Kukonzekera kwa magwero a mphamvu zamagetsi

Zomwe zimachitika m'nyumba iliyonse ndikuti mabatire ogulidwa posachedwapa sakhalanso abwino. Kapena mwinamwake, kusamalira chilengedwe, ndipo nthawi yomweyo - za chuma cha chikwama chathu, tili ndi mabatire? Patapita kanthawi, iwonso adzakana kugwirizana. Ndiye mu zinyalala? Ayi ndithu! Podziwa zowopseza zomwe ma cell amayambitsa m'chilengedwe, tiyang'ana malo ochitira msonkhano.

Kusonkhanitsa

Kodi vuto lomwe tikukumana nalo ndi lalikulu bwanji? Lipoti la 2011 la Chief Environmental Inspector linasonyeza kuti kuposa Ma cell 400 miliyoni ndi mabatire. Pafupifupi anthu omwewo anadzipha.

Mpunga. 1. Chiŵerengero cha zinthu zopangira (maselo ogwiritsidwa ntchito) kuchokera kumagulu a boma.

Choncho tiyenera kukulitsa pafupifupi matani 92 a zinyalala zoopsa munali zitsulo zolemera (mercury, cadmium, faifi tambala, siliva, lead) ndi angapo mankhwala mankhwala (potaziyamu hydroxide, ammonium kolorayidi, manganese dioxide, sulfuric acid) (mkuyu. 1). Tikataya - ❖ kuyanika kwa corrodes - amaipitsa nthaka ndi madzi (mkuyu 2). Tisapange "mphatso" yotere ku chilengedwe, choncho kwa ife tokha. Mwa ndalama izi, 34% idawerengedwa ndi mapurosesa apadera. Choncho, pali zambiri zoti zichitike, ndipo si chitonthozo kuti si ku Poland kokha?

Mpunga. 2. Zotchingira ma cell.

Tilibenso chowiringula choti tipite maselo ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Malo aliwonse omwe amagulitsa mabatire ndi zolowa m'malo akuyenera kuzilandira kuchokera kwa ife (komanso zida zakale zamagetsi ndi zida zapakhomo). Komanso, mashopu ambiri ndi masukulu ali ndi makontena momwe timayikamo makola. Chifukwa chake, "tisanyoze" ndipo tisataye mabatire omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma accumulators mu zinyalala. Ndi chikhumbo chaching'ono, tidzapeza malo ochitira msonkhano, ndipo maulalowo amalemera pang'ono kuti ulalowo usatitope.

Zosintha

Monga ndi ena zinthu zobwezerezedwanso, kusintha kothandiza kumakhala komveka pambuyo pa kusanja. Zinyalala zochokera m'mafakitale nthawi zambiri zimakhala zabwino, koma zinyalala zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa ndi anthu zimakhala zosakanikirana zamitundu yomwe ilipo. Choncho, funso lofunika kwambiri limakhala tsankho.

Ku Poland kusanja kumachitika pamanja, pomwe maiko ena aku Europe ali kale ndi mizere yosankha okha. Amagwiritsa ntchito ma sieve okhala ndi mauna oyenera (kulola kulekana kwa maselo amitundu yosiyanasiyana) ndi x-ray (kusanja zomwe zili). Kapangidwe ka zipangizo zochokera ku Poland ndi zosiyana pang'ono.

Mpaka posachedwa, maselo athu apamwamba a Leclanche anali olamulira. Posachedwapa kuti ubwino wa maselo amchere amakono, omwe adagonjetsa misika ya Kumadzulo zaka zambiri zapitazo, wakhala akuwonekera. Mulimonsemo, mitundu yonse iwiri ya ma cell omwe amatha kutaya amakhala oposa 90% ya mabatire osonkhanitsidwa. Zina zonse ndi mabatani a mabatani (mawotchi opangira mphamvu (mkuyu 3) kapena ma calculator), mabatire omwe amatha kubweranso ndi mabatire a lithiamu amafoni ndi ma laputopu. Chifukwa cha gawo laling'ono chotere ndi mtengo wapamwamba komanso moyo wautali wautumiki poyerekeza ndi zinthu zotayidwa.

Mpunga. 3. Ulalo wasiliva womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popatsa mphamvu mawotchi am'manja.

Processing

Pambuyo pa kulekana, ndi nthawi yoti muchite chinthu chofunika kwambiri processing stage - kuchira zopangira. Pamtundu uliwonse, zomwe zimalandiridwa zidzakhala zosiyana pang'ono. Komabe, njira zogwirira ntchito ndizofanana.

makina processing zimakhala ndi kupera zinyalala mu mphero. The chifukwa tizigawo ting'onoting'ono olekanitsidwa ntchito maginito electromagnets (chitsulo ndi aloyi ake) ndi kachitidwe wapadera sieve (zitsulo zina, zinthu pulasitiki, pepala, etc.). Kutuluka kwa dzuwa njirayo ili mu mfundo yakuti palibe chifukwa chokonza mosamala zipangizo musanakonze, chilema - kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimafunikira kutayidwa m'malo otayiramo.

Hydrometallurgical recycling ndiko kusungunuka kwa ma cell mu ma acid kapena maziko. Pa gawo lotsatira la kukonzanso, zotsatira zake zimayeretsedwa ndikulekanitsidwa, mwachitsanzo, mchere wachitsulo, kupeza zinthu zoyera. Chachikulu zopindulitsa njirayo imadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu komanso kuchepa kwazing'ono zomwe zimafuna kutaya. Cholakwika Njira yobwezeretsanso iyi imafuna kusanja bwino mabatire kuti asaipitsidwe ndi zomwe zatuluka.

Kutentha kwamafuta imakhala ndi kuwombera ma cell mu uvuni wamapangidwe oyenera. Zotsatira zake, ma oxides awo amasungunuka ndikupeza (zida zopangira zitsulo). Kutuluka kwa dzuwa njira imakhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mabatire osasankhidwa, chilema ndi - kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kupanga zinthu zoopsa zoyaka moto.

Kuphatikiza apo zobwezerezedwanso Maselo amasungidwa mu zotayiramo pansi pambuyo chitetezo choyambirira ku ingress ya zigawo zawo mu chilengedwe. Komabe, izi ndi theka la muyeso, kuchedwetsa kufunikira kothana ndi zinyalala zamtunduwu komanso kuwononga zinthu zambiri zamtengo wapatali.

Tithanso kubwezeretsanso zakudya zina mu labu yathu yakunyumba. Izi ndi zigawo za zinthu zakale za Leclanche - zinki zoyera kwambiri kuchokera ku makapu ozungulira chinthucho, ndi ma electrode a graphite. Kapenanso, titha kulekanitsa manganese dioxide ku osakaniza mkati mwa osakaniza - ingowiritsani ndi madzi (kuchotsa zonyansa zosungunuka, makamaka ammonium chloride) ndi fyuluta. Zotsalira zosasungunuka (zoipitsidwa ndi fumbi la malasha) ndizoyenera kuchita zambiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndi MnO.₂.

Koma sizinthu zokhazo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira magetsi pazida zam'nyumba zomwe zimatha kubwerezedwanso. Mabatire akale amagalimoto amakhalanso gwero la zopangira. Mtovu umachotsedwa kwa iwo, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zatsopano, ndipo milandu ndi ma electrolyte omwe amawadzaza amatayidwa.

Palibe amene akuyenera kukumbutsidwa za kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kungayambitsidwe ndi chitsulo chowopsa cha heavy metal ndi sulfuric acid solution. Kwa chitukuko chathu chomwe chikukula mofulumira, chitsanzo cha maselo ndi mabatire ndi chitsanzo. Vuto lomwe likuchulukirachulukira sikupanga mankhwalawo, koma kutayidwa kwake pambuyo pogwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndikukhulupirira kuti owerenga magazini ya "Young Technician" alimbikitsa ena kuti azibwezeretsanso pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chawo.

Kuyesera 1 - batri ya lithiamu

maselo a lithiamu iwo ntchito calculator ndi kukhalabe mphamvu BIOS wa mavabodi kompyuta (mkuyu. 4). Tiyeni titsimikizire kukhalapo kwa zitsulo za lithiamu mwa iwo.

Mpunga. 4. Selo ya lithiamu-manganese yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira mphamvu ku BIOS ya boardboard yamakompyuta.

Pambuyo disassembling chinthu (mwachitsanzo, wamba mtundu CR2032), tikhoza kuona tsatanetsatane wa dongosolo (mkuyu. 5): wakuda wothinikizidwa wosanjikiza wa manganese woipa MnO₂, porous separator elekitirodi wothiridwa ndi organic electrolyte njira, insulating pulasitiki mphete ndi mbali ziwiri zitsulo kupanga nyumba.

Mpunga. 5. Zigawo za selo la lithiamu-manganese: 1. Mbali yapansi ya thupi yokhala ndi chitsulo cha lithiamu (negative electrode). 2. Olekanitsa wothiridwa ndi organic electrolyte solution. 3. Woponderezedwa wosanjikiza wa manganese dioxide (positive electrode). 4. Pulasitiki mphete (electrode insulator). 5. Nyumba zapamwamba (positive electrode terminal).

Yaing'ono (electrode negative) yokutidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa lithiamu, amene mwamsanga mdima mu mpweya. Chinthucho chimadziwika ndi kuyesa kwamoto. Kuti muchite izi, tengani zitsulo zofewa kumapeto kwa waya wachitsulo ndikuyika chitsanzo mu moto woyaka - mtundu wa carmine umasonyeza kukhalapo kwa lifiyamu (mkuyu 6). Timataya zotsalira zazitsulo pozisungunula m'madzi.

Mpunga. 6. Chitsanzo cha lithiamu mumoto woyaka moto.

Ikani electrode yachitsulo ndi wosanjikiza wa lithiamu mu beaker ndikutsanulira masentimita angapo³ madzi. Zochita zachiwawa zimachitika m'chombo, limodzi ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mpweya wa hydrogen:

Lithium hydroxide ndi maziko olimba ndipo titha kuyesa mosavuta ndi pepala lowonetsa.

Zochitika 2 - mgwirizano wamchere

Dulani chinthu cha alkaline chotaya, mwachitsanzo, lembani LR6 ("chala", AA). Pambuyo potsegula chikho chachitsulo, mawonekedwe amkati amawoneka (mkuyu 7): mkati mwake muli kuwala kochuluka komwe kumapanga anode (potaziyamu kapena sodium hydroxide ndi fumbi la zinc), ndi mdima wakuda wa manganese dioxide MnO wozungulira.₂ ndi fumbi la graphite (cell cathode).

Mpunga. 7. Zomwe zimachitika zamchere za anode misa mu cell ya alkaline. Mawonekedwe a ma cell: kuwala kopanga anode (KOH + zinc fumbi) ndi manganese dioxide wakuda wokhala ndi fumbi la graphite ngati cathode.

Ma electrodes amasiyanitsidwa ndi wina ndi mzake ndi diaphragm ya pepala. Ikani kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka chinthu chopepuka pamzere woyesera ndikunyowetsa ndi dontho lamadzi. Mtundu wa buluu umasonyeza momwe alkaline amachitira ndi anode mass. Mtundu wa hydroxide wogwiritsidwa ntchito umatsimikiziridwa bwino ndi kuyesa kwamoto. Chitsanzo cha kukula kwa mbewu zingapo za poppy chimamatidwa ku waya wachitsulo woviikidwa m'madzi ndikuyikidwa mumoto woyaka.

Yellow mtundu limasonyeza ntchito sodium hydroxide ndi Mlengi, ndi pinki-wofiirira mtundu limasonyeza potaziyamu hydroxide. Popeza mankhwala a sodium amawononga pafupifupi zinthu zonse, ndipo kuyesa kwa lawi kwa chinthu ichi kumakhala kovutirapo, mtundu wachikasu wamoto ukhoza kubisa mizere ya potaziyamu. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikuyang'ana motowo kudzera mu fyuluta ya buluu-violet, yomwe imatha kukhala galasi la cobalt kapena njira ya utoto mu botolo (indigo kapena methyl violet yomwe imapezeka pabalapo mankhwala ophera tizilombo, pyoctane). Fyulutayo imayamwa mtundu wachikasu, kukulolani kutsimikizira kukhalapo kwa potaziyamu pachitsanzocho.

Zizindikiro

Kuti tithandizire kuzindikira mtundu wa ma cell, nambala yapadera ya zilembo zakhazikitsidwa. Pamitundu yodziwika bwino m'nyumba mwathu, zikuwoneka ngati: nambala-chilembo-chilembo-nambala, pomwe:

- chiwerengero choyamba ndi chiwerengero cha maselo; kunyalanyazidwa kwa maselo amodzi.

- chilembo choyamba chimasonyeza mtundu wa selo. Ngati palibe, ndi cell Leclanche zinc-graphite cell (anode: zinki, electrolyte: ammonium chloride, NH.₄Cl, zinki kloridi ZnCl₂, cathode: MnO manganese dioxide₂). Mitundu ina ya maselo imalembedwa motere (sodium hydroxide yotsika mtengo imagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'malo mwa potaziyamu hydroxide):

A, P - zinthu za zinc-mpweya (anode: zinki, mpweya wa mumlengalenga umachepetsedwa pa graphite cathode);

B, C, E, F, G - maselo a lithiamu (anode: lithiamu, koma zinthu zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cathodes ndi electrolyte);

H - Ni-MH nickel-metal hydride batire (zitsulo hydride, KOH, NiOOH);

K - Ni-Cd nickel-cadmium batire (cadmium, KOH, NiOOH);

L - zinthu zamchere (zinc, KOH, MnO₂);

M - mercury element (zinc, KOH; HgO), yosagwiritsidwanso ntchito;

S - zinthu zasiliva (zinc, KOH; Ag₂ZA);

Z - nickel-manganese element (zinc, KOH, NiOOH, MnO₂).

- kalata yotsatirayi ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a ulalo:

F - lamela;

R - cylindrical;

S - amakona anayi;

P - mawonekedwe amakono a maselo okhala ndi mawonekedwe ena osati cylindrical.

- ziwerengero zomaliza kapena ziwerengero zimawonetsa kukula kwazofotokozera (miyezo yamabuku kapena miyeso yopereka mwachindunji).

Zolemba zitsanzo:

R03
 - cell ya zinc-graphite kukula kwa chala chaching'ono. Dzina lina ndi AAA kapena micro.

LR6 - cell ya alkaline kukula kwa chala. Dzina lina ndi AA kapena minion.

HR14  - Batire ya Ni-MH, chilembo C chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukula kwake.

KR20 - Batire ya Ni-Cd, kukula kwake komwe kumalembedwanso ndi chilembo D.

Mtengo wa 3LR12 - batire lathyathyathya ndi voteji 4,5 V, wopangidwa ndi maselo atatu amchere.

6F22 - 9V batire; maselo asanu ndi limodzi a planar zinc-graphite amatsekeredwa mu bokosi lamakona anayi.

CR2032 - lithiamu-manganese cell (lithiamu, organic electrolyte, MnO₂) ndi m'mimba mwake 20 mm ndi makulidwe a 3,2 mm.