Mfundo ya ntchito ya kufala kwa automatic

Mphamvu ya galimoto zimadalira mtundu wa kufala ntchito. Opanga makina amayesa nthawi zonse ndikugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano. Komabe, oyendetsa galimoto ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito zimango, pokhulupirira kuti mwanjira imeneyi angapewe kukwera mtengo kwandalama kukonzetsera makina odziwikiratu. Komabe, makina odziwikiratu ndi opepuka komanso osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ndiofunika kwambiri mumzinda wokhala ndi anthu ambiri. Kukhala ndi ma pedals awiri okha m'galimoto yokhayokha kumapangitsa kukhala njira yabwino kwambiri yoyendera madalaivala osadziwa.

Kodi kufala kwadzidzidzi ndi mbiri ya chilengedwe chake

Kutumiza kodziwikiratu ndi njira yomwe, popanda woyendetsa galimoto, imasankha mulingo woyenera wa zida malinga ndi momwe amayendera. Chotsatira chake ndikuyenda bwino kwa galimoto ndi chitonthozo kwa dalaivala mwiniwake.

Gearbox control.

Mbiri yakapangidwe

Maziko a makina - gearbox lapansi ndi chosinthira makokedwe, amene analengedwa ndi German Hermann Fittenger mu 1902. Zomwe zidapangidwa poyambirira zidapangidwa kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zombo. Mu 1904, "Startevent" abale Boston anapereka mtundu wina wa kufala basi, wopangidwa ndi 2 gearbox.

Magalimoto oyambirira omwe ma gearbox a mapulaneti adayikidwa adapangidwa pansi pa dzina la Ford T. Mfundo ya ntchito yawo inali motere: dalaivala anasintha njira yoyendetsera galimoto pogwiritsa ntchito 2 pedals. Mmodzi anali ndi udindo wokweza ndi kutsika pansi, winayo ankapereka kusuntha.

M'zaka za m'ma 1930, opanga General Motors adatulutsa makina odziyimira pawokha. Makinawa ankaperekabe clutch, koma ma hydraulics ankalamulira mapulaneti. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, mainjiniya a Chrysler adawonjezera clutch ya hydraulic m'bokosi. The awiri-liwiro gearbox m'malo ndi overdrive - overdrive, pamene chiŵerengero cha zida ndi zosakwana 1.

Kutumiza koyamba kodziwikiratu kudawonekera mu 1940 ku General Motors. Idaphatikiza clutch ya hydraulic ndi gearbox ya magawo anayi a pulaneti, ndipo kuwongolera kodziwikiratu kudatheka kudzera mu ma hydraulics.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa kufala basi

Mtundu uliwonse wa kufala uli ndi mafani. Koma makina a hydraulic sataya kutchuka kwake, chifukwa ali ndi ubwino wosakayika:

• magiya amangotsegulidwa zokha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndende yathunthu pamsewu;
• njira yoyambira kayendetsedwe kake ndi yosavuta momwe mungathere;
• galimoto yapansi ndi injini imayendetsedwa munjira yofatsa;
• Patency yamagalimoto okhala ndi zodziwikiratu ikukulirakulira nthawi zonse.

Ngakhale kukhalapo kwa ubwino, oyendetsa galimoto amawonetsa zovuta zotsatirazi pakugwira ntchito kwa makina:

• palibe njira yofulumizitsa galimoto;
• kuyankha kwamphamvu kwa injini ndikocheperako kuposa kufalitsa kwamanja;
• zoyendetsa sizingayambike kuchokera kwa wokankha;
• galimoto ndi yovuta kukoka;
• kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika bokosi kumabweretsa kuwonongeka;
• Kutumiza kwamagetsi kumawononga ndalama zambiri kukonza ndi kukonza.

Makinawa kufala chipangizo

Pali zigawo zinayi zazikulu zamakina apamwamba kwambiri:

1. hydraulic transformer. M'mawu ake, amawoneka ngati bagel, omwe adalandira dzina lofanana. Chosinthira ma torque chimateteza bokosi la giya pakathamanga komanso kuthamanga kwa injini. Mkati mwake muli mafuta a gear, omwe amatuluka omwe amapereka mafuta ku dongosolo ndikupanga kupanikizika. Chifukwa chake, cholumikizira chimapangidwa pakati pa mota ndi kufala, torque imaperekedwa ku chassis.
2. Planetary reductor. Muli magiya ndi zinthu zina zogwirira ntchito zomwe zimayendetsedwa mozungulira malo amodzi (kuzungulira kwa mapulaneti) pogwiritsa ntchito masitima apamtunda. Magiya amapatsidwa mayina awa: chapakati - solar, intermediate - satellites, kunja - korona. Bokosi la gear lili ndi chonyamulira mapulaneti, chomwe chimapangidwira kukonza ma satellite. Kusuntha magiya, magiya ena amatsekedwa pomwe ena amangoyenda.
3. Brake band yokhala ndi ma seti a friction clutches. Makinawa ali ndi udindo wophatikizira magiya, panthawi yoyenera amaletsa ndikuyimitsa zinthu zapadziko lapansi. Ambiri samamvetsetsa chifukwa chake ma brake band amafunikira pamagetsi odziwikiratu. Iwo ndi clutch amazimitsa ndikuzimitsa motsatizana, zomwe zimatsogolera kugawidwa kwa torque kuchokera ku injini ndikuwonetsetsa kusintha kwa zida. Ngati tepiyo sinasinthidwe bwino, ma jerks amamveka panthawi yoyenda.
4. Dongosolo lowongolera. Zili ndi mpope wamagetsi, sump yamafuta, hydraulic unit ndi ECU (electronic control unit). Hydroblock ili ndi ntchito zowongolera ndi zowongolera. ECU imalandira deta kuchokera ku masensa osiyanasiyana pa liwiro la kuyenda, kusankha njira yabwino kwambiri, ndi zina zotero, chifukwa cha izi, kufalikira kwadzidzidzi kumayendetsedwa popanda dalaivala.

Kupanga kwa gearbox.

Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ndi moyo wautumizidwe wazofalitsa

Injini ikayamba, mafuta otumizira amalowa mu chosinthira makokedwe, kukakamiza mkati kumawonjezeka, ndipo masamba a pampu a centrifugal amayamba kuzungulira.

Akalowedwe izi amapereka kusasuntha wathunthu wa riyakitala gudumu pamodzi ndi chopangira magetsi chachikulu.

Dalaivala akamasuntha lever ndikukankhira pedal, liwiro la mapampu amagetsi limawonjezeka. Kuthamanga kwa mafuta othamanga kumawonjezeka ndipo masamba a turbine amayamba. Madziwo amasamutsidwa ku riyakitala ndikubwereranso ku turbine, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zake. Makokedwe amasamutsidwa ku mawilo, galimoto imayamba kuyenda.

Liwiro lofunika likangofikira, turbine yapakati yokhala ndi bladed ndi gudumu la mpope zimayamba kuyenda momwemo. Mphepo yamkuntho yamafuta imagunda gudumu la riyakitala kuchokera mbali inayo, popeza mayendedwe amatha kukhala mbali imodzi. Zimayamba kupota. Ngati galimoto ikupita kumtunda, gudumu limayima ndikusamutsa torque yambiri ku pampu ya centrifugal. Kufika pa liwiro lofunidwa kumabweretsa kusintha kwa zida mu pulaneti ya zida.

Polamulidwa ndi gawo lowongolera zamagetsi, gulu la brake lomwe lili ndi ziwombankhanga zokhotakhota limachepetsa zida zotsika, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwakuyenda kwamafuta kumayenda kudzera mu valve. Ndiye overdrive ifulumizitsa, kusintha kwake kumapangidwa popanda kutaya mphamvu.

Ngati makina amasiya kapena kuthamanga kwake kumachepa, ndiye kuti kuthamanga kwa madzi ogwirira ntchito kumachepanso, ndipo gear imasunthira pansi. Injini itazimitsidwa, kuthamanga kwa chosinthira makokedwe kumatha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kuyambitsa galimoto kuchokera ku pusher.

Kulemera kwa kufala kwadzidzidzi kumafika makilogalamu 70 pamalo owuma (palibe hydraulic transformer) ndi 110 kg ikadzazidwa. Kuti makina azigwira bwino ntchito, ndikofunikira kuwongolera kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi ogwira ntchito komanso kuthamanga koyenera - kuchokera pa 2,5 mpaka 4,5 bar.

Chida cha bokosi chikhoza kusiyana. Mu magalimoto ena amatumikira za 100 Km, ena - oposa 000 Km. Nthawi yautumiki imatengera momwe dalaivala amawonera momwe chipangizocho chilili, kaya chimalowetsa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yake.

Zosiyanasiyana zotengera zodziwikiratu

Malinga ndi akatswiri, hydromechanical automatic transmission imayimiridwa ndi gawo lapulaneti la msonkhano. Kupatula apo, ili ndi udindo wosinthira magiya ndipo, limodzi ndi chosinthira ma torque, ndi chipangizo chimodzi chokha. Kutumiza kodziwikiratu kumaphatikizapo chosinthira cha hydraulic hydraulic, loboti komanso chosinthira.

Classic zodziwikiratu kufala

Ubwino wamakina apamwamba ndikuti kutumiza kwa torque kupita ku chassis kumaperekedwa ndi madzimadzi amafuta mu chosinthira makokedwe.

Izi zimapewa zovuta za clutch zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri mukamagwiritsa ntchito makina omwe ali ndi mitundu ina ya ma gearbox. Ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito bokosi panthawi yake, ndiye kuti mutha kuligwiritsa ntchito kwanthawizonse.

Malo oyang'anira maloboti

Mtundu wa robotic gearbox.

Ndi mtundu wa njira zina zamakanika, kokha pamapangidwe pali zowawa ziwiri zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi zamagetsi. Ubwino waukulu wa robot ndi chuma chamafuta. Mapangidwewa ali ndi mapulogalamu, ntchito yake ndikuzindikira torque.

Bokosilo limatchedwa adaptive, chifukwa. imatha kusinthira kumayendedwe oyendetsa. Nthawi zambiri, clutch imasweka mu robot, chifukwa. silingathe kunyamula katundu wolemera, monga ngati litakwera m’malo ovuta.

CVT

chipangizo amapereka yosalala stepless kufala kwa makokedwe a galimotoyo galimotoyo. The Variator amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi kumawonjezera mphamvu, amapereka injini ndi ntchito modekha. Bokosi lodzipangira lotere silikhala lolimba ndipo silimalimbana ndi katundu wolemera. Mkati mwa chigawocho, zigawozo zimatsutsana nthawi zonse, zomwe zimachepetsa moyo wa osinthika.

Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito ma automatic transmission

Okonza maloko ogwirira ntchito amati kuwonongeka kwapamadzi nthawi zambiri kumawoneka mukamagwiritsa ntchito mosasamala komanso kusintha kwamafuta mwadzidzidzi.

Njira zoyendetsera

Pali batani pa lever yomwe dalaivala ayenera kukanikiza kuti asankhe njira yomwe akufuna. Chosankhacho chili ndi malo angapo:

• Kuyimitsa (P) - cholumikizira chatsekedwa pamodzi ndi shaft ya gearbox, ndi chizolowezi kugwiritsa ntchito njirayo ngati kuyimitsidwa kwanthawi yayitali kapena kutenthetsa;
• ndale (N) - tsinde silinakhazikike, makina amatha kukokedwa mosamala;
• kuyendetsa (D) - kuyenda kwa magalimoto, magalimoto amasankhidwa okha;
• L (D2) - galimoto imayenda m'malo ovuta (kutalika kwa msewu, kutsika kotsetsereka, kukwera), liwiro lalikulu ndi 40 km / h;
• D3 - kuchepetsa zida ndi kutsika pang'ono kapena kukwera;
• kubweza (R) - kubweza;
• overdrive (O / D) - ngati batani ikugwira ntchito, ndiye pamene liwiro lalikulu lakhazikitsidwa, zida zachinayi zimayatsidwa;
• PWR - "masewera" mode, imapereka magwiridwe antchito osinthika powonjezera magiya pa liwiro lalikulu;
• zabwinobwino - kuyenda kosalala komanso kopanda ndalama;
• manu - magiya amapangidwa mwachindunji ndi dalaivala.

Kusintha modes wa zodziwikiratu kufala.

Momwe mungayambitsire galimoto yokha

Ntchito yokhazikika ya kufala kwadzidzidzi kumadalira chiyambi cholondola. Kuteteza bokosilo kuti lisakhudzidwe ndi anthu osaphunzira komanso kukonzanso kotsatira, madigiri angapo achitetezo apangidwa.

Mukayamba injini, chotengera chosankha chiyenera kukhala "P" kapena "N" malo. Malo awa amalola kuti chitetezo chidumphe chizindikiro kuti chiyambe injini. Ngati lever ili pamalo osiyana, dalaivala sangathe kuyatsa kuyatsa, kapena palibe chomwe chingachitike mutatembenuza kiyi.

Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyimitsa magalimoto kuti muyambe kuyenda bwino, chifukwa ndi mtengo wa "P", mawilo oyendetsa galimoto amatsekedwa, zomwe zimalepheretsa kugudubuza. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yopanda ndale kumathandizira kukoka magalimoto mwadzidzidzi.

Magalimoto ambiri okhala ndi zodziwikiratu adzayamba osati ndi malo olondola a lever, komanso pambuyo pokhumudwitsa chopondapo. Zochita izi zimalepheretsa kubweza galimoto mwangozi pamene lever yakhazikitsidwa ku "N".

Zitsanzo zamakono zili ndi loko yotchinga ndi anti-kuba. Ngati dalaivala wamaliza masitepe onse molondola, ndi chiwongolero si kusuntha ndipo n'zosatheka kutembenukira kiyi, ndiye kuti chitetezo basi anatembenukira. Kuti mutsegule, muyenera kuyikanso ndikutembenuza kiyiyo, komanso kuzungulira chiwongolero mbali zonse ziwiri. Ngati izi zikuchitika synchronously, ndiye chitetezo amachotsedwa.

Momwe mungayendetsere ma automatic transmission ndi zomwe simukuyenera kuchita

Kuti mukwaniritse moyo wautali wautumiki wa bokosi la gear, ndikofunikira kuyika bwino mawonekedwe malinga ndi zomwe zikuchitika pano. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito makina molondola, malamulo otsatirawa ayenera kutsatiridwa:

• dikirani kukankhira komwe kumadziwitsa za kukhudzidwa kwathunthu kwa kufalitsa, pokhapokha muyenera kuyamba kusuntha;
• potsetsereka, m'pofunika kusunthira ku gear yotsika, ndipo pogwira ntchito ndi brake pedal, onetsetsani kuti mawilo azungulira pang'onopang'ono;
• kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumapangitsa kuti injini ikhale yolimba komanso kuchepetsa kuthamanga;
• pamene kukoka magalimoto ndi injini kuthamanga, liwiro malire 50 Km / h ayenera kuonedwa, ndi mtunda pazipita ayenera kukhala zosakwana 50 Km;
• Simungakhoze kukoka galimoto ina ngati ndi yolemera kuposa galimoto ndi kufala zodziwikiratu, pamene kukoka, muyenera kuika lever pa "D2" kapena "L" ndi kuyendetsa osapitirira 40 Km / h.

Pofuna kupewa kukonza zodula, madalaivala sayenera:

• kusuntha mumayendedwe oimika magalimoto;
• kutsika mu zida zopanda ndale;
• yesetsani kuyambitsa injini ndi kukankha;
• ikani lever pa "P" kapena "N" ngati muyenera kusiya kwa kanthawi;
• tembenuzirani kumbuyo kuchoka pa "D" mpaka kusunthako kutayiretu;
• pa malo otsetsereka, sinthani kumalo oimika magalimoto mpaka galimoto itayikidwa pa handbrake.

Kuti muyambe kutsika, muyenera kutsitsa kaye chopondapo, kenako ndikumasula handbrake. Pokhapokha ndikusankha njira yoyendetsera galimoto.

Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito ma transmission m'nyengo yozizira

M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mavuto ndi makina. Kuti apulumutse gwero la unit m'miyezi yozizira, madalaivala ayenera kutsatira malangizo awa:

1. Mukayatsa injini, tenthetsani bokosilo kwa mphindi zingapo, ndipo musanayendetse, kanikizani ndikugwira chopondapo ndikusintha mitundu yonse. Zochita izi zimapangitsa kuti mafuta otumizira atenthedwe mwachangu.
2. Pamakilomita 5-10 oyamba, simuyenera kuthamangitsa kwambiri ndikuzembera.
3. Ngati mukufuna kusiya chipale chofewa kapena chipale chofewa, ndiye kuti muyenera kuphatikiza zida zapansi. Kapenanso, muyenera kugwira ntchito ndi ma pedals ndikuthamangitsa mosamala.
4. Kumanga sikungatheke, chifukwa kumakhudza kwambiri hydraulic transformer.
5. Panjira youma imakupatsani mwayi kuti mutsike ndikuyika ma semi-automatic mode kuti muyimitse kusuntha ndikuphwanya injini. Ngati kutsika kuli poterera, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito brake pedal.
6. Pamalo otsetsereka oundana, sikuloledwa kukanikiza chopondapo mwamphamvu ndikulola kuti mawilo asunthike.
7. Kuti mutuluke pang'onopang'ono pa skid ndikukhazikitsa makinawo, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mulowe mwachidule mopanda ndale.

Kusiyana pakati pa kufala kwa ma gudumu kumbuyo ndi magalimoto akutsogolo

M'galimoto yokhala ndi magudumu akutsogolo, kufala kwadzidzidzi kumakhala ndi kukula kocheperako komanso kusiyanasiyana, komwe ndi gawo lalikulu la zida. Mwa zina, chiwembu ndi magwiridwe antchito a mabokosi alibe kusiyana.