Chifukwa cha ku Poland pa Nkhondo Yaikulu, gawo 2: kumbali ya Entente

Likulu la XNUMXst Polish Corps ku Russia (makamaka, "Kum'mawa"). Pakatikati pali General Jozef Dovbor-Musnitsky.

Zoyesayesa za Poland kubwezeretsa ufulu wodzilamulira pamaziko a limodzi la maulamuliro ogaŵanitsa zinabweretsa zotulukapo zochepa kwambiri. Anthu a ku Austria anali ofooka kwambiri ndipo Ajeremani anali ndi chuma. Poyambirira, chiyembekezo chachikulu chinayikidwa pa anthu a ku Russia, koma mgwirizano ndi iwo unali wovuta kwambiri, wovuta komanso wofunika kudzichepetsa kwakukulu kuchokera ku Poland. Kugwirizana ndi France kunabweretsa zambiri.

M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu - ndipo zambiri za zaka za m'ma 1792 - Russia ankaonedwa kuti ndi wothandizana nawo kwambiri komanso woyandikana nawo wachifundo kwambiri ku Poland. Ubalewu sunasokonezedwe ndi gawo loyamba la Poland, koma ndi nkhondo ya 1794 ndi kuponderezedwa koopsa kwa kuwukira kwa Kosciuszko mu 1813. Koma ngakhale zochitikazi zinkaonedwa kuti ndizochitika mwangozi kuposa nkhope yeniyeni ya chiyanjano. Anthu a ku Poland ankafuna kuti agwirizane ndi Russia mu nthawi ya Napoleon, ngakhale kuti panali Duchy of Warsaw wochirikiza French. Mwanjira ina, asilikali Russian, amene analanda duchy mu 1815-XNUMX, anachita bwino ndithu. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe anthu aku Poland adalandira mwachidwi kubwezeretsedwa kwa Ufumu wa Poland pansi pa ulamuliro wa Tsar Alexander. Poyamba, anali ndi ulemu waukulu pakati pa anthu a ku Poland: zinali mwa ulemu wake kuti nyimbo "Mulungu, chinachake Poland ..." inalembedwa.

Iwo ankayembekezera kubwezeretsa Republic of Poland pansi pa ndodo yake. Kuti adzabwezeretsa Maiko Ogwidwa (ndiko kuti, kale Lithuania ndi Podolia) ku Ufumu, ndiyeno kubwerera ku Poland Yaing'ono ndi Poland Yaikulu. Mwachionekere, monga mmene aliyense wodziŵa mbiri ya Chifinishi anamvetsetsa. M’zaka za m’ma 1809, dziko la Russia linkachita nkhondo ndi Sweden, ndipo nthawi iliyonse linkalanda zigawo za dziko la Finland. Nkhondo ina inayambika mu XNUMX, pambuyo pake dziko lonse la Finland linagwera ku St. Tsar Alexander analenga Grand Duchy wa Finland pano, kumene iye anabwerera maiko anagonjetsedwa pa nkhondo za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Ndicho chifukwa chake a Poles mu Ufumu wa Poland ankayembekeza kulowa nawo Maiko Otengedwa - ndi Vilnius, Grodno ndi Novogrudok.

Mwatsoka, Mfumu Alexander wa Poland anali pa nthawi yomweyo mfumu ya Russia ndipo sanali kumvetsa kwenikweni kusiyana pakati pa mayiko awiriwa. Ngakhalenso mchimwene wake ndi woloŵa m’malo Mikołaj anali wocheperapo, amene ananyalanyaza malamulo ndi kuyesa kulamulira dziko la Poland monga momwe analamulira Russia. Izi zinayambitsa kusintha komwe kunayambika mu November 1830, ndiyeno ku nkhondo ya Polish-Russian. Zochitika zonsezi zimadziwika lero ndi dzina lolakwika la Kuukira kwa Novembala. Pokhapokha pamene chidani cha Poles kwa a Russia chinayamba kuwonekera.

Kuukira kwa November kunatayika, ndipo asilikali a Russia olanda adalowa mu Ufumu. Komabe, Ufumu wa Poland sunaleke kukhalapo. Boma linkagwira ntchito, ngakhale kuti linali ndi mphamvu zochepa, makhoti a ku Poland ankagwira ntchito, ndipo chinenero chawo chinali Chipolishi. Izi zitha kufananizidwa ndi zomwe US ​​​​analanda posachedwa ku Afghanistan kapena Iraq. Komabe, ngakhale kuti Amereka pomalizira pake anathetsa kulanda maiko onse aŵiri aŵiriŵa, Arasha sanafune kutero. M'zaka za m'ma 60, a Poles adaganiza kuti kusintha kunali kochepa kwambiri, ndipo kuukira kwa January kunayamba.

Komabe, ngakhale pambuyo pa Zipolowe za January, Ufumu wa Poland sunathe kukhalapo, ngakhale kuti ufulu wake unali wochepa. Ufumuwo sunathe kuthetsedwa - unalengedwa pamaziko a chigamulo cha maulamuliro akuluakulu omwe adatengedwa ku Congress of Vienna, choncho, pothetsa, mfumuyo idzasiya mafumu ena a ku Ulaya popanda chidwi, ndipo sakanatha. Dzina lakuti "Kingdom of Poland" linagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono m'mabuku a Chirasha; nthawi zambiri mawu akuti "Vistulanlands", kapena "lands pa Vistula" amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Anthu a ku Poland, omwe anakana kukhala akapolo a Russia, anapitirizabe kutcha dziko lawo "Ufumu". Okhawo omwe anayesa kukondweretsa anthu a ku Russia ndi kuvomereza kugonjera kwawo ku St. Petersburg adagwiritsa ntchito dzina lakuti "dziko la vislav". Mutha kukumana naye lero, koma ndi zotsatira za frivolity ndi umbuli.

Ndipo ambiri anagwirizana ndi kudalira kwa Poland pa Petersburg. Kenako ankatchedwa “anthu enieni”. Ambiri aiwo amatsatira malingaliro osamala kwambiri, omwe, kumbali imodzi, adathandizira mgwirizano ndi boma la tsarist lomwe linachitapo kanthu, ndipo linakhumudwitsa antchito a ku Poland ndi alimi. Panthawiyi, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, anali alimi ndi antchito, osati olemekezeka ndi eni nthaka, omwe anali gawo lalikulu kwambiri la anthu. Potsirizira pake, thandizo lawo linalandiridwa ndi National Democracy, yotsogoleredwa ndi Roman Dmovsky. M’ndondomeko yake ya ndale, kuvomereza kulamulira kwanthaŵi yochepa kwa St.

Nkhondo yomwe ikubwera, njira yomwe inamveka ku Ulaya konse, inali kubweretsa Russia kupambana Germany ndi Austria ndipo motero kugwirizana kwa mayiko a ku Poland pansi pa ulamuliro wa mfumu. Malinga ndi Dmowski, nkhondoyo iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa chikoka cha Polish pa kayendetsedwe ka Russia ndikuwonetsetsa kudziyimira pawokha kwa Poles ogwirizana. Ndipo m'tsogolomu, mwinamwake, padzakhalanso mwayi wodziimira payekha.

Mpikisano wa Legion

Koma Russia sanali kusamala za Poles. Zoona, nkhondo ndi Germany inapatsidwa mawonekedwe a nkhondo ya pan-Slavic - posakhalitsa itangoyamba kumene, likulu la Russia linasintha dzina lachijeremani la Petersburg kukhala Slavic Petrograd - koma chinali chochitika chomwe cholinga chake chinali kugwirizanitsa maphunziro onse ozungulira. zar. Atsogoleri a ndale ndi akuluakulu a ku Petrograd ankakhulupirira kuti apambana nkhondoyo mwamsanga ndikupambana. Kuyesera kulikonse kuthandizira cholinga cha ku Poland, chopangidwa ndi a Poles omwe akukhala mu Russian Duma ndi State Council, kapena ndi olamulira a malo ndi mafakitale, adakanidwa ndi khoma la kukana. Pokhapokha pa sabata lachitatu la nkhondo - August 14, 1914 - pamene Grand Duke Nikolai Mikolayevich anapereka apilo kwa a Poles, kulengeza kugwirizana kwa mayiko a ku Poland. Pempholo linalibe tanthauzo landale: silinaperekedwe ndi mfumu, osati ndi nyumba yamalamulo, osati ndi boma, koma ndi mkulu wa asilikali a Russia okha. Apiloyo inalibe tanthauzo lenileni: palibe kuvomereza kapena zisankho zomwe zidatsatiridwa. Pempholo linali ndi phindu lina - lopanda phindu - lofalitsa zabodza. Komabe, ziyembekezo zonse zidagwa ngakhale atawerenga mwachidule lemba lake. Zinali zosamvetsetseka, zokhudzidwa ndi tsogolo losadziwika bwino, ndipo zinkafotokozera zomwe aliyense akudziwa: Russia ikufuna kulanda madera okhala ndi anthu a ku Poland a oyandikana nawo akumadzulo.