Kuyang'ana alendo ku Mars. Ngati panali moyo, mwina unapulumuka?

Mars ali ndi zonse zofunika kuti moyo ukhalepo. Kupenda ma meteorite ochokera ku Mars kumasonyeza kuti pali zinthu pansi pa dziko lapansi zomwe zingathe kukhala ndi moyo, makamaka mu mawonekedwe a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. M'madera ena, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakhalanso m'mikhalidwe yofanana.

Posachedwapa, ofufuza ku Brown University aphunzira mankhwala a Martian meteorites - zidutswa za miyala zomwe zinaponyedwa kuchokera ku Mars ndipo zinatha pa Dziko Lapansi. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti miyalayi imatha kukhudzana ndi madzi. kupanga mphamvu zamagetsizomwe zimalola tizilombo kukhala ndi moyo, monga pakuya kwambiri pa Dziko Lapansi.

Anaphunzira meteorites iwo akhoza, malinga ndi asayansi, kupanga chitsanzo choimira gawo lalikulu phiri la Marsizi zikutanthauza kuti gawo lalikulu la mkati mwa dziko lapansi ndiloyenera kuthandizira moyo. "Zofunikira pa kafukufuku wasayansi wa zigawo pansi pa nthaka ndizo kulikonse kumene kuli madzi apansi panthaka pa Marspali mwayi wopeza zokwanira mphamvu zamagetsikuchirikiza moyo wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, "atero a Jesse Tarnas, wamkulu wa gulu lofufuza, potulutsa atolankhani.

Pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zapezeka pa Dziko Lapansi kuti zamoyo zambiri zimakhala pansi pa nthaka ndipo, zopanda mwayi wopeza kuwala, zimatengera mphamvu zawo kuchokera kuzinthu zamagulu a mankhwala omwe amapezeka pamene madzi akumana ndi miyala. Chimodzi mwa machitidwe awa ndi radiolysis. Izi zimachitika pamene zinthu za radioactive mu thanthwe zimachititsa kuti mamolekyu a madzi agawike kukhala haidrojeni ndi mpweya. Hydrojeni yotulutsidwa imasungunuka m'madzi omwe amapezeka m'derali ndi mchere wina monga Pyrite kuyamwa mpweya kuti apange sulufule.

amatha kuyamwa haidrojeni wosungunuka m'madzi ndikuigwiritsa ntchito ngati mafuta pochita ndi mpweya wochokera ku sulfates. Mwachitsanzo, ku Canada Kidd Creek Mine (1) Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timeneti tapezeka m’madzi pafupifupi makilomita awiri m’kati mwa madzi kumene dzuŵa silinaloŵepo kwa zaka zoposa biliyoni imodzi.

1. Loboti ya Boston Dynamics imafufuza mgodi

Kidd Creek

W Martian meteorite ofufuza apeza zinthu zofunika pa radiolysis mu kuchuluka kokwanira kuchirikiza moyo. kotero kuti malo owonongeka akale akadalibe mpaka pano.

Maphunziro oyambirira anasonyeza mayendedwe amadzi apansi panthaka yogwira ntchito pa dziko lapansi. Palinso kuthekera kwakukulu kuti machitidwe otere akadalipo lero. Kafukufuku wina waposachedwapa anasonyeza, mwachitsanzo, kuthekera kwa nyanja ya pansi pa nthaka pansi pa ayezi. Mpaka pano, kufufuza kwa nthaka kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri kuposa kufufuza, koma, malinga ndi olemba nkhani, iyi si ntchito yomwe sitingathe kupirira.

Zizindikiro za mankhwala

M'chaka cha 1976 NASA Viking 1 (2) anatera pa chigwa cha Chryse Planitia. Anakhala woyamba kutera bwino ku Mars. "Zidziwitso zoyamba zidabwera titapeza zithunzi za Viking zomwe zikuwonetsa zosema Padziko Lapansi, nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha mvula," adatero. Alexander Hayes, mkulu wa Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, pokambirana ndi Inverse. "Iye wakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali pa Mars madzi amadzimadziamene ankasema pamwamba ndi anadzaza mabeseni, napanga nyanja".

Ma Vikings 1 ndi 2 anali ndi "ma laboratories" ang'onoang'ono a zakuthambo m'bwalomo kuti achite kafukufuku wawo wofufuza. zizindikiro za moyo pa Mars. Kuyesa kwa Tagged Ejection kunaphatikizapo kusakaniza zitsanzo zazing'ono za dothi la Martian ndi madontho amadzi okhala ndi mchere wothira mchere ndi zina. Anayambitsa mpweya phunzirani zinthu za mpweya zomwe zimatha kupanga zamoyo pa Mars.

Kufufuza kwa dothi kunawonetsa zizindikiro za metabolismkoma asayansi sanagwirizane ngati chotulukapo chimenechi chinali chizindikiro chotsimikizirika chakuti pa Mars panali zamoyo, chifukwa mpweyawo ukanapangidwa ndi chinthu china osati zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, imatha kuyambitsanso nthaka popanga mpweya. Kuyesera kwina kochitidwa ndi mission ya Viking kudayang'ana zotsalira za organic ndipo sanapeze chilichonse. Zaka makumi anayi pambuyo pake, asayansi amakayikira zoyeserera zoyambirirazi.

Mu December 1984 V. Allan Hills Chidutswa cha Mars chapezeka ku Antarctica. , inkalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu anayi ndipo n’kutheka kuti inachokera ku Mars kusanagundane kwakale kunaichotsa pamwamba pake. red planet padziko lapansi.

Mu 1996, gulu lina la asayansi linayang’ana mkati mwa chidutswa cha meteorite ndipo anapeza zinthu zodabwitsa. Mkati mwa meteorite, anapeza zinthu zofanana ndi zomwe zingathe kupangidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (3) zopezeka bwino kukhalapo kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Zonena zoyamba za zamoyo ku Mars sizinavomerezedwe mofala popeza asayansi apeza njira zina zomasulira zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwa meteorite, akutsutsa kuti kupezeka kwa zinthu zamoyo mwina kudayambitsa kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu zapadziko lapansi.

3. Micrograph ya meteorite ya Martian

Lachiwiri 2008 mzimu waulesi anapunthwa pa mawonekedwe achilendo otuluka pamwamba Martian mu Gusev crater. Chomeracho chimatchedwa "kolifulawa" chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake (4). Zotere Padziko Lapansi kupanga silika kugwirizana ndi ntchito tizilombo. Anthu ena adaganiza mwachangu kuti adapangidwa ndi mabakiteriya a Martian. Komabe, amathanso kupangidwa ndi njira zomwe sizikhala zachilengedwe monga kukokoloka kwa mphepo.

Pafupifupi zaka khumi pambuyo pake, za NASA Lasik Chidwi anapeza zotsalira za sulfure, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous ndi carbon (zosakaniza zofunikira) pamene akukumba mwala wa Martian. Chombocho chinapezanso ma sulfates ndi ma sulfides omwe akanatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku Mars zaka mabiliyoni ambiri zapitazo.

Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti mitundu yakale ya tizilombo titha kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira amadya martian rocks. Mcherewo umasonyezanso mmene madziwo anapangidwira asanasanduke nthunzi kuchokera ku Mars. Malinga ndi Hayes, ndibwino kuti anthu amwe.

4Martian 'cauliflower' wojambulidwa

Spirit rover

Mu 2018, Curiosity idapezanso umboni wina kukhalapo kwa methane mumlengalenga wa Martian. Izi zidatsimikizira zowonera zakale za kuchuluka kwa methane ndi ma orbiter ndi ma rovers. Padziko lapansi, methane imatengedwa ngati chizindikiro chamoyo komanso chizindikiro cha moyo. Gaseous methane sikhala nthawi yayitali atapangidwa.kusweka kukhala mamolekyu ena. Zotsatira za kafukufuku zikuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa methane ku Mars kumawonjezeka ndikuchepera kutengera nyengo. Izi zinapangitsa asayansi kukhulupirira kwambiri kuti methane imapangidwa ndi zamoyo zapa Mars. Komabe, ena amakhulupirira kuti methane imatha kupangidwa ku Mars pogwiritsa ntchito makemikolo omwe sanadziwikebe.

Mu Meyi chaka chino, NASA idalengeza, kutengera kusanthula kwa Sample Analysis ku Mars (SAM) data, portable chemistry labu mkati mwa Curiositykuti mchere wa organic ulipo pa Mars, zomwe zingapereke chidziwitso china pa izi Red Planet kamodzi panali moyo.

Malinga ndi buku lina lofotokoza za nkhaniyi mu Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, mchere wa organic monga iron, calcium, ndi magnesium oxalates ndi acetates ukhoza kukhala wochuluka pamatope a pamwamba pa Mars. Mcherewu ndi mankhwala otsalira a organic compounds. Zokonzedwa European Space Agency ExoMars rover, yomwe ili ndi luso lobowola mpaka kuya kwa mamita awiri, idzakhala ndi zomwe zimatchedwa Chida cha Goddardamene adzasanthula chemistry ya zigawo zakuya za dothi la Martian ndipo mwina kuphunzira zambiri za zinthu izi.

Rover yatsopanoyo ili ndi zida zofufuzira zamoyo

Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 70, ndi nthawi ndi maulendo, umboni wochuluka wasonyeza kuti Mars akanatha kukhala ndi moyo m'mbiri yake yoyambapamene dziko lapansi linali lachinyontho, lofunda. Komabe, kufikira pano, palibe zopezedwa zimene zapereka umboni wokhutiritsa wa kukhalapo kwa moyo wa Martian, kaya m’mbuyomo kapena wamakono.

Kuyambira mu February 2021, asayansi akufuna kupeza zizindikiro zongopeka za moyo. Mosiyana ndi omwe adatsogolera, Curiosity rover yokhala ndi labotale ya MSL yomwe ili m'bwalo, ili ndi zida zofufuzira ndikupeza zotsatizanazi.

Kulimbikira kumaluma chigwa cha nyanjayi, pafupifupi makilomita 40 m’lifupi ndi kuya mamita 500, ndi chigwa chomwe chili m’chigwa cha kumpoto kwa Martian equator. Panthaŵi ina nyanja ya Jezero Crater inali ndi nyanja yomwe akuti inauma zaka 3,5 mpaka 3,8 biliyoni zapitazo, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale malo abwino kwambiri okaonamo tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe tikanakhala m'madzi a m'nyanjayi. Kulimbikira sikudzangophunzira miyala ya Martian, komanso kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo za miyala ndikuzisunga kuti zidzagwire ntchito yamtsogolo kuti zibwerere ku Dziko Lapansi, kumene zidzayesedwa mu labotale.

5. Kuwona momwe SuperCam ikugwirira ntchito mu Perseverance rover.

Kusaka ma biosignatures imagwira ntchito ndi makamera amtundu wa rover ndi zida zina, makamaka Mastcam-Z (yomwe ili pamtunda wa rover), yomwe imatha kuyang'ana mkati kuti ifufuze zokonda zasayansi.

Gulu la sayansi la mishoni likhoza kuyika chidacho kuti chigwire ntchito. supercam kulimbikira kulondolera mtengo wa laser pa chandamale cha chidwi (5), chomwe chimapanga kamtambo kakang'ono kazinthu zosasunthika, zomwe zimapangidwira zomwe zimatha kusanthula. Ngati deta iyi ikulonjeza, gulu lolamulira lingapereke dongosolo lofufuza. mkono wa roverfufuzani mozama. Mkonowu uli ndi, mwa zina, PIXL (Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry), yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mtengo wolimba wa X-ray kuyang'ana momwe zinthu zingakhalire zamoyo.

Chida china chotchedwa SHERLOCK (kupanga sikani malo okhalamo pogwiritsa ntchito kubalalika kwa Raman ndi kuwala kwa zinthu zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala), ili ndi laser yakeyake ndipo imatha kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu achilengedwe ndi mchere womwe umapanga m'malo am'madzi. Pamodzi, SHERLOCK i PIXEL Akuyembekezeka kupereka mamapu apamwamba kwambiri azinthu, mchere ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta miyala ya Martian ndi dothi, zomwe zimalola akatswiri a zakuthambo kuti awone momwe adapangidwira ndikuzindikira zitsanzo zomwe zingawathandize kwambiri.

NASA tsopano ikutenga njira ina yopezera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuposa kale. Mosiyana download vikingKulimbikira sikungayang'ane zizindikiro za mankhwala a metabolism. M'malo mwake, idzayenda pamwamba pa Mars kufunafuna ma depositi. Atha kukhala ndi zamoyo zomwe zafa kale, kotero kuti kagayidwe kake sikuli kofunikira, koma kapangidwe kake kake kangatiuze zambiri za moyo wakale pamalo ano. Zitsanzo zosonkhanitsidwa ndi Kupirira akuyenera kusonkhanitsidwa ndikubwezeredwa ku Dziko Lapansi kuti akagwire ntchito yamtsogolo. Kusanthula kwawo kudzachitika m'ma laboratories apansi. Choncho, zikuganiziridwa kuti umboni womaliza wa kukhalapo kwa omwe kale anali a Martians udzawonekera pa Dziko Lapansi.

Asayansi akuyembekeza kupeza chinthu chapamtunda cha Mars chomwe sichingafotokozedwe ndi china chilichonse kupatulapo kukhalapo kwa zamoyo zakale. Chimodzi mwazinthu zongoyerekeza izi zitha kukhala ngati stromatolite.

Pansi, stromatolite (6) miyala ya miyala yopangidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja zakale komanso m'madera ena omwe munali mphamvu zambiri za metabolism ndi madzi.

Madzi ambiri sanapite mumlengalenga

Sitinatsimikizirebe kukhalapo kwa moyo m'mbiri yakale ya Mars, koma tikudabwabe chomwe chikanachititsa kuti chiwonongeko chake (ngati moyo utatha, ndipo sunapite pansi pamtunda, mwachitsanzo). Maziko a moyo, monga momwe tikudziwira, ndi madzi. Zoyerekeza mars oyambirira chikhoza kukhala ndi madzi amadzimadzi ochuluka kwambiri moti chikhoza kuphimba pamwamba pake ndi wosanjikiza kuchokera ku 100 mpaka 1500 mamita. Komabe, masiku ano Mars ali ngati chipululu chouma.ndipo asayansi akufufuzabe chimene chinayambitsa kusintha kumeneku.

Asayansi amayesa, mwachitsanzo, kufotokoza mars adataya madzi bwanjizomwe zinali pamwamba pake mabiliyoni azaka zapitazo. Nthaŵi zambiri, anthu ankaganiza kuti madzi ambiri akale a ku Mars anatuluka m’mlengalenga n’kupita mumlengalenga. Panthawi yomweyi, dziko la Mars linali litatsala pang'ono kutaya mphamvu ya maginito padziko lapansi, kuteteza mpweya wake ku jeti ya tinthu tating'ono tochokera ku Dzuwa. Mphamvu ya maginito itatayika chifukwa cha zochita za Dzuwa, mpweya wa Martian unayamba kuzimiririka.ndipo madzi adatha nawo. Madzi ambiri otaika akadatsekeredwa m'miyala yapadziko lapansi, malinga ndi kafukufuku watsopano wa NASA.

Asayansi anasanthula deta yomwe inasonkhanitsidwa panthawi ya kafukufuku wa Mars kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo potengera iwo, komabe, adapeza kuti. kutulutsa madzi mumlengalenga m'mlengalenga, ndizomwe zimayambitsa kutha pang'ono kwa madzi kudera la Martian. Mawerengedwe awo amasonyeza kuti madzi ambiri omwe akusowa panopa amamangiriridwa ku mchere womwe uli pansi pa dziko lapansi. Zotsatira za kusanthula kumeneku zinaperekedwa Evie Sheller kuchokera ku Caltech ndi gulu lake pa 52nd Planetary and Lunar Science Conference (LPSC). Nkhani yofotokoza mwachidule zotsatira za ntchitoyi idasindikizidwa m'magazini yotchedwa Nauka.

M'maphunziro, chidwi chapadera chinaperekedwa pakugonana. zinthu za deuterium (isotopu yolemera kwambiri ya haidrojeni) ku haidrojeni. Deuteronomo zimachitika mwachilengedwe m'madzi pafupifupi 0,02 peresenti. motsutsana ndi kukhalapo kwa haidrojeni "yabwinobwino". Hydrojeni wamba, chifukwa cha kutsika kwake kwa atomiki, ndiyosavuta kutuluka mumlengalenga kupita mumlengalenga. Kuwonjezeka kwa chiŵerengero cha deuterium ku hydrogen kumatiuza mosapita m'mbali momwe madzi amatuluka kuchokera ku Mars kupita kumlengalenga.

Asayansi adatsimikiza kuti chiŵerengero chowonedwa cha deuterium ndi hydrogen ndi umboni wa geological wa kuchuluka kwa madzi m'mbuyomu ya Martian umasonyeza kuti kutayika kwa madzi padziko lapansi sikukadachitika kokha chifukwa cha kuthawa kwa mlengalenga m'mbuyomu ya Martian. danga. Choncho, akuti pali njira yomwe imagwirizanitsa kutuluka kwa mpweya ndi mpweya ndi kugwidwa kwa madzi m'miyala. Pogwiritsa ntchito miyala, madzi amalola dongo ndi mchere wina wa hydrated kupanga. Zomwezo zimachitika pa Dziko Lapansi.

Komabe, pa dziko lathu lapansi, ntchito za mbale za tectonic zimatsogolera ku mfundo yakuti zidutswa zakale za nthaka ya dziko lapansi ndi mchere wa hydrated zimasungunuka mu chovalacho, ndiyeno madzi omwe amachokerawo amaponyedwa m'mlengalenga chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiri. Pa Mars popanda ma tectonic plates, kusungidwa kwa madzi m'nthaka ya dziko lapansi ndi njira yosasinthika.

Inner Martian Lake District

Tinayamba ndi moyo wapansi panthaka ndipo tidzabwerera kwa iwo kumapeto. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti malo ake abwino okhalamo mikhalidwe yankhondo Malo osungiramo madzi ankatha kubisika pansi pa nthaka ndi madzi oundana. Zaka ziwiri zapitazo, akatswiri a sayansi ya mapulaneti analengeza kuti anapeza nyanja yaikulu madzi amchere pansi pa ayezi ku South Pole ya Marszomwe zidakumana ndi chidwi mbali imodzi, komanso ndi kukayikira kwina.

Komabe, mu 2020, ofufuza adatsimikiziranso kukhalapo kwa nyanja iyi ndi anapeza atatu ena. Zofukulidwazo, zosimbidwa m’magazini yotchedwa Nature Astronomy, zinapangidwa ndi chidziŵitso cha radar cha chombo cha m’mlengalenga cha Mars Express. "Tinazindikira malo osungiramo madzi omwewo omwe adapezeka kale, koma tidapezanso malo ena atatu osungira madzi pafupi ndi dziwe lalikulu," adatero katswiri wa sayansi ya mapulaneti Elena Pettinelli wa yunivesite ya Rome, yemwe ndi mmodzi mwa olemba nawo kafukufukuyu. "Ndi dongosolo lovuta." Nyanjazo zimafalikira kudera la pafupifupi ma kilomita 75. Ili ndi dera lalikulu pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a Germany. Nyanja yaikulu kwambiri yapakati ili ndi m’mimba mwake ya makilomita 30 ndipo yazunguliridwa ndi nyanja zitatu zing’onozing’ono, iliyonse makilomita angapo m’lifupi.

7. Kuwona m'maganizo a nkhokwe za pansi pa nthaka za Martian

m'nyanja za subglacial, mwachitsanzo ku Antarctica. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mchere komwe kumakhalapo m'mikhalidwe ya Martian kungakhale vuto. Izo zimakhulupirira zimenezo nyanja pansi pa nyanja pa Mars (7) ayenera kukhala ndi mchere wambiri kuti madziwo akhalebe amadzimadzi. Kutentha kochokera pansi pa nthaka ya Mars kumatha kuchita pansi kwambiri, koma izi zokha, asayansi amati, sikokwanira kusungunula madzi oundana. "Kukawona kutentha, madziwa ayenera kukhala amchere kwambiri," anatero Pettinelli. Nyanja zokhala ndi mchere wambiri kuwirikiza kasanu m'madzi a m'nyanja zimatha kukhala ndi moyo, koma madziwo akafika kuwirikiza ka XNUMX kuchuluka kwa mchere wamadzi am'nyanja, zamoyo kulibe.

Ngati titha kuzipeza moyo pa Mars ndipo ngati kafukufuku wa DNA akuwonetsa kuti zamoyo zaku Martian ndizogwirizana ndi zapadziko lapansi, zomwe zapezedwazi zitha kusintha momwe timaonera magwero a moyo wamba, kusintha malingaliro athu kuchoka ku Dziko Lapansi kupita ku Dziko Lapansi. Ngati kafukufuku adawonetsa kuti alendo a ku Martian alibe chochita ndi moyo wathu ndipo adasinthika paokha, izi zitha kutanthauzanso kusintha. Izi zikusonyeza kuti zamoyo m’mlengalenga ndizofala chifukwa zinayambira paokha pa pulaneti loyamba pafupi ndi Dziko Lapansi.