Kudya mopambanitsa kapena luso la inflation

1000 ndi 1 njira kuwomba mu bronchi

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko Lonse isanayambe, kudya mopambanitsa kunadabwitsa kwambiri panjinga zamoto. Zakula kwambiri chifukwa chamakampani oyendetsa ndege, chifukwa injini zandege zidataya mphamvu yayikulu pomwe zidakwera. Chilema chowopsa pankhondo yamlengalenga! Ndege, zida zankhondo ndi njinga zamoto zimagwirizana kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, BSA imayimira Birmingham Small Arms!), Njinga yamotoyo idapindula ndi kusamutsidwa kwaukadaulo. Ganizirani kuti mu 1939 ma flats a kompresa a BMW 500 adasintha pang'ono kuchokera ku 80 hp. mpaka 8000 rpm ndikufika 225 km / h!

Chifukwa chake tinali panjira yoyenera, koma pakati pa "zinyalala" zodziwika bwino za "zinyalala" ndi injini zochulukirachulukira, njingazo zidafika pa liwiro lodabwitsa, ndipo koposa zonse, ndizowopsa. Tiyenera kuyika izi molingana ndi nthawi, matayala komanso mabuleki omwe anali ataphimbidwa kwambiri ndi zida zomwe sizinali. Poyang'anizana ndi anthu ambiri ophedwa, malamulo adasinthidwa ndipo pamene World Cup idapangidwa mu 1949, kulemetsa kwakukulu kudaletsedwa ku mpikisano. Pambuyo poyimitsa izi, njirayo imavutikira kunyamukanso pa njinga yamoto. Zowonadi, momwe mungalimbikitsire matekinoloje omwe amachulukitsa kwambiri zokolola popanda kudalira mpikisano? M'malo mwake, malo amalonda a njinga zamoto zapamwamba adagwedezeka ndipo adatsala pang'ono kutha kuchokera kwa opanga onse kwa nthawi yayitali. Komabe, kudya kwambiri ndikwabwino!

Turbo misala

M'zaka za m'ma 1980, Kumadzulo, komwe sikukuyambiranso kugwedezeka koyamba kwa mafuta (1973), "kutsika" mofulumira kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito injini. M'magalimoto, kusamuka kwakukulu kulibenso mphepo m'matangadza, kotero timayamba kudzaza ma motors ang'onoang'ono ndi turbocharger. F1 imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu pamtengo wofanana womwe uzikhala nthawi yayitali: mwachilengedwe 3 Ls wofuna ndi 1,5 Ls wowonjezera. Mwamsanga, nkhondoyo idzakhala yosagwirizana, turbo yaying'ono iphwanya kwenikweni "mlengalenga". Ndi kuthamanga kwa mpaka 4 bar, qualification ya 1,5 lita imakwaniritsa 1200 hp. (!) pamene 3L ili pafupi theka lambiri. M'chisangalalo chambiri, ukadaulo ukupita patsogolo kwambiri ndikumadya kwambiri kuchokera ku F1 kupita kugalimoto iliyonse, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chithunzi cha mpikisano. Kunyamulidwa ndi mafunde, njingayo imayamba popanda kupambana. Magalimoto 4 aku Japan omwe adagulitsidwa panthawiyo sanali opambana chifukwa chosowa kukhulupirika. Ndiowopsa, okhala ndi nthawi yayitali yoyankha ma turbo komanso kuzungulira pafupipafupi, chifukwa kapangidwe kake sikodzozedwa kwambiri. Honda yekha ndi mwaluntha kukonzanso buku lake, m'malo 500 CX turbocharged ndi Baibulo otukuka kwambiri 650. Mwachidule, turbo mwamsanga kubwerera bokosi lake ndipo sadzaiwalika ... Mpaka Kawasaki akutibweretsera latsopano ndi chidwi kwambiri. njinga yamoto wapamwamba, H2, koma nthawi ino popanda turbocharging. Zowonadi, pali njira chikwi chimodzi chophulitsira injini. Tiyeni tione bwinobwino.

Turbocharger

Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, zimatengera kuphatikiza kwa turbine ndi kompresa. Mfundo yake ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yotsalira ya mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kuyendetsa turbine. Imayikidwa pa shaft yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi kompresa yomwe imayendetsa, imakankhira mpweya wotuluka. Kukwera kwa gasi wotulutsa mpweya, m'pamenenso turbine imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Choncho, pali kufooka pang'ono mu modes otsika kwambiri. Masiku ano, ma turbocharger ang'onoang'ono a geometry pafupifupi amachotsa vutoli. Wokwera pama hydraulic bearings, turbo imatha kuthamanga pa 300 rpm !!!

Kuphatikiza: "Zaulere" zopezanso mphamvu / kugwiritsa ntchito bwino

Chaching'ono: Kuchita bwino kwambiri pama rpm otsika kwambiri. Nthawi yoyankha mwachangu. Kuvuta kwamakina ndi malo otentha kwambiri ovuta kuwongolera. (Tubo akhoza kukhala wofiira!). Kuvuta kulipiritsa silinda imodzi.

Makina a compressor

Apa, turbine imasinthidwa ndi makina pa injini, zomwe zimayendetsa dongosolo lokakamiza lokha. Izi zimawonjezeranso injini zonse, ngakhale silinda yaying'ono ya volumetric. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya compressor. Centrifugal, spiral, centrifugal-axial, paddles (ili ndi yankho lomwe Peugeot adasankha pa ma scooters ake 125) ndi volumetric.

Kompositi ya spade (mtundu wa mizu) imatchedwa volumetric. Imayendetsedwa ndi liwiro pafupi ndi injiniyo, kapenanso yofanana, koma kuchuluka kwake, kukhala kokulirapo kuposa injiniyo, mipweya imakankhidwira kumakina omwe amamwa. Kunena zowona, palibe psinjika yamkati mu kompresa, koma chifukwa imagwira ntchito kuposa kukula kwa injini, pali kuchulukira koteroko kumawonjezera mphamvu.

Njira zina zimagwiritsa ntchito ma turbines omwe amayenda mothamanga kwambiri ndipo motero amapondereza mpweya ndi mphamvu ya centrifugal. Pa Kawasaki H2, kompresa imayamwa mpweya pakati pake ndikukankhira kunja kwa turbine. Ndi liwiro lapamwamba kwambiri lozungulira lomwe limapanga chodabwitsa ichi. Imalumikizidwa ku crankshaft ndi ma epicyclic magiya, imathamanga kuwirikiza 9,2, kumapereka pafupifupi 129 rpm injini ikakwera mpaka 000 rpm! Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa sikuli kofananira ngati kompresa pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa mphamvu ya voliyumu ya kompresa ya centrifugal imawonjezeka mwachangu, komabe, kuyendetsa bwino kwamakina ndikwabwinoko.

Ndiponso: Kudya kosalekeza kapena pafupifupi kosalekeza, mosasamala kanthu za zakudya, chifukwa chake kupezeka kwabwino komanso torque kulikonse. Palibe nthawi yoyankhira, palibe zone yotentha komanso palibe mphamvu yowonjezeredwa ya injini zonse, ngakhale silinda imodzi.

Momwemo: mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukakamiza injini si "yaulere", chifukwa chake imayambitsa kumwa mopitirira muyeso komanso kuchepa kwachangu

Kompresa wamagetsi

Ili ndi yankho lomwe likuyesedwa pakampani yamagalimoto (ku Valeo): mota yamagetsi imayendetsa kompresa mpaka 70 rpm. Mphamvu yamagetsi imatha kuperekedwa ndi jenereta yomwe imabwezeretsanso mphamvu zina panthawi ya deceleration ndi braking. Compressor ndi injini yake imalemera pafupifupi 000 kg.

Werengani zambiri: Palibe makina olumikizirana ndi mota kapena zone yotentha. Kutha kuwongolera kompresa pakufunidwa, ndi nthawi zingapo zowonetsera kuti musinthe machitidwe agalimoto pakufunika. Palibe nthawi yoyankha (pafupifupi 350ms, poyerekeza ndi pafupifupi masekondi awiri a turbocharging!)

Momwemo: Kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimakhudzidwa (kuposa 1000 W) zimakhala zovuta kupanga pa 12V. Ndipotu, ndime ya 42V iyenera kuganiziridwa kuti ichepetse mphamvu ya mafunde.

Intercooler * Kesako?

* mpweya wozizira

Monga momwe zimawonera ndi pampu yanjinga, mpweya woponderezedwa umatenthetsa. Izi ndizoyipa kwa mota ndipo zimatenga malo ochulukirapo (kukula). Kuti uziziziritsa, mpweya woponderezedwa umadutsa pa radiator (yotchedwanso air / air exchanger kapena air exchanger). Izi zimachepetsa injini ndikuwonjezera kupsinjika kwa katundu ndi / kapena kupsinjika kwa chiwongolero mokomera kuchita bwino. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwake, komanso kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono, njinga zamoto nthawi zambiri sizifuna chotenthetsera kutentha. Peugeot, komabe, yatenga imodzi pa Satelis compressor yake.

Katundu wina:

Wave effect compressors: Zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Ferrari mu Fomula 1 m'ma 1980s tsopano zasowa. Komabe, titha kuwona pa Milan Motor Show 2016 kampani yomwe idayambitsa ng'oma yotchedwa "drum charger" yomwe inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi mfundo komanso yocheperako kuposa "masitima" a Ferrari. Apanso, mpweya wotulutsa mpweya umagwiritsidwa ntchito pokweza injini. Kupanikizika kowonjezereka kumeneku kumayendetsa diaphragm, mbali inayo yomwe imalumikizana mwachindunji ndi dera lolowera. Makina a valve ndiye amathamangitsira mpweya wololedwa mu injini pamene diaphragm imachepetsa mphamvu yolowera. Kuthamangako kukatulutsidwa, kasupe amabwezeretsa diaphragm pamalo omwe amayamwa mpweya watsopano kupyolera mumagulu oyambirira a mavavu. Zosavuta kwambiri komanso zotsika mtengo, njirayi imakwaniritsa mphamvu 15 mpaka 20%, ndikuchepetsa pang'ono kumwa chifukwa cha kupezeka kwakukulu kwa injini pamayendedwe otsika.

Katundu Wachilengedwe: Zimaphatikizapo kugwedeza injini (pamene mukuyitanira chida) ndikugwiritsa ntchito kupuma kwa mpweya kuti muwonjezere kukwera kwa mitengo. Izi ndi zomwe njira yosinthira kutalika ikufuna kukwaniritsa pa liwiro lalikulu. Kuthamanga kwachangu kumatha kufika 1,3. Ndiko kuti, operekedwa 1000 cm3 amapereka nsomba ndi voliyumu 1300 cm3.

Mpweya wamphamvu: Njirayi ndikugwiritsa ntchito liwiro la njinga yamoto kukankhira mpweya kulowa. Kupindula kumakhala kochepa kwambiri: 2% pa 200 km / h, 4% pa 300 km / h. Ndiye kuti, 1000 cm3 imakhala ngati 1040 cm3 mpaka 300 ... timagwiritsanso ntchito kawirikawiri komanso kwa nthawi yochepa!

Pomaliza

Tekinoloje yodalirika kwambiri, kuchulukirachulukira kumafunikirabe kutsimikizira panjinga zamoto. Kubwerera kwake ku Endurance kumamutsegulira zitseko. Zowonadi, kuyambira nyengo ya 2017/2018, ma silinda 3 mpaka 800 cm3 ndi masilindala 2 mpaka 1000 cmXNUMX ndi masilindala awiri mpaka XNUMX amaloledwa m'gulu la prototypes.