Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa ch.1

Akeno Aviation School Ki-43-II, 1943. Mutha kuwona mawonekedwe a zomwe zimatchedwa Ki-43-II - choziziritsa mafuta mu injini ya mpweya ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono ka mafuta owonjezera oziziritsa pansi. fuselage.

Gulu la Ki-43, lotchedwa "Oscar" ndi Allies, anali msilikali wa Imperial Japanese Army wochuluka kwambiri m'mbiri yake. Idapangidwa kumapeto kwa 30s ngati wolowa m'malo mwa Ki-27. Anali wosiyana ndi luso loyendetsa bwino kwambiri, koma m'njira zambiri anali wocheperapo kwa adani ake. Kuyesera kukonza magwiridwe antchito ndi kulimbikitsa zida panthawi yopanga zidapanga kusiyana pang'ono, popeza Allies adayambitsanso omenyera atsopano, apamwamba kwambiri. Ngakhale zofooka ndi zofooka, Ki-43 anakhalabe mmodzi wa zizindikiro za asilikali Japanese.

Mu December 1937, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa wankhondo wa Ki-27 (Mtundu 97) ndi Imperial Japanese Army (Dai Nippon Teikoku Rikugun), Army General Aviation Administration (Rikugun Kōkū Honbu) adalamula Nakajima kuti ayambe ntchito yokonza wolowa m'malo mwake. . Ki-27 idakhala ndege yoyamba yodzithandizira yokha yokhala ndi mapiko otsika yokhala ndi chipinda chotchinga kuti ilowe ntchito ndi Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo. Mu womenya watsopano, anaganiza ntchito zachilendo wina - retractable ankatera zida. Ponena za magwiridwe antchito, a Koku Honbu amafunikira liwiro lapamwamba la 500 km / h pa 4000 m, nthawi yokwera mpaka 5000 m zosakwana mphindi 5, komanso kuthamanga kwa 300 km ndi mafuta kwa mphindi 30 zankhondo kapena. 600 Km popanda kusungitsa magetsi. . Kuwongolera kwa womenyayo watsopano kumayenera kukhala koyipa kuposa Ki-27. Zida zankhondo zinkayenera kukhala ndi mfuti ziwiri zofananira za 89-mm Type 89 (7,7-shiki), zoikidwa mu fuselage pakati pa injini ndi kogolera ndi kuwombera pogwiritsa ntchito screw disk. Izi ndi zida zankhondo zankhondo kuyambira pomwe zidakhazikitsidwa.

Posakhalitsa, zofunikira za pulogalamu yotsatira yopanga zida zankhondo (Koku Heiki Kenkyu Hoshin) zidayamba kupangidwa ku Koku Honbu, pomwe omenyera nkhondo a m'badwo watsopano, oponya mabomba ndi ndege zowunikira zidayenera kupangidwa, opangidwa kuti alowe m'malo mwa makina omwe anali atangoyamba kumene kugwira ntchito. zaka zingapo. Zinaganiza zopanga magulu awiri a injini imodzi, omenyana ndi mpando umodzi - wopepuka komanso wolemera. Sizinali kuchuluka kwa ndege, koma zida zawo. Msilikali wopepuka wokhala pampando umodzi (kei tanza sentōki; chofupikitsidwa monga keisen), wokhala ndi mfuti ziwiri za 7,7 mm, anayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi adani. Kuti achite izi, anayenera kudziwika, koposa zonse, ndi luso loyendetsa bwino kwambiri. Kuthamanga kwakukulu ndi kusiyanasiyana kunali kofunikira kwambiri. Msilikali wolemera wampando umodzi (jū tanza sentōki; jūsen) anayenera kukhala ndi mfuti ziwiri za 7,7 mm ndi "cannons" imodzi kapena ziwiri, mwachitsanzo, mfuti zolemera kwambiri1. Analengedwa kuti amenyane ndi oponya mabomba, choncho anayenera kukhala ndi liwiro lalikulu kwambiri komanso kukwera, ngakhale pamtengo wamtundu ndi kuyendetsa.

Pulogalamuyi idavomerezedwa ndi Unduna wa Zankhondo (Rikugunsho) pa Julayi 1, 1938. M'miyezi yotsatira, a Koku Honbu adapanga zofunikira zamagulu amtundu wa ndege ndikuzipereka kwa opanga ndege osankhidwa. Nthawi zambiri, mawonekedwe a mpikisano wofananira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbuyomu amasiyidwa, pomwe makontrakitala amasankhidwa mwachisawawa pamitundu iliyonse ya ndege. Msilikali watsopano wa Nakajima, yemwe ankafuna kuti alowe m'malo mwa Ki-27, adatchedwa "kuwala". Anapatsidwa dzina lankhondo la Ki-43.

Chitsanzo chachitatu cha Ki-43 (chiwerengero cha 4303) chinamangidwa mu March 1939. Pamayesero, ndegeyo idasinthidwa kuti ifanane ndi makina oyesera (omwe amatchedwa ma prototypes owonjezera).

Kukwaniritsa ntchito

Ntchito yankhondo ya Ki-43 idapangidwa ndi gulu lotsogozedwa ndi injiniya Yasushi Koyama, yemwe adasamaliranso malo opangira magetsi. Woyang'anira ntchito yomanga ndegeyo anali Minoru Ota. Kunihiro Aoki anali kuyang'anira mawerengedwe a mphamvu, pamene Tetsuo Ichimaru anali kuyang'anira mapangidwe a mapiko. Kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa polojekitiyi kunachitika ndi Dr. Eng. Hideo Itokawa, mkulu wa aerodynamicist ku Nakajima komanso wamkulu wa mapangidwe a ndege zankhondo (rikugun sekkei-bu).

Mogwirizana ndi filosofi ya omenyera nkhondo yomwe inkagwira ntchito ku Japan panthawiyo, Ki-43 idapangidwa kuti ikhale yopepuka momwe ingathere. Zida zonse za woyendetsa ndege kapena zosindikizira zamafuta sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pofuna kufulumizitsa ntchitoyi, njira zambiri zamakono zoyesedwa pa Ki-27 zinagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chachilendo chokhacho chinali chopepuka, chokwera mwendo umodzi, chotsika ndi hydraulically komanso chobweza. Mapangidwe ake adawonedwa munkhondo yankhondo yaku America Vought V-143 yogulidwa ndi Japan mu Julayi 1937. Monga choyambirira, miyendo yokhayo inaphimbidwa pambuyo poyeretsa, pamene magudumuwo anakhalabe osatetezedwa. Mchirawo unasiyidwa pansi pa fuselage yakumbuyo.

Cockpit ya woyendetsa ndegeyo inali yophimbidwa ndi chigawo cha magawo atatu, chopangidwa ndi galasi lokhazikika, limousine yotsetsereka kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kokhazikika, kupanga "hump" ya pepala lachitsulo pa fuselage, ndi mawindo awiri kumbali. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti poyambitsa limousine "anagulung'undisa" pansi pa "hump". Mafuta onse, owirikiza kawiri kuposa a Ki-27, adayikidwa m'matanki anayi m'mapiko. Chifukwa chake, thankiyo sinayikidwe mumlanduwo. Ndegeyo inali ndi transceiver ya Type 96 Model 2 yokhala ndi mlongoti wochirikiza chingwe cha mlongoti woyikidwa pa hump. Woyendetsa ndegeyo anali ndi makina opangira mpweya. Kusonga kwake kunali mtundu wamba 89 wowoneka bwino, womwe chubu chake chimadutsa pabowo la galasi lakutsogolo.

Pa mapangidwe siteji, ankaganiza kuti chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwa airframe ndi pazipita mafuta kotunga, komanso ntchito retraction ndi ankatera zida limagwirira, pamodzi ndi dongosolo hayidiroliki, Ki-43 adzakhala pafupifupi 25. % yolemera kuposa Ki. -27. Chifukwa chake, injini yamphamvu kwambiri idafunikira kuti ikwaniritse zomwe zidakonzedwa. Koyama anasankha Nakajima Ha-14 25-silinda injini ziwiri nyenyezi ndi mphamvu yonyamuka 980 hp, ndi siteji imodzi, kompresa single-liwiro. Ha-25 (matchulidwe a fakitale NAM) adatengera kapangidwe ka French Gnome-Rhône 14M, koma pogwiritsa ntchito mayankho a injini ya Ha-20 (layisensi yaku Britain Bristol Mercury VIII) ndi malingaliro ake. Chotsatira chake chinali chopambana kwambiri cha mphamvu yamagetsi - chinali ndi mapangidwe ang'onoang'ono, miyeso yaying'ono ndi kulemera kwake, inali yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, yodalirika komanso panthawi imodzimodziyo imatha kugwira ntchito pa osakaniza osakaniza kwa nthawi yaitali, zomwe zinachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta. kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo potero amalola kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ndege. Mu 1939, gulu lankhondo la Ha-25 lidavomerezedwa ndi gulu lankhondo kuti lipange serial pansi pa dzina lofotokozera Type 99 ndi mphamvu ya 950 hp. (99-shiki, 950-bariki) 2. Mu Ki-43, injiniyo inkayendetsa chopalasa chamatabwa chokhazikika chokhala ndi mikwingwirima iwiri chokhala ndi mainchesi 2,90 popanda chophimba.

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1938, bungwe la akatswiri a Koku Honbu ndi Rikugun Koku Gijutsu Kenkyusho (Army Experimental Institute of Aviation Technology, yofupikitsidwa Kogiken kapena Giken) adawona bwino mapangidwe a asilikali a Ki-43 ndikuvomereza masanjidwe ake. . Pambuyo pake, Koku Honbu adalamula kuti amange zojambula zitatu (shisakuki) zochokera ku Nakajima, ndipo okonzawo adayamba kupanga zolemba zatsatanetsatane zaukadaulo.

Prototypes

Chitsanzo choyamba cha Ki-43 (chiwerengero cha 4301 seizō bangō) chinachoka ku Nakajima Hikōki Kabushiki Gaisha No. Ulendo wake unachitika pa Disembala 1 kuchokera ku bwalo la ndege la fakitale la Ojima. Mu Januwale 1, ndegeyo inapita ku Tachikawa kukayesa mwatsatanetsatane ndege ku Dipatimenti Yofufuza ya Kogiken. Adapezekanso ndi oyendetsa ndege oyendetsa ndege ochokera ku Akeno Army Aviation School (Akeno Rikugun Hikō Gakkō), yomwe panthawiyo inali malo oyeserera omenyera ankhondo a Army Aviation. Ma prototypes ena awiri (1938 ndi 12), omwe adamalizidwa mu February ndi Marichi 1939, adapitanso ku Kogiken. Iwo anali osiyana ndi chitsanzo choyamba kokha mu kabati - "hump" inali yonyezimira, ndipo limousine inali ndi mafelemu ochepa olimbikitsa.

Zambiri zoyesa ndege sizikudziwika, koma mayankho oyendetsa ndege amadziwika kuti anali olakwika. The prototypes Ki-43 analibe ntchito bwino kuposa siriyo Ki-27, ndipo nthawi yomweyo makhalidwe oipa kwambiri ndege, makamaka maneuverability. Anali aulesi komanso ochedwa kuyankha ku chiwongolero ndi kupotoza kwa aileron, ndipo nthawi zokhotakhota ndi ma radius zinali zazitali kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kunyamuka ndi kuterako kunali kosasangalatsa. Mavuto adayambitsa hydraulic system ya chassis. Njira yotsegulira chivundikiro cha kabatiyo idawonedwa ngati yosatheka. Zikatero, Koku Honbu anali pafupi kupanga chisankho chosiya chitukuko cha Ki-43. Utsogoleri wa Nakajima, wosafuna kutaya phindu kapena kuwononga kutchuka kwa kampaniyo, adakwanitsa kuti asitikali awonjezere mayeso ndikuyitanitsa ma prototypes khumi (4304-4313). Anapangidwira kuyesa njira zatsopano zamakono, injini ndi zida mwa izo. Gulu la mainjiniya Koyama adayamba ntchito yokonzanso Ki-43 kuti ikwaniritse zomwe Koku Honbu akuyembekeza.

Mapangidwe a ndegeyo anali osavuta (zomwe zinayambitsa mavuto aakulu ndi mphamvu ya mapiko), ndipo gawo la mchira linasinthidwanso. Mchirawo unasunthidwa mmbuyo, ndipo chiwongolerocho tsopano chinaphimba kutalika konse kwa nsonga za mchira ndi fuselage, kotero kuti dera lake linali lalikulu kwambiri. Chotsatira chake, luso lake linakula, zomwe zinali ndi zotsatira zabwino pa kayendetsedwe ka ndege. Chivundikiro cha cockpit chidakonzedwanso ndipo tsopano chinali ndi magawo awiri - chotchingira chakutsogolo chokhazikika komanso chotchingira chamisozi chonyezimira chomwe chimatha kutsetsereka cham'mbuyo. Chophimba chatsopanocho sichinali chopepuka kwambiri, komanso chinapereka mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri kumbali zonse (makamaka kumbuyo). Mlongoti wa mlongoti unasunthidwa kumanja kwa fuselage yakutsogolo, kuseri kwa injiniyo. Chifukwa cha kusintha kumeneku, kawonekedwe ka ndegeyo kakhala kocheperako komanso kowoneka bwino kwambiri. Kugwira ntchito kwa ma hydraulic ndi magetsi kwasinthidwa, wailesi yasinthidwa ndi chopepuka Type 96 Model 3 Model 2, gudumu la mchira lokhazikika layikidwa m'malo mwa skid, ndipo propeller ili ndi kapu. Mu May 1940, mapiko awiri atsopano adapangidwa, 20 ndi 30 masentimita ocheperapo kusiyana ndi oyambirira, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mapiko achepetse ndi 40 ndi 60 cm, motsatira, koma ntchito yawo inasiyidwa kwakanthawi.

Ndege zoyesera, zotchedwa zowonjezera kapena zowonjezera (zōka shisakuki), zinamangidwa pakati pa November 1939 ndi September 1940. Iwo anali okonzeka ndi injini Ha-25 ndi Sumitomo zitsulo zitsulo ziwiri zopalasa awiri a m'mimba mwake chomwecho, hayidiroliki tsamba lopendekeka limagwirira kusintha kwa American kampani Hamilton Standard. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mbali zosiyanasiyana za kupendekera kwa masambawo zinayesedwa kuti adziwe makhalidwe ake abwino. Pa makope angapo, ma propellers atsopano, okhala ndi mikwingwirima atatu adayesedwa, koma sanaganizidwe kuti awagwiritse ntchito pakupanga ndege.

Mu July 1940, ma prototypes No. 4305 ndi 4309 anali ndi injini zatsopano za Ha-105 zokhala ndi mphamvu ya 1200 hp. Anali kukonzanso kwa Ha-25 yokhala ndi siteji imodzi yokhala ndi liwiro limodzi komanso bokosi la gear losinthidwa. Pambuyo pa mayesero angapo, injini zoyambirira zinabwezeretsedwa pa makina onse awiri. Komano, injini zatsopano za Ha-4308 zinayenera kuyesedwa pa ndege No. 4309 komanso 115, koma chifukwa cha kutalika ndi kulemera kwawo, lingaliro ili linasiyidwa. Izi zinafuna kusintha kwakukulu mu kapangidwe ka ndege, komanso, panthawiyo injini ya Ha-115 inali isanamalizidwe. Pafupifupi ndege imodzi (4313) imakhala ndi mpweya woziziritsa m'mphepete mwa chotengera cha injini chokhala ndi zingwe zisanu ndi zitatu mbali iliyonse ndi ziwiri pamwamba. The screw hub yokutidwa ndi kapu. Pa ndege No. 4310 ndi 4313, zida zamtundu wa 89 zidasinthidwa ndi 103 mm No-12,7 yatsopano, yokhala ndi zozungulira 230 kapena 250. Ndege zina zoyesera zidawuluka pakuyesedwa popanda zida, zowonera ndi mawayilesi (komanso ndi mlongoti wa antenna utachotsedwa). Zosintha bwino zomwe zidayambitsidwa ndikuyesedwa pasampuli imodzi zidakhazikitsidwa pamakina ena.

Kupatula apo, zachilendo zofunika kwambiri zinali zotchedwa zishango zankhondo (sento kapena kusen furappu), zopangidwa ndi Eng. Itokawa. Ziphuphuzo zinapita mopanda malire kupitirira mapiko a mapiko, i.e. patali kwambiri kuchokera ku fuselage kusiyana ndi ailerons, kupanga dongosolo lomwe limafanana ndi mapiko ofalikira a gulugufe (choncho dzina lawo lodziwika la butterfly flaps - cho-gata). Pankhondo yamlengalenga (mpaka liwiro la pafupifupi 400 km / h), amatha kukulitsidwa ndikupatutsidwa ndi 15 °, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ndegeyo izitha kuyendetsa bwino, zomwe zimakulolani kuti musinthe mosinthana popanda kutaya. Zishango zolimbana zidayikidwa koyamba pamagawo atatu omaliza oyesera (4311, 4312 ndi 4313). Posakhalitsa anakhala chizindikiro cha asilikali a Nakajima.