Chiphunzitso chogwiritsa ntchito Regia Aeronautica
Chiphunzitso chogwiritsa ntchito Regia Aeronautica. Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 - ndege zoyambira bomba komanso zoyendera zankhondo zaku Italy za m'ma 1935. 1938 anamangidwa pakati pa 535-1936.
Kuphatikiza pa USA, Great Britain ndi Soviet Union, Italy adathandiziranso kwambiri pakukula kwa chiphunzitso cha kugwiritsa ntchito ndege zankhondo. Maziko a chitukuko cha kayendedwe ka mpweya adayikidwa ndi General General Giulio Douhet, akatswiri a zamaganizo a Douhet ku Great Britain, monga mkulu wa Royal Air Force Staff College, Brig. Edgar Ludlow-Hewitt. Ntchito ya Douhet inakhudzanso chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha ku America cha machitidwe oyendetsa ndege, ngakhale kuti Achimerika anali ndi chiphunzitso chawo chapadera - William "Billy" Mitchell. Komabe, anthu aku Italiya nawonso sanatsatire njira yogwiritsira ntchito chiphunzitso cha Douhet kuti apange chiphunzitso chawo chakugwiritsa ntchito. Regia Aeronautica idavomereza zisankho zomwe Colonel Amadeo Mecozzi, wapolisi wocheperapo Douhet, yemwe adatsindika kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru mphamvu zamlengalenga, makamaka. kuthandiza asilikali ndi asilikali apanyanja.
Ntchito yongopeka ya Giulio Due ndiye chiphunzitso choyambirira cha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamlengalenga pakuchita bwino, popanda nthambi zina zankhondo. M'mapazi ake, makamaka, British Bomber Command anatsatira, amene, ndi kuukira mizinda German, anayesa kufooketsa khalidwe la anthu German ndi kutsogolera kuthetsa kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse mofanana ndi yapita World nkhondo. Anthu a ku America anayesanso kuphwanya zida zankhondo za ku Germany pophulitsa nyumba za mafakitale za Third Reich. Pambuyo pake, nthawi ino ndi chipambano chachikulu, zoyesayesa zinapangidwa kubwereza zomwezo ndi Japan. Mu USSR, chiphunzitso cha Douai chinapangidwa ndi theorist Soviet Alexander Nikolaevich Lapchinsky (1882-1938) asanagwere ndi mantha a Stalinist.
Douai ndi ntchito yake
Giulio Due anabadwa pa May 30, 1869 ku Caserta, pafupi ndi Naples, m'banja la mkulu ndi mphunzitsi. Analowa mu Genoa Military Academy ali wamng'ono ndipo mu 1888, ali ndi zaka 19, adakwezedwa kukhala lieutenant wachiwiri m'gulu la zida zankhondo. Ali kale mkulu, anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Polytechnic University of Turin ndi digiri ya engineering. Iye anali msilikali waluso, ndipo mu 1900, ndi udindo wa Captain G. Due, anasankhidwa kukhala General Staff.
Douai anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi ndege mu 1905 pamene Italy inagula ndege yake yoyamba. Ndege yoyamba ya ku Italy inawuluka mu 1908, zomwe zinawonjezera chidwi cha Douai pa mwayi watsopano woperekedwa ndi ndege. Patapita zaka ziŵiri, iye analemba kuti: “Posachedwapa kumwamba kudzakhala bwalo lankhondo lofunika kwambiri ngati nthaka ndi nyanja. (...) Pokhapokha popeza mphamvu ya mpweya tidzatha kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi umene umatipatsa mwayi wochepetsera ufulu wa mdani padziko lapansi. Douai ankaona kuti ndege ndi chida chodalirika pokhudzana ndi ndege, momwe amasiyana ndi abwana ake, Colonel Duai. Maurizio Moris wochokera ku Aviation Inspectorate of the Italy Land Forces.
Ngakhale chaka cha 1914 chisanafike, Douai adapempha kuti pakhale gulu lankhondo lodziyimira pawokha la gulu lankhondo, loyendetsedwa ndi woyendetsa ndege. Pa nthawi yomweyi, Giulio Chifukwa adakhala paubwenzi ndi Gianni Caproni, mlengi wotchuka wa ndege komanso mwiniwake wa kampani ya ndege ya Caproni, yomwe adayambitsa mu 1911.
Mu 1911, dziko la Italy linali pankhondo ndi Turkey kuti lilamulire Libya. Pankhondo imeneyi, ndege zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo. Pa November 1, 1911, Lieutenant Giulio Gravotta, akuwulutsa Eltrich Taube yopangidwa ku Germany, anaponya mabomba a mpweya kwa nthaŵi yoyamba pa asilikali a Turkey m’dera la Zadr ndi Tachiura. Mu 1912, Douai, yemwe panthawiyo anali wamkulu, adapatsidwa ntchito yolemba lipoti lachiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha ndege, pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa zomwe zinachitikira nkhondo ya ku Libyan. Panthawiyo, maganizo omwe analipo anali oti ndege zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyang'ana magulu ankhondo ndi magulu ankhondo. Douai adanenanso kuti agwiritse ntchito ndegeyi kuti adziwe, kumenyana ndi ndege zina mlengalenga.
ndi kuphulitsa bomba.
Mu 1912, G. Douhet anatenga ulamuliro wa asilikali a ndege a ku Italy ku Turin. Posakhalitsa, analemba buku lofotokoza za kayendetsedwe ka ndege, Malamulo Ogwiritsira Ntchito Ndege Pankhondo, lomwe linavomerezedwa, koma akuluakulu a Douhet anamuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "zida zankhondo" kutanthauza ndege, m'malo mwake ndi "zida zankhondo." "Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mikangano yosalekeza ya Douhet ndi akuluakulu ake idayamba, ndipo malingaliro a Douhet adayamba kuonedwa ngati "akuluakulu."
Mu July 1914, Douai anali Chief of Staff wa Edolo Infantry Division. Patatha mwezi umodzi, Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse inayamba, koma Italy panthaŵiyo sanaloŵererepo. Mu December 1914, Douai, yemwe anali ataneneratu kuti nkhondo imene inali itangoyamba kumene idzakhala yaitali ndiponso yowononga ndalama zambiri, analemba nkhani yofuna kuti ndege za ku Italy ziwonjezeke poyembekezera kuti nkhondoyo idzathandiza kwambiri m’tsogolo. Kale m'nkhani yomwe tatchulayi, Douai adalemba kale kuti kukhala wopambana ndi kutha kuukira kuchokera mumlengalenga chilichonse cha gulu la adani popanda kuwononga kwambiri. M'nkhani yotsatira, adaganiza zopanga gulu la oponya mabomba a 500 kuti awononge malo ofunika kwambiri, obisika kwambiri kumadera akunja. Douai analemba kuti magulu oponya mabomba omwe tawatchulawa amatha kuponya mabomba okwana matani 125 patsiku.
Mu 1915, Italy analowa nkhondo, amene, monga ku Western Front, posakhalitsa inasanduka ngalande nkhondo. Douai adadzudzula General Staff waku Italy chifukwa chomenya nkhondoyi ndi njira zakale. Kumayambiriro kwa 1915, Douai adatumiza makalata angapo kwa General Staff okhala ndi zodzudzula ndi malingaliro osintha njira. Mwachitsanzo, adapereka malingaliro oyambitsa kuwombera ndege ku Turkey Constantinople kuti akakamize dziko la Turkey kuti litsegule Dardanelles kwa zombo za mayiko a Entente. Anatumizanso makalata ake kwa General Luigi Cardone, mkulu wa asilikali a ku Italy.
