Akasinja ozindikira TK ndi TKS
Akasinja ozindikira (tankette) TK-3 ya Asitikali aku Poland pamisonkhano yayikulu patchuthi chatchuthi.
Okwana, mu September 1939, pafupifupi 500 tankettes TK-3 ndi TKS anapita kutsogolo m'madera a Polish Army. Malinga ndi mndandanda wa zida zovomerezeka, akasinja ozindikira a TKS anali mitundu yambiri yamagalimoto omwe amagawidwa ngati akasinja mu Asitikali aku Poland. Komabe, izi zinali kukokomeza pang'ono chifukwa cha zida zawo zosauka komanso zida.
Pa July 28, 1925, pa malo ophunzitsira ku Rembertow pafupi ndi Warsaw, chiwonetsero cha akuluakulu a Engineering Supply Department of the War Ministry (MSVoysk), Armored Weapons Command of the War Ministry chinachitika. ndi galimoto yopepuka ya zida za Carden-Loyd Mark VI Military Research Engineering Institute yokhala ndi gulu lotseguka la kampani yaku Britain Vickers Armstrong Ltd., yokhala ndi mfuti yolemera yamakina. Galimotoyo, yokhala ndi anthu aŵiri, inayenda m’malo ovuta kufikako, kugonjetsa zopinga za mawaya amingamo, komanso ngalande ndi mapiri. Iye anapanga mayeso a liwiro ndi maneuverability, komanso marksmanship ndi mfuti makina. "Kulimba" kwa mayendedwe, omwe amatha kuyenda mpaka 3700 km, adagogomezedwa.
Zotsatira zabwino zoyeserera zam'munda zidapangitsa kuti makina khumi otere agulidwe ku UK ndikupeza chilolezo chopanga chaka chisanathe. Komabe, chifukwa cha mapangidwe osauka ndi magawo luso la Carden-Loyd Mk VI, magalimoto awiri okha anamangidwa pa State Machine-Building Plant ku Warsaw (otchedwa "X" zosiyana) ndi galimoto zida monga Carden-Loyd idapangidwa ndipo kenako idapangidwa, koma idatsekedwa chifukwa mapiri ndi zina zambiri - akasinja odziwika bwino (tankette) TK ndi TKS.
Magalimoto a Carden-Loyd Mk VI adagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Gulu Lankhondo Laku Poland ngati zida zoyesera komanso zophunzitsira. Mu July 1936, magalimoto ena khumi amtunduwu adatsalira m'magulu ankhondo, omwe cholinga chake chinali kuphunzitsa.
Mu 1930, ma prototypes oyamba a ma wedges atsopano aku Poland adapangidwa ndikuyesedwa mokwanira, omwe adalandira mayina a TK-1 ndi TK-2. Pambuyo pa mayesero amenewa, mu 1931 anayamba kupanga misa makina, amene analandira dzina TK-3. Kusintha kopangidwa ndi mainjiniya aku Poland kudapangitsa makinawa kukhala abwino kwambiri kuposa momwe Carden-Loyd Mk VI adapangidwira. tankette TK-3 - mwalamulo kutchulidwa m'gulu la asilikali dzina "Reconnaissance thanki" - anatengedwa ndi Polish Army m'chilimwe cha 1931.
tankette TK-3 anali okwana kutalika 2580 mm, m'lifupi 1780 mm ndi kutalika 1320 mm. Chilolezo cha pansi chinali 300 mm. Kulemera kwa makinawo ndi matani 2,43. M'lifupi njanji zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 140 mm. Ogwira ntchitowo anali anthu awiri: mkulu wa mfuti, atakhala kumanja, ndi dalaivala, atakhala kumanzere.
z amapangidwa kuchokera ku mapepala okulungidwa bwino. Makulidwe kutsogolo anali kuchokera 6 mpaka 8 mm, kumbuyo ndi chimodzimodzi. Zida za mbalizo zinali ndi makulidwe a 8 mm, zida zapamwamba ndi pansi - kuchokera 3 mpaka 4 mm.
tankette TK-3 okonzeka ndi 4 sitiroko Ford A carburetor injini voliyumu ntchito 3285 cm³ ndi mphamvu 40 HP. pa 2200 rpm. Chifukwa cha iye, mu mikhalidwe mulingo woyenera, tankette TK-3 akhoza kufika liwiro la 46 Km / h. Komabe, liwiro lothandiza lakuyenda pamsewu wafumbi linali pafupifupi 30 km/h, ndipo m'misewu yamunda - 20 km/h. Pamalo athyathyathya komanso athyathyathya, tankette idakula liwiro la 18 km / h, ndipo m'malo amapiri ndi tchire - 12 km / h. Thanki yamafuta inali ndi mphamvu ya malita 60, yomwe idapereka maulendo opitilira 200 km pamsewu ndi 100 km m'munda.
TK-3 imatha kugonjetsa phiri lokhala ndi malo otsetsereka otsetsereka mpaka 42 °, komanso dzenje lofikira mita 1. Pamaso pa zotchinga zamadzi, tankette imatha kugonjetsa madontho akuya 40 cm. malinga ngati pansi kunali kovuta mokwanira). Ndi kuyendetsa mofulumira kwambiri, kunali kotheka kugonjetsa madontho mpaka 70 cm kuya, koma kusamala kunayenera kuchitidwa kuti madzi asadutse mumtambo wotayirira ndikusefukira injini. Tankette idadutsa bwino m'tchire ndi nkhalango zazing'ono - mitengo ikuluikulu mpaka 10 cm, galimoto idagubuduzika kapena kusweka. Mitengo ikuluikulu yogona yokhala ndi mainchesi 50 cm imatha kukhala chopinga chosagonjetseka. Galimotoyo idalimbana bwino ndi zotchinga - zotsika zidapanikizidwa pansi ndi thanki yodutsa, ndipo zapamwamba zidawonongedwa nazo. Kutembenuza kozungulira kwa tankette sikunapitirire 2,4 m, ndipo kuthamanga kwapadera kunali 0,56 kg / cm².
Zida zodziwika bwino za TK-3 zinali mfuti yolemera yamakina wz. 25 ndi zipolopolo, zozungulira 1800 (mabokosi 15 ozungulira 120 m'matepi). Magalimoto a TK-3 amatha kuwombera mogwira mtima poyenda kuchokera pamtunda wa mamita 200. Atayimitsidwa, kuwombera kogwira mtima kunawonjezeka kufika mamita 500. Komanso, magalimoto ena ankanyamulidwa ndi mfuti za Browning wz. 28. Kumanja kwa tankette TK-3 kunali mfuti yotsutsa ndege, yomwe inkakhoza kuikidwa ngati mfuti yolemera wz. 25, komanso mfuti yopepuka yamakina wz. 28. mofanana
Pambuyo kupanga serial wa mtundu woyambirira wa TK-3, womwe unatha mpaka 1933 ndipo pamene makina pafupifupi 300 anamangidwa, maphunziro omasulira adapangidwa. Monga gawo la zochitika izi, zitsanzo za prototype zidapangidwa:
TKW - ngolo yokhala ndi mfuti yozungulira,
TK-D - mfuti zopepuka zodziyendetsa zokha ndi mizinga 47-mm, mu mtundu wachiwiri wokhala ndi cannon 37-mm Pyuto,
TK-3 ndi galimoto yokhala ndi mfuti yolemera kwambiri ya 20 mm,
TKF - galimoto yamakono yokhala ndi injini ya Fiat 122B (kuchokera ku galimoto ya Fiat 621), m'malo mwa injini ya Ford A. Mu 1933, magalimoto khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu amtunduwu adamangidwa.
Zomwe zinachitikira utumiki wankhondo wa tankettes TK-3 zinavumbula mwayi weniweni wa kusintha zina zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ya makina awa. Komanso, mu 1932 Poland anasaina pangano pa kupanga chiphatso cha magalimoto Fiat, amene analola kugwiritsa ntchito mbali Italy ndi misonkhano pamene kusintha tankette. Kuyesera koyamba kwamtunduwu kunapangidwa mu mtundu wa TKF, m'malo mwa injini ya Ford A yokhala ndi injini yamphamvu kwambiri ya 6 HP Fiat 122B. kuchokera pagalimoto ya Fiat 621. Kusintha kumeneku kunaphatikizaponso kufunikira kolimbikitsa kutumiza ndi kuyimitsidwa.
Zotsatira za ntchito ya okonza State Bureau of Research of Machine-Building Plants inali kulengedwa kwa tankette yosinthidwa kwambiri TKS, yomwe inalowa m'malo mwa TK-3. Zosinthazo zinakhudza pafupifupi makina onse - galimoto, kupatsirana ndi thupi - ndipo zazikulu zinali: kukonza zida mwa kusintha mawonekedwe ake ndikuwonjezera makulidwe ake; kuyika mfuti yamakina mu kagawo kakang'ono mu goli lozungulira, lomwe limakulitsa gawo lamoto mu ndege yopingasa; kukhazikitsa kwa periscope yosinthika yopangidwa ndi Ing. Gundlach, zomwe mkuluyo akanatha kutsatira bwino zomwe zikuchitika kunja kwa galimotoyo; kuyambitsa kwa injini yatsopano ya Fiat 122B (PZInż. 367) yokhala ndi mphamvu zapamwamba; kulimbitsa zinthu zoyimitsidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe okulirapo; kusintha kwa kukhazikitsa magetsi. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusintha, kulemera kwa makina chinawonjezeka ndi makilogalamu 220, zomwe zinakhudza magawo ena amakoka. Kupanga kwa seri ya tankette ya TKS kudayamba mu 1934 ndikupitilira mpaka 1936. Kenako inamangidwa pafupifupi 280 mwa makina awa.
Pamaziko a TKS, thalakitala ya C2R idapangidwanso, yomwe idapangidwa ndi misa mu 1937-1939. Panthawi imeneyi, makina pafupifupi 200 amtunduwu anapangidwa. Talakitala ya C2P inali yayitali masentimita 50 kuposa tankette. Zosintha zingapo zazing'ono zidapangidwa pamapangidwe ake. Galimotoyi idapangidwa kuti ikoke 40mm wz. 36, mfuti za anti-tank caliber 36 mm wz. 36 ndi ngolo zokhala ndi zipolopolo.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo ndi chitukuko cha kupanga, akasinja ovomerezeka a TKS anayamba kuphatikizidwa mu zida zamagulu ankhondo a asilikali a Polish Army. Ntchito inali mkatinso yokonza zomasulira. Cholinga chachikulu cha ntchitoyi chinali kuonjezera mphamvu yamoto ya tankettes, chifukwa chake kuyesa kuwathandiza ndi mizinga 37 mm kapena mfuti yolemera kwambiri ya 20 mm. Kugwiritsa ntchito komaliza kunapereka zotsatira zabwino ndipo pafupifupi magalimoto 20-25 adakonzedwanso ndi chida chamtunduwu. Chiwerengero chokonzekera cha magalimoto onyamula zida chimayenera kukhala chochulukirapo, koma nkhanza za Germany motsutsana ndi Poland zidalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa cholinga ichi.
Zida zapadera zapangidwiranso matanki a TKS ku Poland, kuphatikiza: ngolo yotsatiridwa padziko lonse lapansi, kalavani yokhala ndi wayilesi, chassis yamawilo "zoyendera zamsewu" ndi njanji yogwiritsidwa ntchito pamasitima okhala ndi zida. Zida ziwiri zomalizazi zimayenera kupititsa patsogolo kuyenda kwa ma wedge mumsewu waukulu komanso m'njanji zanjanji. Pazochitika zonsezi, tankette italowa m'galimoto yoperekedwa, kuyendetsa msonkhano woterowo kunkachitika ndi injini ya tankette pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapadera.
Mu Seputembala 1939, monga gawo la Asilikali aku Poland, pafupifupi 500 tankettes TK-3 ndi TKS (magulu onyamula zida, makampani odziyimira pawokha komanso magulu ankhondo ogwirizana ndi masitima onyamula zida) adapita kutsogolo.
Mu Ogasiti ndi Seputembala 1939, magulu ankhondo onyamula zida adasonkhanitsa magulu otsatirawa okhala ndi TK-3 wedges:
1st Armored Battalion inasonkhana:
Gulu lankhondo la Reconnaissance Tank Squadron No. 71 latumizidwa ku Gulu Lankhondo la 71 la Greater Poland Cavalry Brigade (Ar-
mia "Poznan")
The 71st osiyana reconnaissance thanki kampani anapatsidwa 14 infantry division (Poznan Army),
The 72 osiyana reconnaissance thanki kampani anatumizidwa ku gawo 17 oyenda pansi, kenako subira ku gawo 26 oyenda pansi (Poznan asilikali);
2st Armored Battalion inasonkhana:
The 101 osiyana reconnaissance thanki kampani anapatsidwa 10 apakavalo brigade (Krakow asilikali),
Reconnaissance thanki squadron amatumizidwa ku Reconnaissance squadron wa 10 Cavalry Brigade (Krakow Army);
4st Armored Battalion inasonkhana:
Reconnaissance Tank Squadron No. 91 amapatsidwa gulu lankhondo la 91 la Novogrudok Cavalry Brigade (Modlin Army),
Kampani ya 91st Separate Reconnaissance Tank yomwe idatumizidwa ku 10th Infantry Division (Army Lodz),
92nd osiyana thanki kampani
Intelligence imaperekedwanso ku 10th Infantry Division (Army "Lodz");
5st Armored Battalion inasonkhana:
Gulu la Tank Reconnaissance
51 adatumizidwa ku gulu lankhondo la 51 la gulu lankhondo la Krakow Cavalry Brigade (Ar-
mayi "Krakow")
Kampani ya 51st Separate Reconnaissance Tank Company idalumikizidwa ku 21st Mountain Rifle Division (Ankhondo a Krakow),
52. Osiyana reconnaissance thanki kampani, amene ali mbali ya ntchito gulu "Slensk" (ankhondo "Krakow");
8st Armored Battalion inasonkhana:
Gulu la Tank Reconnaissance
81 adatumizidwa ku 81st Pan squadron.
Pomeranian okwera pamahatchi brigade (ankhondo "Pomerania"),
The 81st osiyana reconnaissance thanki kampani anamangirizidwa ku gawo 15 infantry Division (Pomerania Army),
82 osiyana reconnaissance thanki kampani monga gawo la 26 infantry gawo (Poznan asilikali);
10st Armored Battalion inasonkhana:
Kampani ya 41st Separate Reconnaissance Tank yomwe idatumizidwa ku 30th Infantry Division (Army Lodz),
The 42 Separate Reconnaissance Tank Company inatumizidwa ku Kresovskaya Cavalry Brigade (Army Lodz).
Kuphatikiza apo, Center of Armored Weapons Training Center ku Modlin idasonkhanitsa magawo otsatirawa:
Gulu la 11th Reconnaissance Tank Squadron latumizidwa ku Gulu Lankhondo la 11 la Mazovian Cavalry Brigade (Ankhondo a Modlin),
Kampani ya tank Reconnaissance ya Warsaw Defense Command.
Makampani onse ndi magulu ankhondo anali ndi ma tankette 13. Kupatulapo kunali kampani yomwe idatumizidwa ku Warsaw Defense Command, yomwe inali ndi magalimoto 11 amtunduwu.
Komabe, ponena za tankettes TKS:
6st Armored Battalion inasonkhana:
Reconnaissance Tank Squadron No. 61 imaperekedwa ku 61st Armored Squadron ya Border Cavalry Brigade (Army "Lodz"),
Gulu la Reconnaissance Tank Squadron No. 62 latumizidwa ku 62nd Armored Squadron ya Podolsk Cavalry Brigade (Army
"Poznan")
Kampani ya 61st Separate Reconnaissance Tank inatumizidwa ku 1st Mountain Rifle Brigade (Ankhondo a Krakow),
62nd Separate Reconnaissance Tank Company, yolumikizidwa ku 20th Rifle Division (Modlin Army),
Kampani ya 63rd Separate Reconnaissance Tank Company idalumikizidwa ku 8th Infantry Division (Modlin Army);
7st Armored Battalion inasonkhana:
Gulu la 31st Reconnaissance Tank Squadron latumizidwa ku 31st Armored Squadron ya Suval Cavalry Brigade (Separate Task Force "Narev"),
Gulu la 32nd Reconnaissance Tank Squadron latumizidwa ku Gulu Lankhondo la 32 la Podlasie Cavalry Brigade (Osiyana Ogwira Ntchito Gulu Narew),
Gulu la 33 la Reconnaissance Tank Squadron lapatsidwa gulu la 33 la zida zankhondo za Vilnius Cavalry Brigade.
(ankhondo a "Prussia"),
The 31st osiyana reconnaissance thanki kampani anapatsidwa 25 infantry division (Poznan Army),
Kampani ya 32 yosiyana yoyang'anira akasinja yokhala ndi gawo la 10 la oyenda pansi (ankhondo "Lodz");
12st Armored Battalion inasonkhana:
21st Reconnaissance Tank squadron ngati gawo la 21st Armored Squadron ya Volyn Cavalry Brigade
(Ankhondo "Lodz").
Kuphatikiza apo, Center of Armored Weapons Training Center ku Modlin idasonkhanitsa magawo otsatirawa:
11th reconnaissance tank company yotumizidwa ku Warsaw armored brigade
ndiye mtsogoleri)
Gulu lankhondo la Reconnaissance la Warsaw Armored Brigade.
Magulu onse, makampani ndi magulu ankhondo anali ndi ma tankette 13.
Kuphatikiza apo, 1st Armored Train Squadron kuchokera ku Legionowo ndi 1st Armored Train Squadron kuchokera ku Niepolomice adasonkhanitsa matanki kuti atsitse masitima okhala ndi zida.
Kuyerekezera kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa tankettes mu kampeni ya ku Poland ya 1939 ndi yosiyana, nthawi zambiri imakhala yokhazikika, yomwe imawonjezera pang'ono chidziwitso chokhudza makinawa. Ngati adapatsidwa ntchito zomwe adalengedwera (nzeru, kuzindikira, ndi zina zotero), ndiye kuti adagwira ntchito yabwino. Zinali zoipitsitsa pamene ma wedges ang'onoang'ono amayenera kupita kunkhondo yowonekera, zomwe sizimayembekezereka kwa iwo. Panthawi imeneyo, nthawi zambiri ankavutika ndi mphamvu ya adani, zida za 10 mm zinali chotchinga chaching'ono ku zipolopolo za German, osatchula zipolopolo za cannon. Zinthu zoterezi zinali zofala kwambiri, makamaka pamene, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa magalimoto ena okhala ndi zida, tankettes ya TKS inayenera kuthandizira omenyana nawo.
Pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondo za September 1939, ambiri a tankettes serviceable anagwidwa ndi Ajeremani. Zambiri mwa magalimotowa zinaperekedwa kwa apolisi aku Germany (ndi magulu ena achitetezo) ndikutumizidwa kumagulu ankhondo a mayiko ogwirizana ndi Germany. Ntchito zonse ziwirizi zidawonedwa ndi lamulo la Germany ngati ntchito zachiwiri.
Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse itatha, panalibe tanki imodzi yokha ya TK-3, TKS kapena C2P m'nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale zaku Poland mpaka zaka zitatu. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za makumi asanu ndi anayi, magalimotowa anayamba kufika m'dziko lathu m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansi. Masiku ano, angapo mwa magalimoto amenewa ndi a boma museums ndi otolera payekha.
Zaka zingapo zapitazo, kopi yolondola kwambiri ya tankette ya ku Poland TKS idapangidwanso. Mlengi wake anali Zbigniew Nowosielski ndipo galimoto yoyenda imatha kuwoneka chaka chilichonse pazochitika zingapo zakale. Ndinafunsa Zbigniew Nowosielski momwe lingaliro la makinawa linabadwira komanso momwe linapangidwira (lipoti linatumizidwa mu January 2015):
Zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo, patatha miyezi ingapo ya ntchito yomanganso injini ndi kufalitsa, tankette TKS inasiya "fakitale yamtundu wa Ptaki" pansi pa mphamvu zake (inabwezeretsedwa ku Sweden chifukwa cha khama la utsogoleri wa Polish. Army). Museum ku Warsaw).
Chidwi changa pa zida zankhondo za ku Poland chinalimbikitsidwa ndi nkhani za abambo anga, omwe anali kaputeni. Henryk Novoselsky, yemwe mu 1937-1939 adatumikira koyamba ku 4th Armored Battalion ku Brzesta, ndiyeno mu 91st Armored Squadron motsogoleredwa ndi akuluakulu. Anthony Slivinsky anamenya nawo nkhondo yodzitchinjiriza ya 1939.
Mu 2005, bambo anga Henryk Novoselsky anaitanidwa ndi utsogoleri wa Polish Army Museum kuti agwirizane monga mlangizi pa ntchito yomanganso zida ndi zida za thanki ya TKS. Zotsatira za ntchito yomwe inachitika ku ZM URSUS (gulu lotsogoleredwa ndi injiniya Stanislav Michalak) linaperekedwa ku chiwonetsero cha zida za Kielce (August 30, 2005). Pachiwonetserochi, pamsonkhano wa atolankhani, ndinanena za kubwezeretsedwa kwa injini ndikubweretsa tanki ya TKS kuti igwire ntchito.
Chifukwa cha mgwirizano wachitsanzo wa akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale, mwachilolezo cha ogwira ntchito ofufuza a SiMR Department of the Warsaw University of Technology ndi kudzipereka kwa anthu ambiri, tankette yabwezeretsedwa ku ulemerero wake wakale.
Pambuyo pa chiwonetsero chovomerezeka cha galimotoyo pa November 10, 2007, pa chikondwerero cha Tsiku la Ufulu, ndinaitanidwa ku Komiti Yokonzekera ya 1935 National Scientific Symposium yotchedwa "The Historical Development of Vehicle Design" ku Faculty of SIMR ya Warsaw. University of Technology. Pamsonkhanowu, ndidapereka nkhani yotchedwa "Mafotokozedwe aukadaulo womanganso injini, makina oyendetsa, kuyendetsa, kuyimitsidwa, chiwongolero ndi mabuleki, komanso zida za injini ndi zida zamkati za tanki ya TKS (XNUMX)" .
Kuyambira 2005, ndakhala ndikuyang'anira ntchito zonse zomwe zafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi, ndikupeza magawo omwe akusowa, kusonkhanitsa zolemba. Chifukwa cha matsenga a intaneti, gulu langa linatha kugula zida zambiri zamagalimoto zoyambirira. Gulu lonse linagwira ntchito yokonza zolemba zamakono. Tinatha kupeza makope ambiri a zolembedwa zoyambirira za thanki, kupanga dongosolo ndi kudziwa miyeso yosowa. Nditazindikira kuti zolemba zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa (zojambula zapamsonkhano, zithunzi, zojambula, ma templates, zojambula zomwe zimamangidwa) zidzandilola kusonkhanitsa galimoto yonse, ndinaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito pulojekiti yotchedwa "Kugwiritsa ntchito reverse engineering kupanga kopi ya TKS wedge. ".
Kuphatikizidwa kwa Mtsogoleri wa Historic Automotive Reconstruction and Technology Bureau, Eng. Rafal Kraevsky ndi luso lake logwiritsa ntchito zida zaumisiri, komanso zaka zambiri zomwe ndakhala mumsonkhanowu, zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kope lapadera, lomwe, loyikidwa pafupi ndi choyambirira, lidzasokoneza wowerengera ndi wofunafuna yankho. ku funso. funso: "choyamba ndi chiyani?"
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo, akasinja achidziwitso a TK-3 ndi TKS anali galimoto yofunika kwambiri yankhondo yaku Poland. Masiku ano amatengedwa ngati chizindikiro. Magalimoto amtunduwu amatha kuwonedwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale komanso pazochitika zakunja.
