu fayilo yazithunzi, mawonekedwe a bitmap, kuyambira pachiyambi cha Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse. Ndiye izi Emmanuel Goldberg i Edmund Fournier d'Albe paokha adapanga zida zoyambira za OCR.

Goldberg anapanga makina otha kuwerenga zilembo ndi kuzisintha kukhala telegraph kodi. Panthawiyi, d'Albe anapanga chipangizo chotchedwa optophone. Anali makina ojambulira amene ankatha kusunthidwa m’mphepete mwa mawu osindikizidwa n’kupanga mamvekedwe ake, iliyonse yogwirizana ndi zilembo kapena chilembo. Njira ya OCR, ngakhale idapangidwa kwazaka zambiri, imagwira ntchito mofanana ndi zida zoyambirira.

1924 Richard H. Ranger kutulukira fotoradiograph yopanda zingwe (anayi). Amachigwiritsa ntchito kutumiza chithunzi cha purezidenti Calvin Coolidge kuchokera ku New York kupita ku London mu 1924, chithunzi choyamba kutumizidwa pawailesi. Zomwe Ranger anatulukira zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa malonda mu 1926 ndipo akugwiritsidwabe ntchito pofalitsa ma chart a nyengo ndi zina zokhudza nyengo.

4. Kujambula kwa photoroentgenogram yoyamba ndi Richard H. Ranger.

1950 Yopangidwa ndi Benedict Cassen Medical rectilinear scanner kutsogozedwa ndi chitukuko chabwino cha chowunikira chowongolera. Mu 1950, Cassin adasonkhanitsa makina ojambulira okha, opangidwa ndi injini yoyendetsedwa ndi scintillation detector cholumikizidwa ndi chosindikizira cholumikizira.

Chojambulirachi chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa chithokomiro pambuyo popereka ayodini wa radioactive. Mu 1956, Kuhl ndi anzake adapanga chojambulira cha kamera cha Cassin chomwe chinapangitsa kuti chikhale chomveka bwino komanso chisamalidwe. Ndi chitukuko cha ma radiopharmaceuticals okhudzana ndi ziwalo, mtundu wamalonda wamtunduwu unkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 50 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 70 kufufuza ziwalo zazikulu za thupi.

1957 adzauka drum scanner, yoyamba yopangidwa kuti igwire ntchito ndi kompyuta kuti ipange sikani ya digito. Inamangidwa ku US National Bureau of Standards ndi gulu lotsogozedwa ndi Russell A. Kirschpogwira ntchito pa kompyuta yoyamba ya America yopangidwa mkati (yosungidwa mu kukumbukira), Standard Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC), yomwe inalola gulu la Kirsch kuyesa ma aligorivimu omwe anali otsogola pakupanga zithunzi ndi kuzindikira mawonekedwe.

Russell ndi Kirshovi zidapezeka kuti kompyuta yodziwika bwino ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutsanzira malingaliro ambiri ozindikiritsa anthu omwe amayenera kukhazikitsidwa mu hardware. Izi zidzafuna chipangizo cholowetsa chomwe chingasinthe chithunzicho kukhala mawonekedwe oyenera. kusunga mu kukumbukira kompyuta. Kotero scanner ya digito inabadwa.

Scanner SEAK adagwiritsa ntchito ng'oma yozungulira ndi chojambula chojambula kuti azindikire zowunikira kuchokera pachithunzi chaching'ono choyikidwa pa ng'oma. Chigoba chomwe chinayikidwa pakati pa chithunzicho ndi photomultiplier chinali tessellated, i.e. adagawanitsa chithunzicho kukhala gulu la polygonal. Chithunzi choyamba chojambulidwa pa scanner chinali chithunzi cha 5 × 5 cm cha mwana wamwamuna wa miyezi itatu wa Kirsch, Walden (5). Chithunzi chakuda ndi choyera chinali ndi ma pixel a 176 mbali iliyonse.

60s-90s Zaka makumi awiri Ukadaulo woyamba wa sikani wa 3D idapangidwa m'ma 60s azaka zapitazi. Makanema oyambirira ankagwiritsa ntchito magetsi, makamera, ndi mapurojekitala. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa hardware, kusanthula molondola zinthu nthawi zambiri kumatenga nthawi yambiri komanso khama. Pambuyo pa 1985, adasinthidwa ndi makina ojambulira omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala koyera, lasers, ndi shading kuti agwire malo omwe anapatsidwa. Kusanthula kwapadziko lapansi kwa laser (TLS) idapangidwa kuchokera ku mapulogalamu apakati ndi chitetezo.

Gwero lalikulu la ndalama zamapulojekiti apamwambawa adachokera ku mabungwe aboma la US monga Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Izi zinapitirira mpaka zaka za m'ma 90, pamene luso lamakono linadziwika ngati chida chamtengo wapatali cha ntchito za mafakitale ndi zamalonda. Kupambana pankhani yokhazikitsa malonda 3D laser scanning (6) kunali kutuluka kwa machitidwe a TLS potengera katatu. Chipangizo chosinthira chinapangidwa ndi Xin Chen kwa Mensi, chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1987 ndi Auguste D'Aligny ndi Michel Paramitioti.

5. Chithunzi choyamba chojambulidwa ndi scanner ya SEAC

6. Kuwonetseratu kwa laser yochokera pansi pa TLS

1963 Wopanga waku Germany Rudolf Ad imayimira luso lina lopambana, chromograph, yofotokozedwa m'maphunziro ngati "sikani yoyamba m'mbiri" (ngakhale iyenera kumveka ngati chipangizo choyamba chamalonda chamtundu wake pamakampani osindikizira). Mu 1965 adapanga zida makina olembera amagetsi oyamba okhala ndi kukumbukira kwa digito (makompyuta) inasintha kwambiri ntchito yosindikiza mabuku padziko lonse.. M'chaka chomwecho, "digital compositor" yoyamba inayambitsidwa - Digiset. Chojambulira malonda cha Rudolf Hella cha DC 300 kuchokera mu 1971 chatamandidwa ngati chopambana kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

7. Woyambitsa makina owerengera a Kurzweil.

1974 woyamba Zida za OCRmonga tikudziwira lero. Iwo unakhazikitsidwa pamenepo Kurzweil Computer Products,Inc. Pambuyo pake adadziwika kuti ndi futurist komanso wolimbikitsa "teknoloji imodzi", adayambitsa njira yosinthira njira yosanthula ndi kuzindikira zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro. Lingaliro lake linali kumanga makina owerengera akhungu, zomwe zimathandiza anthu osaona kuwerenga mabuku pa kompyuta.

Ray Kurzweil ndi gulu lake adalenga Makina owerengera a Kurzweil (7) ndi Pulogalamu ya Omni-Font OCR Technology. Pulogalamuyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira mawu pa chinthu chojambulidwa ndikusintha kukhala data m'mawu. Khama lake linapangitsa kuti pakhale njira ziwiri zomwe zinalipo pambuyo pake ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kulankhula mawu synthesizer i scanner ya flatbed.

Kurzweil flatbed scanner kuyambira 70s. analibe kukumbukira 64 kilobytes. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mainjiniya asintha mawonekedwe a scanner ndi kukumbukira kukumbukira, kulola zida izi kujambula zithunzi mpaka 9600 dpi. Kusanthula kwazithunzi, nkhaniyo, zikalata zolembedwa pamanja kapena zinthu ndikuzisintha kukhala chithunzi cha digito zidayamba kupezeka kwambiri koyambirira kwa 90s.

M'zaka za m'ma 5400, zojambulira za flatbed zidakhala zida zotsika mtengo komanso zodalirika, zoyamba zamaofesi kenako zanyumba (nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizidwa ndi makina a fax, makopera, ndi osindikiza). Nthawi zina amatchedwa kuwunikira kowunikira. Zimagwira ntchito powunikira chinthu chojambulidwa ndi kuwala koyera ndikuwerenga mphamvu ndi mtundu wa kuwala komwe kumawonekera kuchokera pamenepo. Amapangidwa kuti azijambula zithunzi kapena zinthu zina zosalala, zowoneka bwino, zimakhala ndi pamwamba pake zosinthika, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimatha kutenga mabuku akulu, magazini, ndi zina zambiri. .

1994 3D Scanners ikuyambitsa njira yotchedwa REPLICA. Dongosololi linapangitsa kuti zitheke kusanthula zinthu mwachangu komanso molondola ndikusunga mwatsatanetsatane. Patapita zaka ziwiri, kampani yomweyi inapereka ModelMaker njira (8), yotchulidwa ngati njira yolondola yotere "yojambula zinthu zenizeni za XNUMXD".

2013 Apple amalumikizana Zojambula zala zala za Touch ID (9) kwa mafoni omwe amapanga. Dongosololi limaphatikizidwa kwambiri ndi zida za iOS, zomwe zimalola ogwiritsa ntchito kuti atsegule chipangizocho komanso kugula kuchokera kumasitolo osiyanasiyana a digito a Apple (iTunes Store, App Store, iBookstore) ndikutsimikizira kulipira kwa Apple Pay. Mu 2016, kamera ya Samsung Galaxy Note 7 imalowa pamsika, osangokhala ndi chojambulira chala, komanso chojambulira cha iris.

8. Mmodzi mwa zitsanzo za 3D ModelMaker scanner

9. Kukhudza ID Scanner pa iPhone

Gulu la scanner

Scanner ndi chipangizo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito powerenga mosalekeza: chithunzi, barcode kapena maginito code, mafunde a wailesi, ndi zina zotere kukhala mawonekedwe amagetsi (nthawi zambiri digito). Scanner imasanthula mitsinje yazidziwitso, kuwawerenga kapena kuwalembetsa.

Chifukwa chake siwowerenga wamba, koma wowerenga pang'onopang'ono (mwachitsanzo, chojambulira chithunzi sichijambula chithunzi chonse panthawi imodzi monga momwe kamera imachitira, koma m'malo mwake amalemba mizere yotsatizana ya chithunzicho - kotero scanner imawerengedwa. mutu ukuyenda kapena sing'anga ikufufuzidwa pansi).

Optical scanner

Optical scanner pamakompyuta chipangizo cholumikizira chomwe chimatembenuza chithunzi chokhazikika cha chinthu chenicheni (mwachitsanzo, tsamba, pamwamba pa dziko lapansi, diso lamunthu) kukhala mawonekedwe adijito kuti apitirize kukonza pakompyuta. Fayilo ya pakompyuta yochokera ku sikani ya chithunzi imatchedwa scan. Ma scanner a Optical amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera kukonza zithunzi (DTP), kuzindikira zolemba pamanja, chitetezo ndi njira zowongolera, kusungitsa zikalata ndi mabuku akale, kafukufuku wasayansi ndi zamankhwala, ndi zina zambiri.

Mitundu yama scanner a kuwala:

• chojambulira cham'manja
• scanner ya flatbed
• drum scanner
• slide scanner
• filimu scanner
• Barcode Scanner
• 3D scanner (malo)
• buku scanner
• galasi scanner
• prism scanner
• chojambula cha fiber optic

Maginito

Owerengawa ali ndi mitu yomwe imawerenga zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalembedwa pamzere wa maginito. Umu ndi momwe chidziwitso chimasungidwira, mwachitsanzo, pamakhadi ambiri olipira.

Zojambulajambula

Owerenga amawerenga zomwe zasungidwa pamalowa kudzera mukulankhulana mwachindunji ndi dongosolo pamalowo. Choncho, mwa zina, wogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito khadi la digito.

Radiyo

Wowerenga wailesi (RFID) amawerenga zomwe zasungidwa mu chinthucho. Kawirikawiri, mndandanda wa owerenga woterewu umachokera ku masentimita angapo mpaka angapo, ngakhale owerenga omwe ali ndi masentimita angapo a masentimita amakhalanso otchuka. Chifukwa chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, akuchulukirachulukira m'malo mwa mayankho owerengera maginito, mwachitsanzo pamakina owongolera mwayi.