Nanchang Q-5
Q-5 idakhala ndege yoyamba yaku China yodzipangira yokha, yomwe idagwira zaka 45 pakuyendetsa ndege ku China. Inali njira yaikulu yothandizira mwachindunji ndi mosadziwika bwino kwa asilikali apansi.
People's Republic of China (PRC) idalengezedwa pa Okutobala 1, 1949 ndi Mao Zedong pambuyo pakupambana kwa omutsatira pankhondo yapachiweniweni. Kuomintang wogonjetsedwa ndi mtsogoleri wawo Chiang Kai-shek anabwerera ku Taiwan, kumene anapanga Republic of China. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ubale waukazembe ndi USSR, zida zambiri zankhondo zaku Soviet zidaperekedwa ku PRC. Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro a ophunzira aku China komanso kumanga mafakitale a ndege adayamba.
Chiyambi cha mgwirizano wa Sino-Soviet m'munda wamakampani oyendetsa ndege kunali kukhazikitsidwa ku China kwa chilolezo chopanga ndege yoyambira yaku Soviet Yakovlev Yak-18 (matchulidwe achi China: CJ-5). Patatha zaka zinayi (Julayi 26, 1958), ndege yophunzitsira yaku China ya JJ-1 idanyamuka. Mu 1956, kupanga Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-17F womenya (Chitchaina dzina: J-5) anayamba. Mu 1957, kupanga ndege zamitundu yosiyanasiyana za Yu-5, kopi yaku China ya Soviet Antonov An-2, idayamba.
Chinthu chinanso chofunikira pakukula kwamakampani oyendetsa ndege aku China chinali kukhazikitsidwa kwa chilolezo chopanga zida zapamwamba za MiG-19 muzosintha zitatu: womenyera tsiku la MiG-19S (J-6), MiG-19P (J-6A) wankhondo wanyengo zonse, ndi nyengo iliyonse yokhala ndi zoponya zowongoleredwa. kalasi ya air-to-air MiG-19PM (J-6B).
Ndege ya Q-5A yokhala ndi chitsanzo cha bomba la nyukiliya la KB-1 pa kuyimitsidwa kwapakati (bombalo lidabisidwa pang'ono mu fuselage), losungidwa m'magulu osungiramo zinthu zakale.
Pangano la Sino-Soviet pankhaniyi lidasainidwa mu Seputembara 1957, ndipo mwezi wotsatira, zolembedwa, zitsanzo, makope odziphatikizira odzipangira okha, zigawo ndi misonkhano ikuluikulu ya mndandanda woyamba zidayamba kufika ku USSR, mpaka kupanga kwawo kudapangidwa. makampani aku China. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zomwezo zinachitika ndi injini "Mikulin RD-9B turbojet", amene analandira dzina m'deralo RG-6 (pazipita kukankha 2650 kgf ndi 3250 kgf afterburner).
MiG-19P yoyamba yovomerezeka (yomwe inasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku zigawo za Soviet) inapita kumlengalenga pa chomera nambala 320 ku Khundu pa September 28, 1958. Mu March 1959, kupanga omenyana ndi Mi-G-19PM kunayamba ku Khundu. Womenyera woyamba MiG-19P pa fakitale nambala 112 ku Shenyang (komanso wopangidwa mbali Soviet) ananyamuka December 17, 1958. Kenaka, ku Shenyang, kupanga MiG-19S womenya nkhondo kunayamba, chitsanzo chake chinawuluka pa September 30, 1959. Panthawi imeneyi, ndege zonse za ku China "khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi" zinali ndi injini zoyambirira za Soviet RD-9B, kupanga m'deralo. za zoyendetsa zamtunduwu zinayambika patapita nthawi (factory No. 410, Shenyang Liming Aircraft Engine Plant).
Mu 1958, PRC idaganiza zoyamba ntchito yodziyimira pawokha pa omenyera nkhondo. M'mwezi wa Marichi, pamsonkhano wa utsogoleri wamakampani oyendetsa ndege ndi utsogoleri wa Air Force ya People's Liberation Army ya China, motsogozedwa ndi wamkulu wawo, General Liu Yalou, adapanga chisankho kuti amange ndege yowopsa kwambiri. Mapulani oyambilira aukadaulo ndiukadaulo adapangidwa ndipo lamulo lovomerezeka lidaperekedwa kuti apange ndege ya jet kuti achite izi. Ankakhulupirira kuti wankhondo wa MiG-19S sanali woyenerera ntchito yothandiza mwachindunji ndi yosadziwika ya asilikali apansi pabwalo lankhondo, ndipo makampani oyendetsa ndege aku Soviet sanapereke ndege zowononga zomwe zimayembekezeredwa.
Ndegeyo inayamba kupangidwa ku Factory No. 112 (Shenyang Aircraft Manufacturing Plant, yomwe tsopano ndi Shenyang Aircraft Corporation), koma pamsonkhano waumisiri mu August 1958 ku Shenyang, mlengi wamkulu wa Factory No. 112, Xu Shunshou, adanena kuti chifukwa cha katundu wapamwamba kwambiri wa zomera ndi ntchito zina zofunika kwambiri, kusamutsa kapangidwe ndi kumanga ndege kuukira latsopano kudzala No. 320 (Nanchang Ndege Plant, tsopano Hongdu Aviation Makampani Gulu). Ndipo kotero izo zinachitidwa. Lingaliro lotsatira la Xu Shunshou linali lingaliro lazamlengalenga la ndege yatsopano yowukira yokhala ndi manja am'mbali ndi "conical" kutsogolo kwa fuselage yowoneka bwino kutsogolo ndi mbali.
Lu Xiaopeng (1920-2000), ndiye wachiwiri kwa director of plant No. 320 pankhani zaukadaulo, adasankhidwa kukhala wopanga wamkulu wa ndegeyo. Wachiwiri wake mainjiniya Feng Xu adasankhidwa kukhala wachiwiri kwa injiniya wamkulu pafakitale, ndipo Gao Zhenning, He Yongjun, Yong Zhengqiu, Yang Guoxiang ndi Chen Yaozu anali m'gulu lachitukuko cha anthu 10. Gululi lidatumizidwa ku Factory 112 ku Shenyang, komwe adayamba kupanga ndege yowukira mogwirizana ndi akatswiri am'deralo ndi mainjiniya omwe adapatsidwa ntchitoyo.
Panthawiyi mapangidwewo adasankhidwa Dong Feng 106; dzina la Dong Feng 101 lidanyamulidwa ndi MiG-17F, Dong Feng 102 - MiG-19S, Don Feng 103 - MiG-19P, Don Feng 104 - mapangidwe omenyera nkhondo kuchokera ku chomera cha Shenyang, chotengera Northrop F-5 ( liwiro Ma = 1,4; zowonjezera palibe deta yomwe ilipo), Don Feng 105 - MiG-19PM, Don Feng 107 - mapangidwe omenyera nkhondo kuchokera ku chomera cha Shenyang, chopangidwa ndi Lockheed F-104 (liwiro Ma = 1,8; palibe zina zowonjezera).
Kwa ndege yatsopanoyi, idakonzedwa kuti ikwaniritse liwiro lalikulu la 1200 km / h, denga lothandiza la 15 m ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida ndi akasinja owonjezera amafuta a 000 km. Malinga ndi dongosololi, ndege yatsopanoyi idayenera kugwira ntchito pamalo otsika komanso otsika kwambiri, monga momwe zafotokozedwera pazofunikira zoyambirira komanso zaukadaulo, pansi pa gawo la radar la adani.
Poyamba, zida zoyima za ndegeyo zinali ndi mizinga iwiri ya 30-mm 1-30 (NR-30) yomwe imayikidwa pambali pa fuselage yopita patsogolo. Komabe, pakuyesedwa kunapezeka kuti mpweya wolowa m'mainjiniwo udayamwa mu mpweya wa ufa panthawi yowombera, zomwe zidapangitsa kuzimitsa. Choncho, zida zankhondo zinasinthidwa - mizinga iwiri ya 23-mm 1-23 (NR-23) inasamukira ku mizu ya mapiko pafupi ndi fuselage.
Zida za bomba zinali m'malo a bomba, pafupifupi mamita 4, omwe ali kumunsi kwa fuselage. Inali ndi mabomba awiri, omwe ali kumbuyo kwa mzake, wolemera 250 kg kapena 500 kg. Kuonjezera apo, mabomba ena awiri a 250-kg akhoza kupachikidwa kumbali ya ventral mbedza kumbali ya bomba la bomba ndi zina ziwiri pazitsulo zapansi, chifukwa cha matanki owonjezera amafuta. Yachibadwa katundu mphamvu ya mabomba anali 1000 makilogalamu, pazipita - 2000 makilogalamu.
Ngakhale kuti m’ndegemo munagwiritsidwa ntchito zida zankhondo, mafuta a m’ndegeyo sanasinthidwe. Mphamvu ya akasinja mkati anali 2160 malita, ndi underwing akasinja PTB-760 - 2 x 780 malita, okwana malita 3720; ndi kotunga mafuta ndi makilogalamu 1000 wa mabomba, ndege ndege osiyanasiyana anali 1450 Km.
Pazipatso zamkati zamkati, ndegeyo idanyamula zida ziwiri za 57-1 (S-5) zokhala ndi ma roketi okhala ndi 57-mm, iliyonse yomwe idanyamula maroketi asanu ndi atatu amtunduwu. Pambuyo pake, ikhoza kukhalanso zoyambitsa zokhala ndi maroketi asanu ndi awiri a 90 mm 1-90 osayendetsedwa kapena maroketi anayi a 130 mm Type 1-130. Pofuna kuwongolera, mawonekedwe osavuta a gyro adagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe sanathetse ntchito zophulitsa bomba, kotero kulondola kwake kumadalira pamlingo wotsimikizika pakukonzekera kwa woyendetsa kuti aphulitse bomba kuchokera pakudumphira pansi pamadzi kapena ndi ngodya yosinthira.
Mu Okutobala 1958, ntchito yomanga ndege yachitsanzo ya 1:10 idamalizidwa ku Shenyang, yomwe idawonetsedwa ku Beijing kwa atsogoleri a chipani, boma ndi ankhondo. Mtunduwu udachita chidwi kwambiri ndi omwe amapanga zisankho, motero adaganiza zopanga ma prototypes atatu, kuphatikiza imodzi yoyesa pansi.
Kale mu February 1959, mndandanda wathunthu wa zolembedwa ntchito yomanga prototypes, wopangidwa ndi anthu pafupifupi 15, anapereka ku zokambirana experimental kupanga. zojambula. Monga momwe mungaganizire, chifukwa chachangu, idayenera kukhala ndi zolakwika zambiri. Izi zinatha m'mavuto aakulu, ndipo zinthu zopangidwa zomwe zimayesedwa ndi mphamvu zambiri zinkawonongeka pamene katunduyo anali wocheperapo kuposa momwe amayembekezera. Choncho zolembazo zinkafunika kuwongolera kwambiri.
Zotsatira zake, pafupifupi 20 zikwi. zojambula za zolemba zatsopano, zosinthidwa sizinatumizidwe ku Plant No. 320 mpaka May 1960. Malinga ndi zojambula zatsopano, ntchito yomanga ma prototypes inayambanso.
Panthawiyo (1958-1962), kampeni yazachuma pansi pa mawu akuti "Great Leap Forward" inali kuchitidwa mu PRC, yomwe idapereka kusintha kwachangu kwa China kuchokera kudziko lobwerera m'mbuyo lazaulimi kupita ku mphamvu zamafakitale padziko lonse lapansi. M’chenicheni, izo zinathera mu njala ndi kuwonongeka kwachuma.
Zikatero, mu Ogasiti 1961, adaganiza zotseka pulogalamu ya ndege ya Dong Feng 106. Ngakhale kupanga chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi chovomerezeka kumayenera kuyimitsidwa! (Kupuma kunatenga zaka ziwiri). Komabe, kasamalidwe ka chomera nambala 320 sanafooke. Kwa chomeracho, unali mwayi wamakono, kutenga nawo mbali pakupanga ndege zankhondo zolonjeza. Feng Anguo, mkulu wa Factory No. 320, ndi wachiwiri wake komanso wamkulu wopanga ndege, Lu Xiaopeng, adatsutsa mwamphamvu. Iwo adalembera kalata Komiti Yaikulu ya Chipani Chachikomyunizimu ya China, yomwe inawalola kuti azigwira ntchito paokha, kunja kwa maola ogwira ntchito.
Zoonadi, gulu la polojekitiyi linachepetsedwa, mwa anthu a 300 okha ndi khumi ndi anayi okha omwe adatsalira, iwo anali antchito a chomera No. 320 ku Hongdu. Pakati pawo panali okonza asanu ndi mmodzi, awiri okonza mapulani, ogwira ntchito anayi, messenger ndi mkulu wotsutsa nzeru. Nthawi yogwira ntchito molimbika "nthawi yopuma pantchito" idayamba. Ndipo pokhapo kumapeto kwa 1962 mmerawo udachezeredwa ndi Wachiwiri kwa Nduna ya Unduna wachitatu waukadaulo wamakina (woyang'anira makampani oyendetsa ndege), General Xue Shaoqing, adaganiza zoyambiranso pulogalamuyi. Izi zidachitika chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi utsogoleri wa Air Force ya People's Liberation Army yaku China, makamaka Wachiwiri kwa Mtsogoleri wa Gulu Lankhondo la China, General Cao Lihuai. Pomalizira pake, zinali zotheka kuyamba kumanga chitsanzo cha mayesero osasunthika.
Chifukwa cha kuyesa chitsanzo cha ndege mumsewu wothamanga kwambiri, zinali zotheka kukonzanso mapiko a mapiko, momwe warp inachepetsedwa kuchokera ku 55 ° mpaka 52 ° 30 '. Chifukwa chake, zinali zotheka kuwongolera mawonekedwe a ndegeyo, yomwe, yokhala ndi zida zomenyera pansi pamlengalenga mkati ndi kunja, inali yolemera kwambiri ndipo inali ndi kukoka kwakukulu kwa aerodynamic pakuwuluka. Kutalika kwa mapiko ndi malo ake oberekera nawonso kunakula pang'ono.
Mapiko a Q-5 (pambuyo pake, dzinali linaperekedwa kwa ndege ya Don Feng 106 mu ndege yankhondo yaku China; kukonzanso ndege zonse kunachitika mu Okutobala 1964) inali 9,68 m, poyerekeza ndi mapiko a J- 6 - 9,0 m. ndi malo othandizira, anali (motsatira): 27,95 m2 ndi 25,0 m2. Izi zidapangitsa kuti Q-5 ikhale yokhazikika komanso yokhazikika, yomwe inali yofunika kwambiri pakuyendetsa mwamphamvu pamtunda wotsika komanso liwiro lotsika (mikhalidwe yomwe ndege zowukira pabwalo lankhondo zimachitikira).
