Ife paokha kupopera mabuleki pa Vaz 2106

Mabuleki agalimoto amayenera kugwira ntchito bwino. Ichi ndi axiom kuti ndi zoona kwa magalimoto onse, ndi Vaz 2106 ndi chimodzimodzi. Tsoka ilo, dongosolo la braking la galimotoyi silinakhalepo lodalirika kwambiri. Nthawi zonse kumapangitsa eni galimoto kudwala mutu. Komabe, mavuto ambiri ndi mabuleki amatha kuthetsedwa ndi kupopera wamba. Tiyeni tiyese kudziwa momwe zimachitikira.

Chitsanzo malfunctions dongosolo ananyema Vaz 2106

Popeza Vaz 2106 - galimoto yakale kwambiri, mavuto ambiri ndi mabuleki odziwika bwino kwa oyendetsa. Timalemba zofala kwambiri.

Chopondaponda chofewa kwambiri

Panthawi ina, dalaivala amazindikira kuti kuti agwire mabuleki, safunikira kuchita chilichonse: pedal imagwera pansi m'chipinda chokweramo.

Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa kuti chopondapo cha brake pafupifupi chagona pansi pa kanyumbako

Nawu mndandanda wazifukwa zomwe izi zimachitika:

• mpweya walowa mu dongosolo mabuleki. Ikhoza kufika kumeneko m'njira zosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika chifukwa cha payipi yowonongeka yowonongeka kapena chifukwa chakuti imodzi mwa masilinda a brake yataya mphamvu yake. Yankho lake ndi lodziwikiratu: choyamba muyenera kupeza payipi yowonongeka, m'malo mwake, ndiyeno muchotse mpweya wochuluka kuchokera ku dongosolo la braking mwa kutuluka magazi;
• silinda ya brake master yalephera. Ichi ndi chifukwa chachiwiri chomwe chopondapo ma brake chimagwera pansi. Kuzindikira vuto ndi mbuye yamphamvu ndi losavuta: ngati ananyema madzimadzi mlingo mu dongosolo ndi yachibadwa ndipo palibe kutayikira kaya pa hoses kapena pafupi ndi masilindala ntchito, ndiye vuto mwina mbuye yamphamvu. Iyenera kusinthidwa.

Kuchepetsa mulingo wa brake fluid

Kutuluka magazi mabuleki kungafunikenso pamene mlingo wa madzimadzi ananyema mu dongosolo VAZ 2106 watsika kwambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zimachitika:

• mwiniwake wagalimoto salabadira kuyang'ana mabuleki agalimoto yake. Zoona zake n'zakuti madzi a m'thanki amatha kuchoka pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale ngati mabuleki akuwoneka ngati olimba. Ndi zophweka: mwamtheradi hermetic ananyema machitidwe kulibe. Ma hoses ndi masilindala amatha kutha pakapita nthawi ndikuyamba kutsika. Kutuluka kumeneku sikungawonekere konse, koma kumachepetsa pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi. Ndipo ngati mwini galimotoyo sawonjezera madzi atsopano ku thanki mu nthawi, ndiye kuti mphamvu ya mabuleki idzachepa kwambiri;
  

  M'kupita kwa nthawi, ming'alu yaing'ono imawonekera pamapaipi a brake, omwe si ophweka kuzindikira.
• kutsika kwamadzimadzi chifukwa cha kutayikira kwakukulu. Kuphatikiza pa kutayikira kobisika, kutayikira kodziwikiratu kumatha kuchitika nthawi zonse: imodzi mwamapaipi a brake imatha kusweka mwadzidzidzi chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwakukulu kwamkati komanso kuwonongeka kwamakina akunja. Kapena gasket mu imodzi mwa masilindala ogwira ntchito idzakhala yosagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo madziwo amayamba kutuluka kudzera mu dzenje lomwe lapangidwa. Vutoli lili ndi kuphatikiza kumodzi kokha: ndikosavuta kuzindikira. Ngati dalaivala, akuyandikira galimotoyo, adawona chithaphwi pansi pa mawilo, ndiye nthawi yoti muyitane galimoto yoyendetsa galimoto: simungathe kupita kulikonse m'galimoto yotere.
  

  Osayendetsa ngati pali kutayikira kwakukulu kwa brake fluid.

Gulo limodzi silimaphwanyika

Vuto linanso ndi mabuleki a VAZ 2106 ndi pamene wina wa mawilo akukana kuchepetsa ndi ena onse. Nazi zifukwa za chochitika ichi:

• ngati limodzi la mawilo kutsogolo si m'mbuyo, ndiye chifukwa mwina kwambiri zonenepa ntchito gudumu. N’kutheka kuti atsekeredwa m’malo otsekedwa. Chifukwa chake sangasunthike ndikukankhira ma pads motsutsana ndi brake disc. Kumata kwa silinda kumatha chifukwa cha dothi kapena dzimbiri. Vutoli limathetsedwa ndi kuyeretsa kapena kusinthiratu chipangizocho;
• kusowa kwa braking pa imodzi mwa mawilo akutsogolo kungakhalenso chifukwa cha kuvala kwathunthu kwa ma brake pads. Njirayi ndi yotheka kwambiri pamene dalaivala amagwiritsa ntchito mapepala abodza omwe alibe zitsulo zofewa mu zokutira zoteteza. Onyenga nthawi zambiri amapulumutsa mkuwa ndi zitsulo zina zofewa, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo wamba ngati zodzaza m'mapadi. Chophimba choteteza cha chipikacho, chopangidwa pamaziko a utuchi wotere, chimagwa mwamsanga. Panjira, imawononga pamwamba pa chimbale cha brake, ndikuphimba ndi maenje ndi zokopa. Posakhalitsa pamabwera mphindi pamene gudumu limangosiya braking;
  

  Kuvala kwa mabuleki osagwirizana kumabweretsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa magwiridwe antchito a braking.
• kusowa braking pa imodzi mwa mawilo akumbuyo. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala chifukwa cha kulephera kwa silinda yomwe imakankhira ma c-pads kuti agwirizane ndi mkati mwa ng'oma ya brake. Ndipo izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha kasupe wosweka umene umabwezeretsa mapepala kumalo awo oyambirira. Zitha kuwoneka ngati zosokoneza, koma ndi zoona: ngati mapepalawo sabwerera ku silinda pambuyo pa mabuleki, amayamba kuyendayenda ndikugwira nthawi zonse khoma lamkati la ng'oma ya brake. Izi zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa chitetezo chawo. Ngati atatopa kwathunthu, ndiye kuti panthawi yovuta kwambiri gudumu silingachedwe, kapena kusungitsa mabuleki kudzakhala kosadalirika.

M'malo ma silinda ananyema mu VAZ 2106 calipers

Zotsatirazi ziyenera kunenedwa nthawi yomweyo: kukonza ma silinda ogwirira ntchito pa Vaz 2106 ndi ntchito yopanda chiyamiko. Chinthu chokhacho chomwe chili choyenera kuchita izi ndi dzimbiri kapena kuipitsidwa kwakukulu kwa silinda. Pankhaniyi, yamphamvu basi mosamala kutsukidwa pa dzimbiri zigawo ndi anaika m'malo. Ndipo ngati kuwonongeka kuli koopsa, ndiye kuti njira yokhayo ndiyo kusintha masilindala, chifukwa sizingatheke kupeza zida zosinthira zomwe zikugulitsidwa. Izi ndi zomwe muyenera kuchita:

• seti ya masilindala atsopano ananyema kwa Vaz 2106;
• zotsekemera;
• ntchito yachitsulo;
• nyundo;
• kukwera tsamba;
• zidutswa zazing'ono;
• wrenches, set.

Mndandanda wa ntchito

Kuti mufike pa silinda yowonongeka, choyamba muyenera kuyimitsa galimoto ndikuchotsa gudumu. Kufikira kwa brake caliper kudzatsegulidwa. Caliper iyi idzafunikanso kuchotsedwa pochotsa mtedza wokonza awiriwo.

1. Pambuyo pochotsa, caliper imapotozedwa kukhala zitsulo zazitsulo. Pogwiritsa ntchito wrench yotseguka 12, mtedza wina womwe umagwira chubu cha hydraulic ku ma cylinders ogwirira ntchito umachotsedwa. Chubucho chimachotsedwa.
   

   Kuti achotse chubu, caliper iyenera kumangirizidwa mu vise
2. Pa mbali ya caliper pali groove momwe muli chosungira ndi kasupe. Latch iyi imasunthidwa pansi ndi screwdriver flathead.
   

   Mufunika screwdriver yayitali kwambiri kuti mutulutse latch.
3. Pamene mukugwira latch, muyenera kugunda pang'onopang'ono silindayo kangapo ndi nyundo momwe mukuwonera muvi womwe uli pachithunzichi.
   

   Kuti mugwetse silinda kumanzere, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito nyundo yaying'ono yamatabwa
4. Pambuyo paziwombankhanga zingapo, silinda idzasuntha ndipo kagawo kakang'ono kadzawoneka pafupi ndi izo, komwe mungathe kuyika m'mphepete mwa tsamba lokwera. Pogwiritsa ntchito spatula ngati lever, silinda iyenera kusunthidwa pang'ono kumanzere.
5. Mpata womwe uli pafupi ndi silinda ukakulirakulira, khwangwala laling'ono limatha kuyikidwamo. Ndi chithandizo chake, silindayo imakankhidwira kunja kwa niche yake.
   

   Mpata pafupi ndi silinda ukakhala waukulu, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito crowbar ngati lever
6. Silinda wosweka m'malo ndi watsopano, kenako anamanga dongosolo ananyema VAZ 2106.

Video: sinthani silinda ya brake "six"

Kusintha masilindala akutsogolo, Vaz classic.

Timasintha silinda yaikulu ya mabuleki VAZ 2106

Mofanana ndi masilinda a akapolo, silinda yaikulu ya brake sikhoza kukonzedwa. Pakawonongeka gawoli, njira yokhayo yololera ndiyo kuyisintha. Izi ndi zomwe zikufunika pakulowa m'malo uku:

• mbuye watsopano ananyema yamphamvu kwa Vaz 2106;
• ma wrenches otseguka, seti;
• flat screwdriver.

Mndandanda wa ntchito

Musanayambe ntchito, muyenera kukhetsa madzi onse a brake kuchokera padongosolo. Popanda ntchito yokonzekerayi, sikutheka kusintha silinda ya master.

1. Injini yagalimoto yazimitsidwa. Muyenera kulola kuti lizizire kwathunthu. Pambuyo pake, hood imatsegulidwa ndipo lamba womangirira amachotsedwa m'malo osungira. Kenako, ndi kiyi 10, mabawuti oyika tanki amachotsedwa. Amachotsedwa, madziwo amathiridwa mu chidebe chokonzedwa kale.
   

   Kuti muchotse thanki, choyamba muyenera kumasula lamba amene waigwira.
2. Ma hoses amamangiriridwa ku reservoir ya brake fluid. Amamangiriridwa pamenepo ndi zingwe za tepi. Ma clamps amamasulidwa ndi screwdriver, ma hoses amachotsedwa. Amatsegula mwayi wopita ku master cylinder.
3. Silinda imamangiriridwa ku chowonjezera cha vacuum brake ndi mabawuti awiri. Iwo amamasulidwa ndi 14 wrench.
   

   Silinda yayikulu ya brake ya "six" imakhazikika pa mabawuti awiri okha
4. Silinda ya brake imachotsedwa ndikusinthidwa ndi yatsopano. Pambuyo pake, thankiyo imayikidwa m'malo mwake ndipo gawo latsopano la brake fluid limatsanuliridwa mmenemo.

Kusintha ma hoses ananyema pa VAZ 2106

Chitetezo cha dalaivala VAZ 2106 zimadalira chikhalidwe cha hoses ananyema. Chifukwa chake, pokayikira pang'ono za kutayikira, mapaipi ayenera kusinthidwa. Iwo sali okonzeka kukonzedwa, chifukwa dalaivala wamba alibe zida zoyenera mu garaja kuti akonzenso magawo ovuta. Kuti musinthe ma hoses a brake, muyenera kusunga zinthu zotsatirazi:

• seti ya mapaipi atsopano ananyema kwa Vaz 2106 (mtengo umayambira 2 zikwi rubles);
• wrench wapadera kwa ma hoses ananyema;
• seti ya ma wrenches otseguka.

Kutsata kwa ntchito

Muyenera kuchotsa mapaipi amodzi ndi amodzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti gudumu lomwe payipi ya brake ikukonzekera kuti ilowe m'malo mwake iyenera kuthamangitsidwa ndikuchotsedwa.

1. Pambuyo pochotsa gudumu lakutsogolo, mwayi wopeza mtedza wokhala ndi payipi kutsogolo kwa caliper umawululidwa. Mtedzawu uyenera kumasulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito wrench yapadera ya hose. Nthawi zina, mtedzawu umakhala ndi okosijeni wambiri ndipo umamatira ku caliper. Ndiye muyenera kuyika kachidutswa kakang'ono ka chitoliro pa wrench ya payipi ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito ngati chitsulo.
   

   Kuti muchotse payipi yakutsogolo, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito wrench yapadera.
2. Zochita zofananazo zimachitidwa ndi gudumu lakutsogolo lachiwiri kuchotsa payipi yachiwiri.
   

   Paipi yakutsogolo imagwiridwa ndi mtedza uwiri wokha, womwe umakhala wosakulungidwa ndi mazenera.
3. Kuchotsa payipi yakumbuyo ku mabuleki a ng'oma, galimotoyo iyeneranso kugwedezeka ndikuchotsa gudumu (ngakhale njira yachiwiri ndi yothekanso apa: kuchotsa payipi pansi, kuchokera pa dzenje loyang'anira, koma njirayi imafuna zambiri. zachidziwitso ndipo sizoyenera kwa driver wa novice).
4. Paipi yakumbuyo imayikidwa mu bulaketi yapadera yokhala ndi bracket yokonzekera, yomwe imachotsedwa ndi pliers wamba.
   

   Kuti muchotse payipi yakumbuyo ya brake, mufunika ma wrenches otseguka - 10 ndi 17.
5. Amatsegula mwayi wofikira pa hose. Kuyika uku kumakonzedwa ndi mtedza awiri. Kuti muchotse, muyenera kugwira mtedza umodzi ndi wrench yotseguka ndi 17, ndikumasula mtedza wachiwiri ndi 10 pamodzi ndi zoyenera. Mbali ina ya payipi imachotsedwa mofananamo.
   

   Kumbuyo ananyema payipi pa "zisanu ndi chimodzi" amakhala pa mtedza anayi
6. Mapaipi ochotsedwa amasinthidwa ndi atsopano kuchokera pakiti, magudumu amaikidwa m'malo mwake ndipo galimoto imachotsedwa ku majekesi.

Za brake fluid

Mwini wa Vaz 2106, amene akugwira ntchito yokonza mabuleki, ndithudi ayenera kukhetsa madzimadzi ananyema. Chifukwa chake, kenako funso lidzauka pamaso pake: momwe mungasinthire, ndi madzi angati oti mudzaze? Kuti ntchito yachibadwa ya mabuleki VAZ 2106 chofunika malita 0.6 ananyema madzimadzi. Ndiko kuti, dalaivala yemwe watulutsa madziwo m'dongosolo adzayenera kugula botolo la lita. Tsopano tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane mitundu yamadzimadzi. Nawa:

• DOT3 kalasi madzimadzi. Maziko amadzimadzi awa ndi glycol, pomwe phukusi lazowonjezera zapadera lawonjezeredwa kuti lithane ndi dzimbiri la ma brake system. Choyipa chachikulu cha zakumwa zamtunduwu ndi kukana kwawo kopanda kutentha, komwe kuli kofunika kwambiri kudziko lathu. Kutentha kukangotsika pansi pa 40 ° C, madzi a DOT3 amakhala owoneka bwino kwambiri ndipo ma braking amachepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake mawu omaliza: ngati makinawa akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera okhala ndi nyengo yozizira, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi am'kalasi a DOT3 kuyenera kupewedwa;
  

  STP yamadzimadzi ikufunika, koma imakhala ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kukhuthala kuzizira
• DOT4 kalasi yamadzimadzi. Maziko amadzimadzi akadali glycol yemweyo, komabe, zowonjezera zimasankhidwa m'njira yowonjezeretsa kuwira kwa madzi. Izi zamadzimadzi a DOT3 zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto othamanga komanso pamagalimoto omwe amakonda kuyendetsa mwankhanza kwambiri. Ngati mwiniwake wa Vaz 2106 sakonda chilichonse chonga ichi, ndiye kuti kugwiritsa ntchito DOT3 madzimadzi sikungatchulidwe koyenera;
  

  Sintec fluid ndi yabwino kwambiri pamagalimoto othamanga kuposa "sakisi" wamba.
• DOT5 kalasi madzimadzi. Ndi njira yabwino kwa galimoto Vaz 2106 ntchito m'dera lililonse la dziko lathu. Choyamba, maziko a DOT5 si glycol, koma silikoni. Ndipo zowonjezera pamadziwa zimawonjezera kutentha kwa ntchito yake: kuchokera +260 ° С mpaka -70 ° С. Malingana ngati kutentha kwa dongosolo la brake sikunapitirire malire awa, kukhuthala kwamadzimadzimadzi sikusintha ndipo ndi 800 mamita lalikulu. mm/s Wodziwika kwambiri pakati pa eni ake a Vaz 2106 ndi mankhwala a BelRay, omwe ali apamwamba kwambiri komanso otsika mtengo: botolo la 350 ml lidzawononga dalaivala 700 rubles.
  

  BelRay brake fluid ndi yotchuka kwambiri ndi eni ake a "classics"

Za kusakaniza ma brake fluids

Ponena za madzi a mabuleki, munthu sangachitire mwina koma kukhudza funso lina lofunika lomwe posakhalitsa limadza kwa woyendetsa galimoto aliyense: kodi n'zotheka kusakaniza madzi a brake? Mwachidule, ndizotheka, koma osati zofunika.

Tsopano zambiri. Pali zinthu zina zomwe zimafunika mwachangu kuwonjezera pang'ono DOT5 kalasi brake fluid ku dongosolo, koma dalaivala ali ndi DOT3 kapena DOT4 yokha. Kukhala bwanji? Lamuloli ndi losavuta: ngati palibe njira yodzaza dongosolo ndi madzi amtundu womwewo, muyenera kudzaza madzi mofanana. Ngati madzi opangidwa ndi silicone azungulira mu dongosolo, mukhoza kudzaza silicone, ngakhale ya mtundu wina. Ngati madziwa ndi glycol (DOT4) - mukhoza kudzaza glycol ina (DOT3). Koma izi zitha kuchitika ngati njira yomaliza, chifukwa ngakhale zakumwa zomwe zili ndi maziko omwewo zitha kukhala ndi zowonjezera zina. Ndipo kusakaniza ma seti awiriwa kungayambitse kuvala msanga kwa ma brake system.

Magazi dongosolo ananyema VAZ 2106

Musanayambe ntchito, muyenera kukumbukira kuti mabuleki pa VAZ 2106 amapopa mu dongosolo linalake: choyamba, gudumu lamanja amapopa kumbuyo, ndiye gudumu lakumanzere kumbuyo, ndiye gudumu lakumanja ndi kutsogolo ndi gudumu. kumanzere kuli kutsogolo. Kuphwanya lamuloli kudzachititsa kuti mpweya ukhalebe mu dongosolo, ndipo ntchito zonse ziyenera kuyambikanso.

Kuphwanya gudumu magazi chiwembu kumabweretsa chosakwanira kuchotsa mpweya ku mabuleki dongosolo

Kuphatikiza apo, kugwedeza mabuleki kuyenera kukhala mothandizidwa ndi mnzake. Kuchita zimenezi payekha n’kovuta kwambiri.

Mndandanda wa ntchito

Choyamba, kukonzekera: galimotoyo iyenera kuyendetsedwa pa flyover kapena dzenje lowonera ndikuyika pa handbrake. Izi zipangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupeza zolumikizira mabuleki.

1. Chophimba chagalimoto chimatseguka. Pulagi imachotsedwa pabowo la brake, ndipo mulingo wamadzimadzi momwemo umayang'aniridwa. Ngati pali madzi pang'ono, amawonjezedwa pa chizindikiro pa posungira.
   

   Madzi a mu thanki akuyenera kufika m'mphepete mwachitsulo chopingasa.
2. Wothandizira amakhala pampando wa dalaivala. Mwiniwake wa galimotoyo amatsikira mu dzenje loyang'anira, ndikuyika kiyi pa mabuleki a gudumu lakumbuyo. Kenako chubu laling'ono limayikidwa pachoyenera, mbali inayo imatsitsidwa mu botolo lamadzi.
3. Wothandizira amakankhira chopondapo cha brake nthawi 6-7. Mu ma brake system, ndikusindikiza kulikonse, pedal imagwera mozama komanso mozama. Atafika potsika kwambiri, wothandizira amakhala ndi pedal pamalo awa.
4. Panthawiyi, mwini galimotoyo amamasula cholumikizira mabuleki ndi wrench yotsegula mpaka madzimadzi a brake atuluka mu chubu kulowa mu botolo. Ngati pali chotseka cha mpweya mu dongosolo, madzimadzi omwe atuluka amatha kuwira mwamphamvu. Pamene thovu limasiya kuwonekera, kuyenerera kumapindika m'malo.
   

   Kupopa kumapitirira mpaka palibenso mpweya wotuluka mu chubu kulowa mu botolo.
5. Njirayi imachitidwa pa gudumu lililonse motsatira ndondomeko yomwe tatchulayi. Ngati zonse zachitika molondola, sipadzakhala matumba mpweya mu dongosolo. Ndipo zomwe mwini galimotoyo akuyenera kuchita ndikuwonjezera mabuleki pang'ono pankhokwe. Pambuyo pake, njira yopopera imatha kuganiziridwa kuti yatha.

Video: timapopera mabuleki a VAZ 2106 okha

Momwe mungapangire mabuleki mwachangu nokha.

Zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto ndi kupopera mabuleki VAZ 2106

Nthawi zina dalaivala amakumana ndi vuto limene mabuleki pa Vaz 2106 chabe si kupopera. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zikuchitika:

• kuphwanya dongosolo la kupopa. Ichi ndi chifukwa chofala kwambiri magazi analephera mabuleki pa "zisanu ndi chimodzi". madalaivala Novice kuiwala kuti mabuleki pa Vaz 2106 ndi wapawiri-dera, choncho ndi zofunika kwambiri kutsatira dongosolo magazi. Ndipo ngati muyamba kupopa kuchokera kumawilo akutsogolo, osati kumbuyo, ndiye kuti sizingakhale zotheka kutulutsa mpweya wonse kuchokera ku dongosolo;
• khalidwe loipa mabuleki madzimadzi. Si chinsinsi kuti mumsika wamakono wamafuta ndi mafuta opaka pali kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa fake, ndipo, monga lamulo, zinthu zamtundu wodziwika bwino ndizonyezimira. Mabuleki amadzimadzi ndi chimodzimodzi. Ngati dalaivala ndi "mwayi" kugula madzi ngati amenewa, mamasukidwe akayendedwe ake akhoza kuwonjezeka kwambiri pakapita nthawi. Nthawi zovuta kwambiri, madzimadzi amtundu wa brake amakhuthala kwambiri kotero kuti amayamba kukhala ngati mafuta mosasinthasintha. Inde, sipangakhale zokamba za kupopa kwabwino kwa mabuleki pankhaniyi. Ma brake system amayenera kupasuka ndikutsukidwa bwino.

Choncho, moyo wa dalaivala ndi okwera ake zimadalira mmene mabuleki "zisanu ndi chimodzi". Choncho, ndi udindo wake wachindunji kuwasunga mumkhalidwe wabwino. Mwamwayi, ntchito zambiri zothetsera mavuto zitha kuchitika nokha mu garaja yanu. Zomwe muyenera kuchita ndikutsata malangizo omwe ali pamwambapa ndendende.