Mafuta amchere

Mafuta amchere ali ndi maziko amchere, chifukwa amapangidwa kuchokera ku petroleum ndipo amapangidwa ndi distillation yamafuta amafuta. Iwo yodziwika ndi kusakhazikika kwa mawonekedwe ake ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu. Mafuta amchere amathanso kupangidwa kuchokera ku mbewu zamakampani.

Popeza luso la kupanga "madzi amchere" ndi losavuta, mtengo wamafuta oterowo ndi wotsika kwambiri kuposa mafuta opangira.

Mafuta amchere sapezeka m'mawonekedwe awo achilengedwe, chifukwa amatha kukhala ndi mafuta ofunikira pongotentha "chipinda" popanda katundu wolemetsa. Chifukwa chake, mu ICE ntchito kokha ndi stabilizing zina, kuti mafuta azigwira bwino ntchito.

Zowonjezera zotere zimawonjezeredwa kumafuta oyambira ndikuthandizira kukulitsa anti-corrosion, anti-wear, and detergent properties of mineral motor oil oil. Kupatula apo, mawonekedwe amafuta amafuta amchere samalola kupirira kutentha kwambiri, izi imasungunuka msanga m’nyengo yozizira, ndipo ikawira, imatseka injini yoyaka mkati ndi zinthu zoyaka. Chifukwa cha makhalidwe amenewa, mafuta amchere kwa magalimoto, kuwonjezera pa maziko palokha, lili ndi zina 12%. Mafuta amchere apamwamba amayenera kupangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zabwino zamafuta ndikukhala ndi kuyeretsedwa kwakukulu.

Kukonzekera kwa mineral oil

"Mchere madzi", omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati lubricant, ali ndi izi:

1. Alkaline ndi paraffin cyclic.
2. Cyclanes - 75-80%, aromatics - 10-15% ndi cyclano-onunkhira hydrocarbons - 5-15%.
3. Kuchepa kwa ma unsaturated ndi alkane hydrocarbons.

Mafuta a mamineral motor amakhalanso ndi zotuluka za okosijeni ndi sulfure za ma hydrocarbons, komanso mankhwala a tar-asphalt. Koma mankhwala onsewa sanaphatikizidwe pamaziko a mafuta opangira mafuta a injini zoyaka mkati mwa kuchuluka komwe tafotokozazi, chifukwa amayeretsedwa mozama.

Kuphatikiza pa madzi amchere amchere omwe ali ndi ma viscosities osiyanasiyana, mafutawo alinso ndi zowonjezera zina, zomwe, kuwonjezera pa kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito, zimakhalanso zovuta. Popeza kutentha kwakukulu kumawakhudza kwambiri, zowonjezera zimayaka mwachangu, chifukwa cha zomwe mafuta amasintha zinthu zake. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa injini zama mtunda wautali.

Kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino injini yoyaka mkati, mafuta amchere amayenera kusinthidwa pambuyo pa kuthamanga kwa 5-6 km, mpaka atataya katundu wake.

Viscosity ya mafuta amchere

Osati mu mafuta amchere okha, komanso mafuta ena (synthetics, semi-synthetics), kukhuthala ndi khalidwe lofunika kwambiri. Mu mafuta a injini, monga mafuta ambiri ndi mafuta, mamasukidwe akayendedwe kusintha ndi kutentha (m'munsi mwake, m'pamenenso mafuta amakhala viscous ndi mosemphanitsa). Kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino injini yoyaka mkati, sayenera kukhala yokwera kapena yotsika kuposa mtengo wina, ndiye kuti, poyambitsa injini yozizira pa kutentha kwapansi pa zero, kukhuthala kwamafuta sikuyenera kukhala kwakukulu. Ndipo m'nyengo yotentha, poyambitsa injini yotentha, mafuta sayenera kukhala amadzimadzi kwambiri kuti apereke filimu yolimba komanso kukakamiza koyenera pakati pa zigawo zopaka.

Mafuta a injini ali ndi index yayikulu ya viscosity. chizindikiro ichi limasonyeza kudalira mamasukidwe akayendedwe pa kusintha kutentha.

Mlozera wa viscosity wa mafuta ndi mtengo wopanda malire (nambala yokha) yomwe siimayesedwa m'mayunitsi aliwonse. Nambala iyi ikuwonetsa "digrii ya dilution" ya mafuta, ndipo mlozerawu ukakhala wapamwamba kwambiri, kutentha komwe kumakulirakulira. ntchito yachibadwa ya injini.

Chithunzi cha kinematic viscosity ya mineral oil motsutsana ndi kutentha.

Mu mafuta amchere omwe mulibe zowonjezera zowonjezera, chiwerengero cha index chimachokera ku 85 mpaka 100, ndipo ndi zowonjezera zimatha kufika 120. Chizindikiro chochepa cha viscosity index chimasonyeza kuyambika kosauka kwa injini yoyaka mkati mwa kutentha kwapakati komanso kutetezedwa kosayenera. pa kutentha kwambiri.

Standard SAE, zoyambira mamasukidwe akayendedwe (amitundu) mafuta opangidwa ndi mchere amatha kukhala: 10W-30, 10W-40 ndi 15W-40. Manambala a 2 awa, olekanitsidwa ndi chilembo W, amasonyeza kutentha komwe mafutawa angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Ndiko kuti, mamasukidwe ake mamasukidwe, pa m'munsi kutentha pakhomo ndi chapamwamba, ayenera kuonetsetsa ntchito bwinobwino galimoto.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati ndi 10W40, ndiye kuti kutentha kwake kumayambira -20 mpaka +35 ° C Celsius, ndi +100 ° C kukhuthala kwake kuyenera kukhala 12,5-16,3 cSt. Choncho, posankha lubricant kwa injini kuyaka mkati, muyenera kumvetsa kuti mu mafuta mchere injini, mamasukidwe akayendedwe amasintha mosagwirizana ndi kutentha - apamwamba kutentha mafuta, kutsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe ake ndi mosemphanitsa. Mkhalidwe wa kudalira kumeneku umasiyana malinga ndi zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta.

About Viscosity Mafuta Zowonjezera

Kuchuluka kwa filimu yamafuta pakati pa malo akukangana kumadalira kukhuthala kwamafuta. Ndipo izi zimakhudzanso ntchito ya injini yoyaka mkati ndi gwero lake. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa ndi kudalira kutentha kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe, kukhuthala kwakukulu kumayendera limodzi ndi makulidwe akulu a filimu yamafuta, ndi pamene kukhuthala kwa mafuta kumachepa, makulidwe a filimu amakhala ochepa. Choncho, pofuna kupewa kuvala kwa mbali zina (camshaft cam - pusher), m'pofunika kuwonjezera zowonjezera zotsutsana ndi kulanda, kuwonjezera pa "madzi amchere" a viscous, chifukwa zimakhala zosatheka kupanga filimu yamafuta ofunikira. makulidwe mu unit yotero.

Mafuta ochokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi mapaketi osiyanasiyana owonjezera omwe sangakhale ogwirizana.

Zina makhalidwe a mchere mafuta

Kuphatikiza pa zinthu zoyambira zamafuta amchere, pali ena angapo.

1. Flash point ndi chizindikiro cha tizigawo ting'onoting'ono totentha. chizindikiro ichi chimatsimikizira kusakhazikika kwa mafuta pakugwira ntchito. Mafuta otsika kwambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe otsika, omwe amathandizira kuti mafuta azigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
2. Nambala ya alkaline - imatsimikizira kuthekera kwa mafuta kuti achepetse ma acid owopsa ndikukana ma depositi chifukwa cha zowonjezera zowonjezera.
3. Pour point - chizindikiro chomwe chimatsimikizira kutentha komwe mafuta amchere amalimbitsa ndikutaya madzi chifukwa cha crystallization ya parafini.
4. Nambala ya asidi - limasonyeza kukhalapo kwa mafuta okosijeni mankhwala.

Kuipa ndi ubwino wa mineral motor mafuta

Kuipa kwakukulu kwa mafuta amchere amchere kumaphatikizapo kusakhazikika kwa magawo pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana, komanso makutidwe ndi okosijeni mwachangu komanso chiwonongeko (kuwotchedwa kwa zowonjezera pa kutentha kwakukulu), zomwe zimasokoneza magwiridwe antchito a injini yoyaka moto. KOMA ubwino wokha ndi mtengo.

Mafuta amchere, makamaka, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta opangira makina, ngakhale mafuta a hydrocracking, zopezedwa ndi distillation ndi kuyeretsa mozama ndi kuwonjezera paketi yowonjezera, zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi makina amakono amakono (mwachitsanzo, Subaru) monga mafuta opangira injini zoyaka mkati. Mafuta amchere oterewa amakhala oyandikana kwambiri ndi "synthetics", koma amakalamba mwachangu, kutaya katundu wake. Choncho, muyenera kusintha mafuta kawiri kawiri kawiri.

Malingaliro opanga magalimoto ogwiritsira ntchito mafuta akupezeka muzolemba zaukadaulo. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amayesa kutsanulira mafuta opangira okha, omwe ali ndi dongosolo lapamwamba kuposa madzi amchere, komabe mtengo wake ndi wapamwamba kwambiri. Wamba mafuta amchere amapangidwira mitundu yakale yama injini oyatsira mkati, kapena m'mainjini okhala ndi mtunda wautali komanso nyengo yofunda yokha. Cholinga chenichenicho chimatsimikiziridwa ndi kugawanika ndi msinkhu wa khalidwe.