Mgwirizano wonyowa - Gawo 1

Ma organic compounds nthawi zambiri samalumikizidwa ndi chinyezi, pomwe ma organic compounds amakhala mosemphanitsa. Ndipotu, zakale ndi miyala yowuma, ndipo zotsirizirazi zimachokera ku zamoyo zam'madzi. Komabe, mayanjano ofala alibe chochita ndi zenizeni. Pankhaniyi, ndizofanana: madzi amatha kufinyidwa pamiyala, ndipo ma organic compounds amatha kuuma kwambiri.

Madzi ndi chinthu chopezeka paliponse padziko lapansi, ndipo n’zosadabwitsa kuti amapezekanso m’mankhwala ena. Nthawi zina zimagwirizanitsidwa momasuka ndi iwo, zotsekedwa mkati mwawo, zimawonekera mwa mawonekedwe obisika kapena zimamanga poyera mapangidwe a makristasi.

Zinthu zoyamba poyamba. Pachiyambi…

…chinyontho

Mankhwala ambiri amatha kutenga madzi kuchokera kumalo awo - mwachitsanzo, mchere wodziwika bwino wa tebulo, womwe nthawi zambiri umasonkhana pamodzi mumlengalenga wotentha komanso wonyowa wa kukhitchini. Zinthu zoterezi zimakhala ndi hygroscopic komanso chinyezi chomwe chimayambitsa madzi a hygroscopic. Komabe, mchere wamchere umafunika chinyezi chokwanira (onani bokosi: Kodi madzi ali mumlengalenga ochuluka bwanji?) kuti amange nthunzi wamadzi. Pakali pano, m’chipululu muli zinthu zomwe zimatha kuyamwa madzi kuchokera ku chilengedwe.

Kodi mumlengalenga muli madzi ochuluka bwanji?

Mtheradi chinyezi ndi kuchuluka kwa nthunzi yamadzi yomwe ili mugawo la mpweya pa kutentha komwe kumaperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, pa 0 ° С mu 1 m³ Pamwamba pakhoza kukhala pazipita (kuti palibe condensation) pafupifupi 5 g madzi, pa 20 ° C - pafupifupi 17 g madzi, ndi 40 ° C - oposa 50 g. Mu khitchini otentha kapena bafa, izi ndi zonyowa ndithu.

Chinyezi Chachibale ndi chiŵerengero cha kuchuluka kwa nthunzi yamadzi pa mlingo umodzi wa mpweya kufika pa mlingo waukulu pa kutentha komwe kumaperekedwa (kufotokozedwa ngati peresenti).

Kuyesera kotsatira kudzafuna sodium NaOH kapena potaziyamu hydroxide KOH. Ikani piritsi yamagulu (monga momwe amagulitsidwa) pa galasi la wotchi ndikusiya mlengalenga kwa kanthawi. Posakhalitsa mudzawona kuti lozenge imayamba kuphimbidwa ndi madontho amadzimadzi, ndikufalikira. Izi ndi zotsatira za hygroscopicity ya NaOH kapena KOH. Poyika zitsanzo m'zipinda zosiyanasiyana za nyumba, mukhoza kuyerekezera chinyezi cha malowa (1).

1. Mvula ya NaOH pa galasi la wotchi (kumanzere) ndi mafunde omwewo pambuyo pa maola angapo mumlengalenga (kumanja).

2. Laboratory desiccator ndi gel silikoni (chithunzi: Wikimedia/Hgrobe)

Akatswiri a zamankhwala, osati iwo okha, amathetsa vuto la chinyezi cha chinthu. Madzi a Hygroscopic ndiko kuipitsidwa kosasangalatsa ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala, ndipo zomwe zili mkati mwake, ndizosakhazikika. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyeza kuchuluka kwa reagent yofunikira pakuchita. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndiyo kuumitsa zinthuzo. Pazinthu zamafakitale, izi zimachitika m'zipinda zotentha, ndiye kuti, mu uvuni wokulirapo wanyumba.

M'ma laboratories, kuwonjezera pa zowumitsira magetsi (kachiwiri, uvuni), zotulutsa (komanso kusungirako zouma zouma kale). Izi ndi zotengera zamagalasi, zotsekedwa mwamphamvu, pansi pake pomwe pali hygroscopic kwambiri (2). Ntchito yake ndikutenga chinyezi kuchokera kumagulu owuma ndikusunga chinyezi mkati mwa desiccator.

Zitsanzo za desiccants: Anhydrous CaCl salt.₂ ine MgSO₄, phosphorous oxides (V) P₄O₁₀ ndi calcium CaO ndi silika gel (silica gel). Mupezanso zotsirizirazo ngati ma sachets a desiccant omwe amaikidwa m'mafakitale ndi chakudya (3).

3. Gelisi ya silicone kuti ateteze chakudya ndi mafakitale ku chinyezi.

Ma dehumidifiers ambiri amatha kupangidwanso ngati amwa madzi ochulukirapo - amangotenthetsa.

Palinso kuipitsidwa ndi mankhwala. madzi a m'botolo. Imalowa m'makristasi panthawi ya kukula kwawo mofulumira ndipo imapanga malo odzaza ndi yankho lomwe kristalo imapangidwira, yozunguliridwa ndi olimba. Mukhoza kuchotsa thovu lamadzimadzi mu kristalo mwa kusungunula pawiri ndikuyikonzanso, koma nthawi ino pansi pa zinthu zomwe zimachepetsa kukula kwa kristalo. Kenako mamolekyu "adzakhazikika" mumtambo wa crystal, osasiya mipata.

madzi obisika

Muzinthu zina, madzi amakhala mu mawonekedwe obisika, koma katswiri wamankhwala amatha kuwachotsa mwa iwo. Zitha kuganiziridwa kuti mumasula madzi kuchokera kumtundu uliwonse wa oxygen-hydrogen pansi pamikhalidwe yoyenera. Mudzazipangitsa kusiya madzi potenthetsa kapena pochita zinthu zina zomwe zimamwa madzi mwamphamvu. Madzi mu ubale wotere madzi ovomerezeka. Yesani njira zonse ziwiri zochepetsera madzi m'thupi.

4. Nthunzi wamadzi umasungunuka mu chubu choyesera pamene mankhwala akusowa madzi.

Thirani soda pang'ono mu chubu choyesera, i.e. sodium bicarbonate NaHCO.₃. Mutha kuzigula ku golosale, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhitchini, mwachitsanzo. monga chotupitsa chophikira (komanso chili ndi ntchito zina zambiri).

Ikani chubu choyesera mu lawi la choyatsira pakona pafupifupi 45 ° ndipo potulukira potulukira moyang'anizana nanu. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo zaukhondo wa labotale ndi chitetezo - umu ndi momwe mungadzitetezere ngati mutatuluka mwadzidzidzi chinthu chotentha kuchokera ku chubu choyesera.

Kutentha sikofunikira, zomwe zimayamba pa 60 ° C (chowotcha cha methylated kapena kandulo ndikwanira). Yang'anani pamwamba pa chotengeracho. Ngati chubu ndi lalitali mokwanira, madontho amadzimadzi amayamba kusonkhana potulukira (4). Ngati simukuwawona, ikani galasi lozizira loyang'ana pa chubu choyesera - nthunzi yamadzi yomwe imatulutsidwa panthawi ya kusungunuka kwa soda (chizindikiro cha D pamwamba pa muvi chimasonyeza kutentha kwa chinthucho):

5. Paipi yakuda imatuluka mu galasi.

Chinthu chachiwiri cha gasi, carbon dioxide, chikhoza kudziwika pogwiritsa ntchito madzi a mandimu, i.e. zodzaza yankho calcium hydroxide ndi (HE)₂. Kuwonongeka kwake komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mvula ya calcium carbonate kukuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa CO₂. Ndikokwanira kutenga dontho la yankho pa baguette ndikuyiyika kumapeto kwa chubu choyesera. Ngati mulibe calcium hydroxide, pangani madzi a mandimu powonjezera njira ya NaOH pa njira iliyonse ya mchere ya calcium yosungunuka m'madzi.

Pakuyesa kotsatira, mugwiritsa ntchito chopangira khitchini chotsatira - shuga wokhazikika, ndiye kuti, sucrose C.₁₂H2₂O₁₁. Mudzafunikanso yankho lokhazikika la sulfuric acid H₂SO₄.

Nthawi yomweyo ndikukumbutsani malamulo ogwirira ntchito ndi reagent yowopsa iyi: magolovesi a mphira ndi magalasi amafunikira, ndipo kuyesako kumachitika pa tray ya pulasitiki kapena pulasitiki.

Thirani shuga mu beaker yaing'ono theka monga momwe chotengeracho chadzaza. Tsopano tsanulirani mu njira ya sulfuric acid mu kuchuluka kwa theka la shuga wothiridwa. Sakanizani zomwe zili mkati ndi ndodo yagalasi kuti asidi agawidwe mofanana mu voliyumu. Palibe chomwe chimachitika kwa kanthawi, koma mwadzidzidzi shuga amayamba mdima, kenako amasanduka wakuda, ndipo potsiriza amayamba "kusiya" chotengeracho.

Mphuno yakuda yakuda, yosaonekanso ngati shuga woyera, imatuluka mugalasi ngati njoka kuchokera mudengu la fakirs. Chinthu chonsecho chimatenthetsa, mitambo ya nthunzi yamadzi ikuwoneka ndipo ngakhale mluzu umamveka (uwu ndi nthunzi wamadzi wotuluka m'ming'alu).

Chochitikacho ndi chokongola, kuchokera ku gulu la otchedwa. mipope ya mankhwala (5). The hygroscopicity ya moyikirapo yankho la H ndi amene amachititsa zotsatira zowonedwa.₂SO₄. Ndilokulu kwambiri kotero kuti madzi amalowa mu yankho kuchokera kuzinthu zina, pamenepa sucrose:

Zotsalira za kuchepa kwa shuga zimadzaza ndi nthunzi wamadzi (kumbukirani kuti mukasakaniza ndende ya H.₂SO₄ kutentha kwakukulu kumatulutsidwa ndi madzi), zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa voliyumu yawo komanso zotsatira za kukweza misa kuchokera pagalasi.

Wotsekeredwa mu kristalo

6. Kutentha kwa crystalline copper sulfate (II) mu chubu choyesera. Kutaya madzi m'thupi mwapawiri kumawonekera.

Ndi madzi amtundu wina womwe uli m'mankhwala. Nthawiyi ikuwonekera momveka bwino (mosiyana ndi madzi ovomerezeka), ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumatanthauzidwa momveka bwino (osati mopanda malire, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi madzi a hygroscopic). Izi madzi a crystallizationzomwe zimapereka mtundu wa makhiristo - akachotsedwa, amawonongeka kukhala ufa wa amorphous (omwe mudzawona moyesera, monga momwe amachitira katswiri wamankhwala).

Sungani makhiristo a buluu a hydrated copper(II) sulfate CuSO₄× 5 pa₂O, amodzi mwa ma reagents otchuka kwambiri a labotale. Thirani tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono mu chubu choyesera kapena evaporator (njira yachiwiri ndi yabwino, koma pamlingo wocheperako, chubu choyesera chingagwiritsidwenso ntchito; zambiri pazomwezi pamwezi). Pang'onopang'ono yambani kutentha pamoto woyaka moto (nyali ya mowa wonyezimira idzakwanira).

Gwirani chubu nthawi zambiri kutali ndi inu, kapena gwedezani baguette mu evaporator yoyikidwa mu chogwirira cha katatu (musatsamira pa galasi). Pamene kutentha kumakwera, mtundu wa mcherewo umayamba kuzimiririka, mpaka potsirizira pake umakhala pafupifupi woyera. Pankhaniyi, madontho amadzimadzi amasonkhanitsidwa kumtunda kwa chubu choyesera. Awa ndi madzi omwe amachotsedwa mu makhiristo amchere (kuwawotcha mu evaporator amawonetsa madziwo poyika galasi lozizira pamwamba pa chotengera), chomwe chasweka kukhala ufa (6). Kutaya madzi m'thupi kwa pawiri kumachitika mu magawo angapo:

Kuwonjezeka kwina kwa kutentha pamwamba pa 650 ° C kumayambitsa kuwola kwa mchere wa anhydrous. White ufa anhydrous CuSO₄ sungani mu chidebe chokhomedwa mwamphamvu (mutha kuyikamo chikwama choyamwa chinyezi).

Mutha kufunsa: timadziwa bwanji kuti kutaya madzi m'thupi kumachitika monga momwe tafotokozera ndi ma equation? Kapena nchifukwa ninji maubwenzi amatsatira chitsanzo ichi? Mudzayesetsa kudziwa kuchuluka kwa madzi mu mcherewu mwezi wamawa, tsopano ndiyankha funso loyamba. Njira yomwe tingawonere kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa chinthu ndi kutentha kwakukulu kumatchedwa Kusanthula kwa thermogravimetric. Zomwe zimayesedwa zimayikidwa pa mphasa, zomwe zimatchedwa kuti kutentha kwapakati, ndi kutentha, kuwerenga kusintha kwa kulemera.

Inde, lero ma thermobalances amalemba deta okha, panthawi imodzimodziyo akujambula graph yofanana (7). Maonekedwe a pamapindikira a graph amasonyeza pa kutentha kwa "chinachake" chomwe chimachitika, mwachitsanzo, chinthu chosasunthika chimatulutsidwa kuchokera kumagulu (kuchepa kwa kulemera) kapena kuphatikiza ndi mpweya mumlengalenga (ndiye misa imawonjezeka). Kusintha kwa misa kumakupatsani mwayi wodziwa zomwe zatsika kapena kuchuluka kwanji.

7. Chithunzi cha thermogravimetric curve ya crystalline copper (II) sulfate.

Hydrated CuSO₄ ali ndi pafupifupi mtundu wofanana ndi njira yake yamadzi. Izi sizinangochitika mwangozi. Ndi ion mu yankho₂+ wazunguliridwa ndi mamolekyu asanu ndi limodzi amadzi, ndipo mu krustalo - ndi anayi, ali m'makona a lalikulu, lomwe ndilo pakati. Pamwamba ndi pansi pa ion zitsulo pali sulphate anions, iliyonse yomwe "imagwira" ma cations awiri oyandikana nawo (kotero stoichiometry ndi yolondola). Koma kodi molekyulu yachisanu yamadzi ili kuti? Ili pakati pa ma ion sulfate ndi molekyulu yamadzi mu lamba wozungulira ayoni amkuwa (II).

Ndipo kachiwiri, wowerenga wofunsayo adzafunsa kuti: Mukudziwa bwanji izi? Nthawiyi kuchokera pazithunzi za makhiristo omwe amapezedwa powayatsa ndi X-ray. Komabe, kufotokoza chifukwa chake pawiri ya anhydrous ndi yoyera ndipo hydrated pawiri ndi buluu ndi chemistry yapamwamba. Yakwana nthawi yoti aphunzire.

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