Nkhani yaku Poland pa Nkhondo Yaikulu, gawo 4

"Polski's Treasures with the Baltic Sea", chojambula cha Wojciech Kossak chosonyeza zomwe zinachitika ku Puck, February 10, 19920. Pomeranian Rifle Division idayamba ntchito yake pa Januware 16 ku Torun. Inaphatikizidwa ndi 18th Wielkopolska Rifle Division (2 Infantry Division). Pa February 15, 11, asilikali omaliza adachoka ku Gdansk.

1918 inabweretsa ufulu kwa anthu a ku Poland, koma dziko la Poland linakhazikitsidwa mu 1919. Munali mu 1919 kuti zisankho zidapangidwa pamayendedwe amkati a boma komanso kufunafuna thandizo m'maiko a demokalase a Western Europe. Akugwirabe ntchito mpaka lero. Mu 1919, dziko la Poland linaloŵerera m’nkhondo zingapo zankhondo, koma sizinali zofunika kwenikweni. Chiyeso chenicheni cha dziko laling'ono ndi asilikali ake chinali kuchitika mu 1920.

Madzulo a ufulu wodzilamulira, Poland inali ndi gulu lankhondo chabe. Pakatikati pawo panali asitikali masauzande angapo a Army of the Poland Kingdom of Poland. M'mwezi wa October, chiwerengero cha asilikali chinawonjezeka kawiri ndi kupitirira 10 000. Mu November, magulu atsopano a asilikali adawonekera: magulu a asilikali omwe kale anali a Austro-Hungary anali a Polonized ku Lesser Poland, ndipo magulu a Polish Military Organization (VOEN) analengedwa mu Ufumu wakale. ku Poland. Iwo analibe luso lalikulu lankhondo: kuthamangitsidwa modzidzimutsa kwa gulu lankhondo lachifumu kunayambitsa kugwa kwa magulu omwe alipo, pamene mu Ufumu wa Poland magulu a akaidi ankhondo anali makamaka mapangidwe a dongosolo la anthu. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo lamkati - kulandidwa zida kwa magulu osiyanasiyana ndi zigawenga, kuthetsedwa kwa mayiko odzitcha okha ogwira ntchito ndi alimi - kunapitilira mpaka kumayambiriro kwa 1919.

Kufooka kwa asilikali a Poland kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuti gulu lankhondo la anthu osakwana 2000 linapatsidwa ntchito yoyamba yankhondo - kumasulidwa kwa Lviv. Choncho, Lvov anayenera kumenyana yekha kwa milungu ingapo. Mu nkhondo ndi mdani kunja - chakumapeto kwa 1918 ndi 1919 iwo makamaka Rusyns, Czechs ndi Bolshevik Russian - pali chiyambi cha magulu apadera pa mzere kutsogolo. Kumapeto kwa 1918, magulu anayiwa anatanthauza kuti asilikali a ku Poland anali pafupifupi 50. Gawo lachisanu la zida zankhondo linali Gulu Lankhondo Lalikulu la Poland, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kuyambira Januwale 000, ndipo lachisanu ndi chimodzi linali "Blue" Army, ndiko kuti, magulu ankhondo omwe adapangidwa ku France ndi Italy.

Kumanga ndi kukulitsa Asilikali aku Poland

Maziko a asilikali anali asilikali oyenda pansi. Gulu lake lalikulu lankhondo linali gulu la asilikali mazana angapo. Maguluwa anali mbali ya ma regiments, koma ma regiments anali ndi ntchito zoyang'anira ndi zophunzitsira: gululi linali ndi asilikali kwinakwake mkati mwa dzikoli, kumene linkaphunzitsa asilikali ambiri, kuwaveka ndi kuwadyetsa. Udindo wa regiment pabwalo lankhondo linali laling'ono kwambiri, popeza kugawanika kunali kofunikira kwambiri. Gawoli linali mapangidwe anzeru, ngati gulu lankhondo laling'ono: lidagwirizanitsa magulu ankhondo ankhondo, mabatire ankhondo ndi magulu apakavalo, omwe amatha kuchita nawo mitundu yonse yankhondo. Kunena zoona, gulu lankhondo losachita magawano si kanthu koma gulu lankhondo, makamaka gulu lankhondo ladongosolo.

Mpaka kumapeto kwa 1919, panalibe magawidwe mu Gulu Lankhondo la Poland. Magulu ankhondo osiyanasiyana anamenyera nkhondo kutsogolo, ndipo magulu ankhondo anapangidwa kuchokera kwa achinyamata ongodzipereka ophunzitsidwa bwino m’dzikolo. Pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, kulemba sikunachitike m'miyezi yoyamba. Asilikali olimba mtima a Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lawo ankafuna kubwereranso ku mabanja awo mwamsanga, ndipo kuitanira kwawo kunkhondo kutha kutha m’chipululuko chambiri ngakhalenso zipolowe. M'magulu onse atatu ogawanitsa munali chofufumitsa chosinthika, kunali koyenera kudikirira mpaka mkhalidwewo utakhazikika. Komanso, mabungwe a dziko laling'ono la ku Poland sakanatha kulimbana ndi kulembedwa usilikali: kukonzekera mndandanda wa olembedwa, kuwaika, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, kukakamiza iwo omwe safuna yunifolomu. Koma vuto lalikulu linali kusowa kwathunthu kwa ndalama. Gulu lankhondo limawononga ndalama, kotero chinthu choyamba chinali kudziwa zomwe muli nazo, kukhazikitsa dongosolo lazachuma, ndikupanga njira yabwino yotolera misonkho. Kulembetsa usilikali kunayambika pa January 15, 1919 ndi lamulo la Mtsogoleri wa Boma.

Poyamba, amayenera kupanga magawo 12 a ana oyenda pansi, koma posakhalitsa zinaonekeratu kuti dziko la Poland limalola kuti chiwerengerochi chiwonjezeke. Magawano anayamba kuyambika kumayambiriro kwa March ndi April 1919. Ngakhale kuti magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi opanda zida anamenyana ndi zigawenga kwa miyezi ingapo, kudzipatulira kwawo payekha kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kukonzekera asilikali amphamvu ndi okonzeka kumenyana, omwe kufika kwawo kunasintha nthawi yomweyo. tsogolo la kulimbana. Ndipo ngakhale, kuwonjezera pa makanda, apakavalo adakonzedwanso kukhala machitidwe odziyimira pawokha - zida zankhondo, ma sappers, ndege zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zida zankhondo zokhala ndi zida zankhondo - mphamvu za mapangidwe agawidwe ankhondo akuwonetsa momveka bwino mavuto andale, azachuma ndi ankhondo. wa dziko lachichepere la Poland.

Magawo atatu oyamba adakonzedwa chifukwa cha ma legionnaires. Awiri a iwo anamenyana ndi a Bolshevik a ku Russia ndipo anamasula Vilnius m'chaka cha 1919. Odzipereka omwe anali m'malire odzitetezera okha kuchokera ku Kaunas kupita ku Minsk adamenyana nawo. Mu October 1919, magulu awiri adapangidwa, omwe amatchedwa Lithuanian-Belarusian. Anakhalabe olekanitsidwa mophiphiritsira ndi magulu ena anzeru a Asitikali aku Poland, ndipo asitikali awo adakhala omwe adatsogolera zomwe General Żeligowski adachita ku Vilnius. Nkhondo itatha, adakhala 19th ndi 20th Rifle Divisions.

Gawo lachitatu lankhondo lankhondo linalimbana ndi a Rusyns ndi aku Ukraine. Zina ziwiri zinakhazikitsidwa kutsogolo komweko: 3th Rifle Regiment inali gawo la thandizo lakale la Lviv, ndipo 4th Rifle Regiment inali mbali ya brigade ya Lvov. Otsatirawa adapangidwa kuchokera kumagulu omwe kale anali Ufumu ndi Galicia wakale: Gulu la 5 la Infantry ku Krakow, 6th Infantry Regiment ku Częstochowa, 7th Infantry Regiment ku Warsaw. Mu June, 8th Rifle Division idapangidwa ku Polesie ndipo 9th Rifle Division idapangidwa pophatikiza magulu a Lodz ndi Polish 10th Rifle Division, omwe anali atangofika kumene mdzikolo.