Fermi Paradox pambuyo pa kufufuzidwa kwa exoplanet

Mu mlalang'amba wa RX J1131-1231, gulu la akatswiri a zakuthambo ochokera ku yunivesite ya Oklahoma lapeza gulu loyamba lodziwika la mapulaneti kunja kwa Milky Way. Zinthu "zotsatiridwa" ndi njira yokoka ya microlensing zimakhala ndi mikwingwirima yosiyana - kuchokera ku mwezi mpaka ku Jupiter. Kodi kupezedwaku kumapangitsa chododometsa cha Fermi kukhala chodabwitsa kwambiri?

Muli nyenyezi pafupifupi zofanana mu mlalang’amba wathu (100-400 biliyoni), pafupifupi chiŵerengero chofanana cha milalang’amba m’chilengedwe chooneka—chotero pali mlalang’amba wathunthu wa nyenyezi iliyonse mu Milky Way yathu yaikulu. Ambiri, kwa zaka 10²² mpaka 10²⁴ nyenyezi. Asayansi sagwirizana kuti ndi nyenyezi zingati zomwe zimafanana ndi Dzuwa lathu (ie zofanana kukula, kutentha, kuwala) - ziwerengero zimachokera ku 5% mpaka 20%. Kutenga mtengo woyamba ndikusankha nyenyezi zochepa (10²²), timapeza nyenyezi 500 thililiyoni kapena biliyoni ngati Dzuwa.

Malinga ndi PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) maphunziro ndi kuyerekezera, osachepera 1% ya nyenyezi m'chilengedwe chonse zimazungulira dziko lomwe lingathe kuchirikiza moyo - kotero tikukamba za chiwerengero cha mapulaneti mabiliyoni 100 omwe ali ndi zinthu zofanana. ku Dziko. Ngati tikuganiza kuti pakatha zaka mabiliyoni akukhalapo, 1% yokha ya mapulaneti apadziko lapansi ndi omwe apanga moyo, ndipo 1% yaiwo adzakhala ndi moyo wachisinthiko mumpangidwe wanzeru, izi zikutanthauza kuti pali pulaneti imodzi ya mabiliyoni ndi anthu otukuka anzeru m’chilengedwe chooneka.

Ngati tingolankhula za mlalang’amba wathu ndi kubwereza kuŵerengera, kulingalira chiwerengero chenicheni cha nyenyezi mu Mlalang’amba wa Milky Way (100 biliyoni), tinganene kuti mwina mumlalang’amba wathu wa mlalang’amba muli mapulaneti osachepera biliyoni imodzi ngati dziko lapansi. ndi 100 XNUMX. zitukuko zanzeru!

Akatswiri ena a zakuthambo amaika mwayi woti anthu akhale mtundu woyamba mwaukadaulo pamtundu umodzi mwa 1.²²ndiko kuti, imakhalabe yopanda pake. Kumbali ina, chilengedwe chakhalapo kwa zaka pafupifupi 13,8 biliyoni. Ngakhale kuti chitukuko sichinayambe m'zaka mabiliyoni angapo oyambirira, padakali nthawi yaitali kuti zitheke. Mwa njira, ngati pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa komaliza mu Milky Way panali "chitukuko" chikwi chimodzi chokha ndipo zikadakhalapo kwa nthawi yofanana ndi yathu (mpaka pano pafupifupi zaka 10 XNUMX), ndiye kuti mwina zasowa kale, kufa kapena kusonkhanitsa ena omwe sitingathe kufika pakukula kwathu, zomwe tidzakambirana pambuyo pake.

Dziwani kuti ngakhale "nthawi imodzi" zitukuko zomwe zilipo zimalumikizana movutikira. Zikanakhala kuti pakanakhala zaka 10 zokha za kuwala kwa zaka, zikanawatengera zaka 20 za kuwala kuti afunse funso ndiyeno kuliyankha. zaka. Kuyang'ana mbiri ya Dziko Lapansi, sizinganenedwe kuti munthawi ngati imeneyi chitukuko chikhoza kuwuka ndikuzimiririka padziko ...

Equation kuchokera kwa osadziwika

Poyesa kuwunika ngati chitukuko chachilendo chingakhalepodi, Frank Drake m'zaka za m'ma 60 iye anapempha equation wotchuka - chilinganizo chimene ntchito yake ndi "memanologically" kudziwa kukhalapo kwa mitundu yanzeru mu mlalang'amba wathu. Apa timagwiritsa ntchito mawu omwe adapangidwa zaka zambiri zapitazo ndi Jan Tadeusz Stanisławski, wolemba nthabwala komanso wolemba "nkhani" za pawailesi ndi wailesi yakanema pa "maology ogwiritsidwa ntchito", chifukwa mawuwo akuwoneka kuti ndi oyenera pazolinga izi.

Malingana ndi Drake equation - N, kuchuluka kwa zitukuko zakuthambo zomwe anthu amatha kulumikizana nazo, ndizopangidwa ndi:

R_* ndi mlingo wa mapangidwe a nyenyezi mu Galaxy yathu;

f_p ndi kuchuluka kwa nyenyezi zomwe zili ndi mapulaneti;

n_e ndi avareji ya mapulaneti okhala m’dera lokhalamo la nyenyezi, kutanthauza, amene moyo ungathe kuwuka;

f_l ndi chiŵerengero cha mapulaneti m’dera limene mungakhalemo zamoyo;

f_i ndi chiŵerengero cha mapulaneti okhalamo anthu m’mene zamoyo zidzakulitsa luntha (i.e., kupanga chitukuko);

f_c - kuchuluka kwa zitukuko zomwe zimafuna kuyankhulana ndi anthu;

L ndi nthawi ya moyo wa zitukuko zotere.

Monga mukuonera, equation imakhala ndi pafupifupi zosadziwika zonse. Kupatula apo, sitikudziwa nthawi yayitali ya kukhalapo kwa chitukuko, kapena kuchuluka kwa omwe akufuna kutilumikizana nafe. Kuyika zotsatira zina mu "zochuluka kapena zochepa" equation, zikuwoneka kuti pangakhale mazana, kapena masauzande, a zitukuko zotere mu mlalang'amba wathu.

Drake equation ndi wolemba wake

Dziko lapansi losowa ndi alendo oyipa

Ngakhale m'malo mwazotsatira zamagulu a Drake equation, timapeza zitukuko zambiri zofanana ndi zathu kapena zanzeru kwambiri. Koma ngati ndi choncho, n’chifukwa chiyani salankhula nafe? Izi zotchedwa Fermi chododometsa. Ali ndi "mayankho" ambiri ndi mafotokozedwe, koma ndi zamakono zamakono - ndipo ngakhale zaka makumi asanu zapitazo - onse ali ngati zongopeka ndi kuwombera mwakhungu.

Chododometsa ichi, mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri chimafotokozedwa nthano yapadziko lapansi yosowakuti dziko lathu lapansi ndi lapadera m’njira iliyonse. Kupanikizika, kutentha, mtunda kuchokera ku Dzuwa, axial tilt, kapena radiation yotchinga maginito amasankhidwa kuti zamoyo zikule ndikusintha kwautali momwe zingathere.

Inde, tikupeza ma exoplanet ochulukirachulukira m'chilengedwe omwe angakhale oyimira mapulaneti otha kukhalamo. Posachedwapa, adapezeka pafupi ndi nyenyezi yapafupi kwa ife - Proxima Centauri. Mwina, komabe, mosasamala kanthu za kufanana, "Dziko Lachiwiri" lomwe limapezeka kuzungulira dzuwa lachilendo silili "lofanana ndendende" ndi dziko lathu lapansi, ndipo pokha pokha pakhoza kukhala chitukuko chaukadaulo chonyada? Mwina. Komabe, tikudziwa, ngakhale kuyang'ana pa Dziko Lapansi, kuti zamoyo zimakhala bwino pansi pa "zosayenera" kwambiri.

Zachidziwikire, pali kusiyana pakati pa kuyang'anira ndikumanga intaneti ndikutumiza Tesla ku Mars. Vuto lapadera litha kuthetsedwa ngati titha kupeza penapake mlengalenga pulaneti ngati Dziko lapansi, koma lopanda chitukuko chaukadaulo.

Pofotokoza zododometsa za Fermi, nthawi zina wina amalankhula za zomwe zimatchedwa alendo oipa. Izi zimamveka m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kotero alendo ongoganiza awa akhoza kukhala "okwiya" kuti wina akufuna kuwasokoneza, kulowererapo ndi kuwavutitsa - kotero amadzipatula okha, samayankha ku barbs ndipo safuna kukhala ndi chilichonse chochita ndi aliyense. Palinso zongopeka za alendo "oyipa mwachilengedwe" omwe amawononga chitukuko chilichonse chomwe amakumana nacho. Otsogola kwambiri paukadaulo safuna kuti zitukuko zina zilumphire patsogolo ndikukhala chiwopsezo kwa iwo.

Ndikoyeneranso kukumbukira kuti zamoyo zakuthambo zimakumana ndi masoka osiyanasiyana omwe timawadziwa kuchokera ku mbiri ya dziko lathu lapansi. Tikukamba za glaciation, chiwawa cha nyenyezi, bombardment ndi meteor, asteroids kapena comets, kugunda ndi mapulaneti ena kapena ma radiation. Ngakhale ngati zochitika zoterezi sizingawononge dziko lonse lapansi, zikhoza kukhala mapeto a chitukuko.

Komanso, ena samapatula kuti ndife amodzi mwa zitukuko zoyamba m'chilengedwe chonse - ngati sichoyamba - komanso kuti sitinasinthe mokwanira kuti titha kulumikizana ndi zitukuko zochepa zomwe zidayamba pambuyo pake. Zikanakhala choncho, ndiye kuti vuto lofufuza zamoyo zanzeru m’mlengalenga likanakhalabe losasungunuka. Komanso, chitukuko chongopeka "chachinyamata" sichingakhale chaching'ono kuposa ife pazaka makumi ochepa chabe kuti tithe kulumikizana nacho kutali.

Zenera nalonso siliri lalikulu kwambiri kutsogolo. Ukadaulo ndi chidziwitso cha chitukuko cha zaka chikwi zikadakhala chosamvetsetseka kwa ife monga momwe ziliri masiku ano kwa munthu wankhondo za Mtanda. Zitukuko zomwe zapita patsogolo kwambiri zikanakhala ngati dziko lathuli kwa nyerere zochokera m'mphepete mwa msewu.

Zongopeka zotchedwa Kardashevo scaleomwe ntchito yawo ndikukwaniritsa milingo yachitukuko molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe amadya. Malingana ndi iye, ife sitiri ngakhale chitukuko. type I, ndiko kuti, amene wadziŵa luso logwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za dziko lakelo. Chitukuko mtundu II amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse zozungulira nyenyeziyo, mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lotchedwa "Dyson sphere". Chitukuko mtundu III Malinga ndi maganizo amenewa, imagwira mphamvu zonse za mlalang’ambawu. Kumbukirani, komabe, lingaliro ili lidapangidwa ngati gawo lachitukuko chosamalizidwa cha Gawo I, lomwe mpaka posachedwa lidawonetsedwa molakwika ngati chitukuko cha Type II chomwe chikupita kumangirira gawo la Dyson mozungulira nyenyezi yake (kusiyana kwa nyenyezi). KIK 8462852).

Kukadakhala chitukuko cha mtundu wachiwiri, ndipo mochulukirapo III, tikadawona ndikulumikizana nafe - ena aife timaganiza choncho, ndikumatsutsa kuti popeza sitikuwona kapena kudziwana ndi alendo otsogola, iwo kulibe.. Sukulu ina yofotokozera za Fermi chododometsa, komabe, imati zitukuko pazigawozi ndizosawoneka komanso zosadziwika kwa ife - osanenapo kuti iwo, malinga ndi lingaliro la malo osungira nyama, salabadira zolengedwa zosatukuka.

Pambuyo kuyezetsa kapena kale?

Kuphatikiza pa kulingalira za chitukuko chotukuka kwambiri, zododometsa za Fermi nthawi zina zimafotokozedwa ndi malingaliro zosefera zachisinthiko mu chitukuko cha chitukuko. Malinga ndi iwo, pali siteji ya chisinthiko chomwe chikuwoneka chosatheka kapena chosatheka kwa moyo. Amatchedwa Zosefera zazikulu, chomwe chiri chopambana kwambiri m’mbiri ya zamoyo papulaneti.

Monga momwe zimachitikira umunthu wathu, sitidziwa ngati tili kumbuyo, kutsogolo, kapena pakati pa kusefera kwakukulu. Ngati tidatha kuthana ndi fyuluta iyi, ikhoza kukhala chotchinga chosagonjetseka chamitundu yambiri yamoyo m'malo odziwika, ndipo ndife apadera. Kusefera kumatha kuchitika kuyambira pachiyambi, mwachitsanzo, pakusintha kwa cell ya prokaryotic kukhala cell yovuta ya eukaryotic. Zikanakhala choncho, moyo mumlengalenga ukhoza kukhala wamba, koma mu mawonekedwe a maselo opanda ma nuclei. Mwina ndife oyamba chabe kudutsa mu Fyuluta Yaikulu? Izi zimatibweretsanso ku vuto lomwe latchulidwa kale, lomwe ndi vuto la kuyankhulana patali.

Palinso njira yoti kupambana kwachitukuko kudakali patsogolo pathu. Panalibe funso la chipambano chirichonse panthawiyo.

Izi zonse ndi zongopeka kwambiri. Asayansi ena amapereka mafotokozedwe owonjezereka a kusowa kwa zizindikiro zachilendo. Alan Stern, wasayansi wamkulu ku New Horizons, akuti chododometsachi chitha kuthetsedwa mosavuta. kukhuthala kwa ayezizomwe zimazungulira nyanja kuzinthu zina zakuthambo. Wofufuzayo akufotokoza izi potengera zomwe zapezedwa posachedwapa mu dongosolo la dzuwa: nyanja zamadzi amadzimadzi zimakhala pansi pa miyezi yambiri. Nthawi zina (Europe, Enceladus), madzi amakumana ndi nthaka yamwala ndipo ntchito ya hydrothermal imalembedwa pamenepo. Izi ziyenera kuthandizira kuwonekera kwa moyo.

Madzi oundana oundana amatha kuteteza moyo ku zinthu zoopsa zomwe zimachitika mumlengalenga. Tikulankhula pano, mwa zina, ndi ma flares amphamvu a nyenyezi, kukhudzidwa kwa asteroid kapena ma radiation pafupi ndi chimphona cha gasi. Kumbali inayi, ikhoza kuyimira cholepheretsa chitukuko chomwe chimakhala chovuta kuchigonjetsa ngakhale moyo wanzeru wongoyerekeza. Anthu okhala m'madzi otere sangadziwe malo aliwonse kunja kwa madzi oundana. Zimakhala zovuta ngakhale kulota kupyola malire ake ndi chilengedwe cha m'madzi - zingakhale zovuta kwambiri kuposa kwa ife, omwe mlengalenga, kupatulapo mlengalenga, si malo ochezeka kwambiri.

Kodi tikuyang'ana moyo kapena malo abwino okhala?

Mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, anthufe tiyenera kuganiziranso zimene tikufunadi: moyo weniweniwo kapena malo oyenera kukhala ndi moyo ngati wathu. Pongoganiza kuti sitikufuna kumenya nkhondo zam'mlengalenga ndi aliyense, izi ndi zinthu ziwiri zosiyana. Mapulaneti omwe ali otheka koma opanda chitukuko chapamwamba akhoza kukhala madera omwe angathe kukhala atsamunda. Ndipo tikupeza malo ochulukirachulukira oterowo. Titha kugwiritsa ntchito kale zida zowonera kuti tidziwe ngati pulaneti lili munjira yomwe imadziwika kuti orbit. moyo zone kuzungulira nyenyezikaya ndi miyala komanso pa kutentha koyenera madzi amadzimadzi. Posachedwapa tidzatha kuzindikira ngati palidi madzi kumeneko, ndi kudziwa momwe mlengalenga ulili.

Malo amoyo ozungulira nyenyezi kutengera kukula kwake ndi zitsanzo za ma exoplanets onga Earth (opingasa - mtunda kuchokera ku nyenyezi (JA); kugwirizanitsa koyima - misa ya nyenyezi (yogwirizana ndi dzuwa)).

Chaka chatha, pogwiritsa ntchito chida cha ESO HARPS ndi ma telescope angapo padziko lonse lapansi, asayansi adapeza exoplanet LHS 1140b ngati munthu wodziwika bwino kwambiri pamoyo. Imazungulira LHS 1140 yofiira, zaka 18 zowala kuchokera pa Dziko Lapansi. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amanena kuti dzikoli lakhalapo kwa zaka pafupifupi 1,4 biliyoni. Iwo anaganiza kuti ali ndi m'mimba mwake pafupifupi 1140 XNUMX. Km - yomwe ndi nthawi XNUMX kukula kwa Dziko Lapansi. Kafukufuku wakuchulukirachulukira kwa LHS XNUMX b watsimikiza kuti mwina ndi thanthwe lomwe lili ndi chitsulo cholimba. Zikumveka bwino?

M'mbuyomo, dongosolo la mapulaneti asanu ndi awiri onga Dziko lapansi ozungulira nyenyezi linadziwika. TRAPPIST-1. Amalembedwa "b" kupyolera mu "h" potsata mtunda kuchokera kwa nyenyezi. Kupenda kochitidwa ndi asayansi ndi kusindikizidwa mu Januwale magazini ya Nature Astronomy ikusonyeza kuti chifukwa cha kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono, kutentha pang'ono, komanso kutsika kwamphamvu kwa radiation komwe sikumayambitsa kutentha kwa dziko, omwe akufuna kukhala mapulaneti okhalamo ndi " e. ” zinthu ndi “e”. N’kutheka kuti choyamba chimakwirira nyanja yonse ya m’madzi.

Mapulaneti a dongosolo la TRAPPIST-1

Chotero, kuzindikira mikhalidwe yabwino ya moyo kukuwoneka kuti n’kotheka kale. Kuzindikira moyo wakutali, komwe kumakhala kosavuta komanso sikutulutsa mafunde amagetsi, ndi nkhani yosiyana kotheratu. Komabe, asayansi a ku yunivesite ya Washington apereka njira yatsopano yomwe ikugwirizana ndi kufufuza kwa nthawi yaitali kwa chiwerengero chachikulu. mpweya m'mlengalenga. Ubwino wa malingaliro a okosijeni ndikuti ndizovuta kupanga mpweya wambiri popanda moyo, koma sizikudziwika ngati zamoyo zonse zimatulutsa mpweya.

M’magazini yotchedwa Science Advances, Joshua Crissansen-Totton wa pa yunivesite ya Washington anati: “Njira yopangira mpweya wa okosijeni imakhala yovuta kwambiri ndipo imapezeka kawirikawiri. Kupenda mbiri ya moyo pa Dziko Lapansi, zinali zotheka kuzindikira chisakanizo cha mpweya, kukhalapo kwake kumasonyeza kukhalapo kwa moyo mofanana ndi mpweya. Kulankhula kusakaniza kwa methane ndi carbon dioxide, popanda carbon monoxide. Chifukwa chiyani palibe womaliza? Chowonadi ndi chakuti maatomu a kaboni m'mamolekyu onsewa amayimira magawo osiyanasiyana a okosijeni. Ndikovuta kwambiri kupeza milingo yoyenera ya okosijeni ndi njira zomwe si zachilengedwe popanda kupangika kofanana kwa reaction-mediated carbon monoxide. Ngati, mwachitsanzo, gwero la methane ndi CO₂ pali mapiri ophulika mumlengalenga, iwo mosakayikira adzatsagana ndi carbon monoxide. Komanso, mpweya umenewu umalowa mwachangu komanso mosavuta ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Popeza lili mumlengalenga, kukhalapo kwa moyo kuyenera kupewedwa.

Kwa 2019, NASA ikukonzekera kukhazikitsa James Webb Space Telescopeyomwe idzatha kusanthula bwino kwambiri za mpweya wa mapulanetiwa chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mpweya wolemera kwambiri monga carbon dioxide, methane, madzi ndi mpweya.

Exoplanet yoyamba idapezeka mu 90s. Kuyambira pamenepo, tatsimikizira kale pafupifupi 4. ma exoplanets pafupifupi 2800 machitidwe, kuphatikiza pafupifupi makumi awiri omwe akuwoneka kuti angathe kukhalamo. Popanga zida zabwinoko zowonera maikowa, titha kulosera mozama za momwe zinthu zilili kumeneko. Ndipo zomwe zidzachitike sizidziwika.