Wozunzidwa kwambiri wa Caronades
Frigate yopepuka yaku America ngati Essex, yochulukirapo koma yocheperako kuposa ma frigates apamwamba kwambiri a Constitution. Chiwonetsero cha nthawi. Wolemba chithunzichi: Jean-Jerome Beaujan
Caronades, mfuti zapamadzi zakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, zazifupi komanso zazifupi, koma zopepuka kwambiri potengera mawonekedwe awo, zidathandiza kwambiri pankhondo zapamadzi za nthawiyo komanso m'zaka zoyambirira za zana lotsatira, nthawi yomweyo iwo kwambiri overestimated ndipo amati kwa iwo zochita osati magulu zombo zimene anali kwenikweni zofunika kwambiri. Ndipo wozunzidwa wawo wotchuka kwambiri sanali bwato lothamangitsidwa kuchokera ku caronades, koma mosiyana kwambiri - yomwe inayenera kugonjera mdani, chifukwa zida zake zinali ndi mfuti zambiri za mapangidwe awa.
Kubadwa kwa Essex frigate
Kupanga zombo zaku America kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX kunali ndi zinthu zambiri zapadera. Asilikali apamadzi anali ndi vuto losowa ndalama lomwe linayambitsa, mwa zina, chifukwa cha kuipidwa kwakukulu kwa boma lamphamvu, zizolowezi zodzipatula zomwe zimakhalapo pakati pa anthu, komanso chikhulupiliro chakuti panalibe chifukwa chopanga magulu ena omenyera nkhondo kuposa omwe amateteza. . m'mphepete mwa nyanja (zomwe zimamveka ngati zoletsedwa). Panalinso kuzindikira kuti sikungakhale kotheka kufananiza manambala - pakanthawi kochepa - asitikali akuluakulu apamadzi aku Europe, monga British, French, Spanish or Dutch. Ziwopsezo zina zomwe zikubwera, monga zochita za North African corsairs / pirates kapena mphamvu zowunikira za Napoleon motsutsana ndi zombo zamalonda za ku America, zinayesedwa kuti zithetsedwe pomanga zombo zazing'ono, zolimba kwambiri m'magulu awo, kotero kuti sangathe kugwira ntchito yaikulu. magulu ndikuchita ntchito zazikulu, ngakhale atapambana ma duels . Umu ndi momwe ma frigates akuluakulu otchuka a gulu la Constitution adapangidwira.
Iwo anali ndi zovuta zawo ndi zofooka zawo, kuwonjezera apo, poyamba sanalandiridwe mwachidwi ndi kumvetsetsa, kotero Achimereka adapanga mayunitsi ambiri achikhalidwe. Mmodzi wa iwo anali 32-mfuti frigate Essex. Inamangidwa panthawi ya Quasi-War ndi France ndi ndalama kuchokera ku thumba la anthu.
Mapangidwewo anali a William Hackett ndipo womanga anali Enos Briggs waku Salem, Massachusetts. Pambuyo kuyala keel pa Epulo 13, 1799, gawoli lidayambitsidwa pa Seputembara 30, tr. ndipo anamaliza pa December 17, 1799. Mayendedwe omangawo anali odabwitsa, ngakhale kuti m'zaka za zombo zamatabwa, pamene zomangirazo zinkayenera kukalamba zisanadulire ma element ndi pa magawo a msonkhano, izi sizinali zabwino kwa moyo wautali wa frigate. Kwa iwo omwe sali ngakhale 10 zikwi. kwa anthu a ku Salemu, kupanga chombo chachikulu choterocho chinali chochitika chofunika kwambiri. Komabe, pa nthawi yoyambitsa Essex, yokhala ndi batri yaikulu yokhala ndi mfuti za 12-pounder, sizinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi zigawo zina za gulu ili. Mwa mafrigate 61 a ku France amene anali muutumiki wokangalika, 25 anali a m’kalasi limeneli; mwa 126 Britons, theka la ochuluka. Koma ena onse ananyamula zida zolemera kwambiri (zokhala ndi mfuti 18 ndi 24-pounder). Mkati mwa kalasi yake, Essex inali yofanana, ngakhale kuti machitidwe ake sangafanane bwino ndi a French kapena British frigates ofanana chifukwa cha machitidwe osiyanasiyana oyezera omwe ali m'gulu lililonse.
Essex adanyamuka kumapeto kwa Disembala 1799, moperekezedwa ndi gulu lopita ku Dutch East Indies. Anadziwonetsa yekha kukhala chotengera chomwe chimatha kupirira nyengo yoopsa kwambiri ndipo chimathamanga mokwanira, chokhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu yogwira, yokhoza kuyendetsa bwino, yosungidwa bwino ndi mphepo, ngakhale kuti imakhala yochuluka kwambiri (longitudinal sway). Komabe, monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa kuchokera pakumanga kofulumira, kuyambira mu 1807 mbali zazikulu za mafelemu ake a oak ku America adapezeka kuti anali owola ndipo amayenera kusinthidwa ndi zidutswa zatsopano za oak, monga momwe masitepe, matabwa ndi zomangira zimafunikira. m'malo. pa 1809. Pakukonzanso, zomangira zolimba zolimba zidakwezedwa ndipo kupendekera kwamkati kwa mbalizo kunachepetsedwa.
Frigate anali mu utumiki wankhondo kuyambira December 22, 1799 mpaka August 2, 1802, kuyambira May 1804 mpaka July 28, 1806, ndipo kuyambira February 1809 mpaka March 1814. Chiyembekezo kapena kulowa mu Pacific Ocean. Kusintha kwakukulu kwachitika pa zida zake. Choyamba, mu February 1809, ma caronade olemera makilogalamu 32 anaonekera pamasitepe a aft ndi uta, zomwe zinawonjezera kulemera kwa salvo yam'mbali pafupifupi kawiri ndi theka! Kusintha kofunikira kwambiri kunali kusinthidwa mu Ogasiti 1811 batire yayikulu 12-pounder yokhala ndi caronades 32-pounder. Zoona, chifukwa cha ichi, kulemera kwa Broadside chinawonjezeka ndi 48%, koma zimatanthauzanso kuti anali ndi zida zankhondo, imene, mwa mizinga 46 yaitali ndi caronades, asanu okha akhoza kuwombera kuchokera osiyanasiyana.
Wolemba chithunzi: Jean-Jerome Boja
