Kuperewera kwa semiconductor padziko lonse lapansi kudafotokoza: zomwe kusowa kwa magalimoto kumatanthauza chiyani pagalimoto yanu yatsopano, kuphatikiza kuchedwa kwa kutumiza komanso nthawi yayitali yodikirira.

Hyundai ndi imodzi mwazinthu zambiri zomwe zikukumana ndi kusowa kwa semiconductor padziko lonse lapansi.

Dziko lasintha kwambiri m’miyezi 18 yapitayi ndipo mliri wapadziko lonse wakhudza mbali zonse za moyo, kuphatikizapo magalimoto amene timayendetsa.

Kuyambira m'masiku oyambilira a mliri mu 2020, pomwe opanga magalimoto padziko lonse lapansi adayamba kutseka mafakitole kuti ayese kufalikira kwa kachilomboka, kachitidwe kamene kamayambitsa kuchepa kwa katundu m'malo ogulitsa magalimoto, pomwe makampani amagalimoto tsopano akuganizira momasuka. kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa umisiri omwe amapereka m'magalimoto. 

Ndiye tinafika bwanji kuno? Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza chiyani kwa amene akufuna kugula galimoto? Ndipo yankho lake nchiyani?

Kodi ma semiconductors ndi chiyani?

Malinga ndi chidziwitso Britannica.com, semiconductor ndi "gulu lililonse la zolimba za crystalline zapakati pamagetsi amagetsi pakati pa kondakitala ndi insulator".

Nthawi zambiri, mutha kuganiza za semiconductor ngati kachipangizo kakang'ono kaukadaulo komwe kamathandizira maiko ambiri masiku ano kugwira ntchito.

Ma semiconductors amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chilichonse kuyambira pamagalimoto ndi makompyuta kupita ku mafoni a m'manja komanso zinthu zapakhomo monga ma TV.

Chifukwa chiyani kupereŵera?

Iyi ndi nkhani yachikale ya kupezeka ndi kufunikira. Mliriwu ukukakamiza anthu padziko lonse lapansi kuti azigwira ntchito kunyumba, osanenapo za ana kuphunzira pa intaneti, kufunikira kwa zinthu zaukadaulo monga ma laputopu, zowunikira, makamera apa intaneti ndi maikolofoni kwakwera kwambiri.

Komabe, opanga ma semiconductor akuganiza kuti kufunikira kutsika pomwe mafakitale ena (kuphatikiza magalimoto) achepa chifukwa cha zoletsa zokhudzana ndi mliri.

Ma semiconductors ambiri amapangidwa ku Taiwan, South Korea, ndi China, ndipo maiko awa akhudzidwa kwambiri ndi COVID-19 monga wina aliyense ndipo atenga nthawi kuti achire.

Pofika nthawi yomwe zomerazi zinkagwira ntchito mokwanira, panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kufunikira kwa ma semiconductors ndi kupezeka kwa opanga ambiri.

Bungwe la Semiconductor Industry Association lati kufunikira kwa zinthu zake kudakwera ndi 6.5% mu 2020 pakati pazigawo zosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi.

Nthawi yomwe imatenga kupanga tchipisi - zina zimatha kutenga miyezi kuchokera koyambira mpaka kumapeto - kuphatikizidwa ndi nthawi yayitali yodumphadumpha zapangitsa kuti mafakitale opangira zinthu padziko lonse lapansi akhale ovuta.

Kodi ma semiconductors amakhudzana bwanji ndi magalimoto?

Vuto lamakampani opanga magalimoto ndizovuta. Choyamba, mitundu yambiri idayamba kudula ma semiconductor awo koyambirira kwa mliri, kuyembekezera kugulitsa kochepa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kugulitsa magalimoto kunakhalabe kwamphamvu chifukwa anthu ankafuna kupeŵa mayendedwe apagulu kapena kuwononga ndalama pagalimoto yatsopano m'malo mopuma.

Ngakhale kuchepa kwa chip kwakhudza mafakitale onse, vuto lamakampani opanga magalimoto ndikuti magalimoto sadalira mtundu umodzi wokha wa semiconductor, amafunikira matembenuzidwe aposachedwa azinthu monga infotainment ndi zotsogola zochepa pazigawo. ngati mawindo amphamvu.

Ngakhale zili choncho, opanga magalimoto ndi makasitomala ang'onoang'ono poyerekeza ndi zimphona zaukadaulo monga Apple ndi Samsung, motero samapatsidwa patsogolo, zomwe zimadzetsa mavuto ena.

Mkhalidwewu sunathandizidwe ndi moto pa imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu opanga chip ku Japan mu March chaka chino. Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa fakitale, kupanga kunatsekedwa kwa mwezi umodzi, kumachepetsanso kutumiza padziko lonse lapansi.

Kodi izi zidakhudza bwanji makampani opanga magalimoto?

Kuperewera kwa semiconductor kwakhudza wopanga magalimoto aliyense, ngakhale ndizovuta kudziwa momwe mavuto akupitilira. Zomwe tikudziwa ndikuti izi zakhudza kuthekera kwa mitundu yambiri kupanga magalimoto ndipo zipitiliza kuletsa zoletsa kwanthawi yayitali.

Ngakhale opanga akuluakulu satetezedwa: Gulu la Volkswagen, Ford, General Motors, Hyundai Motor Group ndi Stellantis amakakamizika kuchepetsa kupanga padziko lonse lapansi.

Mkulu wa Volkswagen Herbert Diess adati gulu lawo silinathe kupanga magalimoto pafupifupi 100,000 chifukwa chosowa ma semiconductors.

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, a General Motors adakakamizika kutseka mafakitale ku US, Canada ndi Mexico, omwe ena sanabwerere kuntchito. Panthawi ina, chimphona cha ku America chinaneneratu kuti vutoli limuwonongera US $ 2 biliyoni.

Mitundu yambiri yasankha kuganizira zomwe semiconductors angapeze mu zitsanzo zopindulitsa kwambiri; mwachitsanzo, GM ikuyika patsogolo kupanga magalimoto ake onyamula katundu ndi ma SUV akuluakulu kuposa mitundu yotsika mtengo komanso zinthu zina monga Chevrolet Camaro, yomwe yasiya kupanga kuyambira Meyi osati chifukwa choyambiranso mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti.

Mitundu ina, yomwe ikuda nkhawa ndi kusowa kwa chip chaka chonse, tsopano akuganiza zochitapo kanthu mwamphamvu. Jaguar Land Rover posachedwa idavomereza kuti ikuganiza zochotsa zida zina pamitundu kuti ipange galimoto yotsalayo.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti ogula angafunike kusankha ngati akufuna kupeza galimoto yawo yatsopano mofulumira ndi kusagwirizana ndi zomwe atchulidwa, kapena kukhala oleza mtima ndikudikirira mpaka kuchepa kwa chip kutha kotero kuti hardware yonse ikhoza kuyatsidwa.

Chotsatira cha kuchepa kwa kupanga uku ndikuchepa kwa kaphatikizidwe ndi kuchedwa kopereka. Ku Australia, theka loyamba laulesi la 2020 chifukwa chakuchepa kwachuma kwakula, ndipo mliri wangowonjezera kupezeka.

Ngakhale pali zizindikilo zakuchira ku Australia pomwe kugulitsa kumabwerera ku mliri usanachitike, mitengo yamagalimoto imakhalabe yopitilira apo chifukwa ogulitsa amakhala ochepa pazomwe angapereke.

Kodi zidzatha liti?

Zimatengera omwe mumamvera: ena amaneneratu kuti takumana ndi kusowa kwakukulu, pomwe ena akuchenjeza kuti zitha kupitilira mpaka 2022.

Mtsogoleri wogula wa Volkswagen, Murat Axel, adauza Reuters mu June kuti adaneneratu kuti nthawi yoyipa kwambiri idzatha kumapeto kwa Julayi.

Mosiyana ndi izi, panthawi ya atolankhani, akatswiri ena am'mafakitale akuti kusowa kwazinthu kumatha kuchulukirachulukira mu theka lachiwiri la 2021 ndikupangitsa kuchedwetsanso kupanga kwa opanga ma automaker. 

Bwana wa Stellantis a Carlos Tavares adauza atolankhani sabata ino kuti sakuyembekeza kuti zotumiza zibwerere ku mliri usanachitike 2022.

Kodi mungawonjezere bwanji kuperekera ndikuletsa izi kuti zisachitikenso?

Ndikudziwa kuti iyi ndi webusaiti yamagalimoto, koma zoona zake n'zakuti kusowa kwa semiconductor kwenikweni ndi nkhani yovuta ya geopolitical yomwe imafuna kuti boma ndi bizinesi zizigwira ntchito limodzi pamagulu apamwamba kuti apeze yankho.

Vutoli lawonetsa kuti kupanga semiconductor kumakhazikika ku Asia - monga tanena kale, ambiri mwa tchipisi amapangidwa ku Taiwan, China ndi South Korea. Izi zimapangitsa moyo kukhala wovuta kwa opanga magalimoto aku Europe ndi ku America, chifukwa zimalepheretsa kuthekera kwawo kowonjezera zinthu pamsika wampikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi. 

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, atsogoleri a mayiko aloŵerera m’vuto la semiconductor limeneli ndi kulonjeza kuti athandiza kupeza yankho.

Purezidenti wa US a Joe Biden adati dziko lake liyenera kusiya kudalira mayiko ena ndipo liyenera kuteteza mayendedwe ake mtsogolo. Ndendende zomwe zikutanthawuza ndizovuta kuwerengera, chifukwa kukulitsa kupanga zinthu zaukadaulo monga ma semiconductors si bizinesi yanthawi yomweyo.

M'mwezi wa February, Purezidenti Biden adalamula kuwunikanso kwamasiku 100 kwaunyolo wapadziko lonse lapansi kuyesa kupeza yankho la kuchepa kwa semiconductor.

M'mwezi wa Epulo, adakumana ndi atsogoleri opitilira 20 kuti akambirane za mapulani ake oyika ndalama zokwana madola 50 biliyoni pakupanga ma semiconductor, kuphatikiza Mary Barry wa GM, Jim Farley ndi Tavares a Ford, ndi Sundar Photosi wa Alphabet (kampani ya makolo a Google). ) ndi nthumwi zochokera ku Taiwan Semiconductor Company ndi Samsung.

Si Purezidenti wa United States yekha amene ali ndi nkhawa. M'mwezi wa Meyi, Chancellor waku Germany Angela Merkel adauza msonkhano waukadaulo kuti Europe iyika pachiwopsezo mafakitale ake ngati ilephera kuteteza njira zake zoperekera zinthu.

"Ngati bloc yayikulu ngati EU ikulephera kupanga tchipisi, sindine wokondwa nazo," Chancellor Merkel adatero. "Ndizoipa ngati ndinu mtundu wamagalimoto ndipo simungathe kupanga zida zoyambira."

China akuti ikuyang'ana kwambiri kupanga mpaka 70 peresenti ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timafunikira m'mafakitale ake omwe amapangidwa mdziko muno m'zaka zisanu zikubwerazi kuti awonetsetse kuti ali ndi zomwe akufuna.

Koma si maboma okha amene akutengapo mbali, opanga magalimoto angapo akutsogoleranso pachitetezo chawo. Mwezi watha, Reuters inanena kuti Hyundai Motor Group idakambirana ndi South Korea chipmakers njira yothetsera nthawi yaitali yomwe ingalepheretse vutoli kuti lisabwerenso.