Galimoto imayamba ndipo nthawi yomweyo imayima pakazizira - zingakhale zifukwa zotani

Injini yamagalimoto ndi dongosolo lazinthu zambiri, kotero kuti kugwira ntchito molakwika ngakhale kagawo kakang'ono kapena gawo kungalepheretse kugwira ntchito kwa gawo lonse lamagetsi.

Galimotoyo ikayamba ndi kuima pozizira, ndiye kuti injini ya galimotoyo kapena mafuta amoto amafunika kukonzedwa. Koma kuti muthetse vutoli, choyamba muyenera kudziwa chomwe chimayambitsa khalidwe ili la unit mphamvu. Popanda izi, kuyika ndalama pakukonza sikumveka.

Ngati injiniyo imasiya kapena ikayamba, muyenera kuyang'ana chomwe chimayambitsa kusagwira ntchito

Zomwe zimachitika pa chiyambi ndi ntchito ya injini "ozizira"

Kuyambira "kuzizira" kumatanthauza kuti muyenera kuyambitsa mphamvu yamagetsi, yomwe kutentha kwake kuli kofanana ndi kutentha kwa msewu. Chifukwa cha izi:

• mafuta amayaka ndikuyaka pang'onopang'ono;
• kusakaniza kwamafuta a mpweya kumachita moyipa kwambiri pakuyaka;
• nthawi yoyatsira (UOZ) imachepetsedwa kukhala yochepa;
• kusakaniza kwamafuta a mpweya kuyenera kukhala kolemera (kumakhala ndi mafuta ambiri kapena dizilo) kuposa kutenthetsa kapena pogwira ntchito;
• mafuta wandiweyani kwambiri sapereka kudzoza kothandiza kwa magawo opaka;
• chilolezo chamafuta a mphete za pistoni ndichokwera kwambiri, chomwe chimachepetsa kuponderezana;
• pisitoni ikafika pakatikati pakufa (TDC), kupanikizika m'chipinda choyaka kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kuposa kutenthetsa kapena kukagwira ntchito mothamanga kwambiri;
• Chilolezo chamafuta a mavavu ndichokwera kwambiri, chifukwa chake samatsegula (pokhapokha ngati injiniyo ili ndi ma compensators a hydraulic);
• pamene choyambira chiyatsidwa, mphamvu ya batri (batire) imathamanga kwambiri;
• kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kumakhala kochepa chifukwa cha liwiro lotsika kwambiri loyambira.

Ichi ndi chikhalidwe cha injini zonse zamagalimoto, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wa mafuta, komanso njira yoperekera.

Mutha kupeza mawu odziwika kuti injini imodzi yozizira yoyambira kutentha kuchokera ku -15 digiri Celsius imafanana ndi kuthamanga kwa pafupifupi 100 km. Mwachibadwa, kutsika kwa kutentha kunja, kumapangitsanso kuvala kwa ziwalo za mkati mwa injini.

Zotsatira za kuyambitsa injini popanda kutentha

Ngati injini yayambika, imapita ku idle (XX) kapena kutenthetsa, pamene:

• kusakaniza kwamafuta a mpweya kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, ndiko kuti, kuchuluka kwa mafuta kumachepetsedwa;
• kuwonjezera pang'ono UOZ;
• voliyumu ya pa-board network imakula kwambiri, chifukwa choyambira chimazimitsa ndipo jenereta imayatsa;
• kupanikizika mu chipinda choyaka moto mukafika ku TDC kumawonjezeka kwambiri, chifukwa cha liwiro la pisitoni.

Mafuta akamawotha, kutentha kwa mafuta kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu ya mafuta odzola, ndipo chipinda choyaka moto chimatenthedwa pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa chomwe kusakaniza kwamafuta a mpweya kumayaka ndikuyaka mwachangu. Komanso, chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwambiri, mafuta amawonjezeka.

Kuti injini iyambe bwino ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito popanda ntchito, izi ndizofunikira:

• kukanikiza kokwanira;
• UOZ yolondola;
• osakaniza mpweya-mafuta osakaniza;
• mphamvu yamoto yokwanira;
• magetsi okwanira ndi mphamvu ya batri;
• ntchito ya jenereta;
• kupereka mafuta okwanira ndi mpweya;
• mafuta okhala ndi magawo ena.

Kusagwirizana kwa mfundo iliyonse kungachititse kuti galimotoyo siyambe, kapena galimotoyo imayamba ndipo nthawi yomweyo imakhala yozizira.

Chifukwa chiyani injini siyiyamba

Nazi zifukwa zomwe galimoto imayimilira poyambitsa injini pa ozizira:

• osakaniza mpweya-mafuta osakaniza;
• mphamvu ya batri yosakwanira;
• UOZ yolakwika;
• kukanikiza kosakwanira;
• mphamvu yofooka;
• mafuta oipa.

Zifukwa izi ndizofunikira pamitundu yonse yamafuta amafuta ndi dizilo. Komabe, mphamvu ya dizilo yamagetsi safuna kuyatsa kwamoto wosakaniza, kotero jekeseni wamafuta pa nthawi yoyenera, pisitoni isanakwane TDC ndiyofunikira. Gawoli limatchedwanso nthawi yoyatsira, chifukwa mafuta amayaka chifukwa chokhudzana ndi mpweya wotentha kuchokera kupsinjika.

Kupeza vuto mu injini

Ngati galimoto yanu ili ndi zida za gasi, ndiye kuti ndizoletsedwa kuyiyambitsa pozizira. Kuti muchite izi, choyamba muyenera kusintha mafuta.

Kusakaniza kolakwika kwamafuta a mpweya

Chiyerekezo choyenera chamafuta a mpweya chimadalira:

• chikhalidwe cha mpweya ndi zosefera mafuta;
• ntchito ya carburetor;
• ntchito yolondola ya ECU (injini jekeseni) ndi masensa ake onse;
• jekeseni udindo;
• mkhalidwe wa pampu yamafuta ndi valavu yowunika.

Kayendedwe ka mpweya ndi zosefera mafuta

Dosing machitidwe amtundu uliwonse wa injini amagwira ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi mafuta. Choncho, kuchepetsa kulikonse kosayembekezereka kumabweretsa kusakaniza molakwika kwa mpweya ndi mafuta. Mitundu yonse iwiri ya zosefera imachepetsa kuyenda kwa mpweya ndi mafuta, kukana kuyenda kwawo, koma kukana uku kumaganiziridwa mu dongosolo la metering.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mafuta osakaniza a mpweya kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa injini, yolemera - kuwonjezeka kwa mafuta.

Pamene zosefera za mpweya ndi mafuta zimadetsedwa, kutulutsa kwawo kumachepa, komwe kumakhala koopsa kwambiri pamagalimoto a carbureted, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa kusakaniza kumayikidwa ndi ma diameter a jets. Mu injini zokhala ndi ECU, masensa amadziwitsa gawo lolamulira za kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe gawo lamagetsi limadya, komanso kuthamanga kwa njanji ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma nozzles. Chifukwa chake, imasintha kaphatikizidwe kakusakaniza mkati mwazocheperako ndikupatsa dalaivala chizindikiro cha vuto.

Koma ngakhale m'magawo amagetsi okhala ndi zida zowongolera zamagetsi, kuipitsidwa kwakukulu kwa mpweya ndi zosefera zamafuta kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa mafuta osakanikirana ndi mpweya - ngati galimotoyo imakhala yozizira ikazizira, choyamba fufuzani momwe zosefera zilili.

Zosefera mpweya ndi mbali yofunika ya injini

Serviceability ndi ukhondo wa carburetor

Chipangizochi chili ndi machitidwe angapo amitundu yosiyanasiyana yogwiritsira ntchito injini, kotero kuyambitsa injini yozizira kumaperekedwa ndi mmodzi wa iwo. Dongosololi limaphatikizapo:

• mpweya ndi mafuta njira;
• mpweya ndi mafuta jets;
• chopopera mpweya (kuyamwa);
• zida zowonjezera (zosapezeka pa ma carburetors onse).

Dongosololi limapereka injini yoyambira yozizira popanda kukanikiza chopondapo cha gasi. Komabe, kusintha kosayenera kapena dothi mkati, komanso zolephera zosiyanasiyana zamakina, nthawi zambiri zimatsogolera kukuti galimotoyo imayamba kuzizira. Dongosolo ili ndi gawo la dongosolo lopanda ntchito, lomwe limatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kokhazikika kwa gawo lamagetsi pa liwiro lotsika, mosasamala kanthu za kutentha kwake.

Kuyang'ana thanzi la carburetor

Ndizovuta kuyang'ana ukhondo ndi utumiki wa carburetor, choncho pitirizani ndi njira yothetsera - ngati zifukwa zina zonse sizikuphatikizidwa, ndiye kuti ndi choncho. Ngati simukudziwa kukonza ndi kuyimba gawo ili, funsani katswiri wodziwa bwino za minder kapena carburetor.

Kuchita bwino kwa kompyuta ndi masensa ake

Injini zonse za jakisoni (jakisoni ndi dizilo wamakono) zili ndi zida zowongolera zamagetsi zomwe zimasonkhanitsa zidziwitso kuchokera ku masensa ambiri ndipo, kuyang'ana kwambiri, zimapatsa mafuta. Mafuta a petulo kapena dizilo ali mu njanji pa kuthamanga kwina, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mafuta kumachepetsedwa posintha nthawi yotsegulira ma nozzles - akamatseguka, mafuta ochulukirapo amalowa m'chipinda choyaka. Kuwerenga molakwika kwa masensa kapena zolakwika pakugwira ntchito kwa ECU pa injini yotentha kumayambitsa kutaya mphamvu kapena kuwonjezeka kwa mafuta, koma poyambira "ozizira", amatha kuletsa injiniyo kwathunthu.

Ndi masensa olakwika, ECU imapereka malamulo olakwika, chifukwa chomwe liwiro la injini limatha kuyandama pa ozizira.

Izi ndichifukwa choti kupanikizika kosakwanira m'chipinda choyaka komanso kutentha pang'ono, kusakaniza kwamafuta a mpweya ndi kuchuluka kolakwika kumayaka kwambiri kuposa momwe kulili koyenera, ndichifukwa chake galimoto imayamba ndikuyima nthawi yomweyo kuzizira kapena sikuyamba. zonse. Ubwino wa magalimoto okhala ndi ECU ndikuti purosesa ya unit control imawunika magwiridwe antchito a machitidwe onse ndipo, pakagwa vuto, imapanga chizindikiro cholakwika chomwe chingawerengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito scanner yapadera.

Udindo wa jekeseni

Kuti mafuta aziyaka bwino mu injini ya jakisoni ndi dizilo, mafuta amayenera kubayidwa kuti asanduke fumbi. Zing'onozing'ono kukula kwa madontho, zimakhala zosavuta kuti phokoso kapena mpweya wotentha uyatse mafuta, choncho galimoto nthawi zambiri imakhala pa injini yozizira chifukwa cha ntchito yosayenera ya mphuno. Diagnostics kompyuta kokha pa makina amakono kapena ngati kuwonongeka kwambiri kwa majekeseni amapereka chizindikiro cha kusagwira ntchito kwawo. Mutha kuyang'ana magwiridwe antchito a magawowa pokhapokha pamalo apadera. Kuti muwone momwe ma jakisoni amagwirira ntchito, ndipo ngati kuli koyenera, akonzereni, funsani ntchito yayikulu yamagalimoto komwe kuli mafuta abwino.

The nozzles jekeseni ndi kupopera mafuta, ntchito ya injini zimadalira chikhalidwe chawo.

Pampu yamafuta ndikuwunika momwe ma valve alili

Izi zimadalira mlingo woyenera wa mafuta ndi carburetor kapena nozzles. Pa galimoto yokhala ndi carburetor, ntchito yosagwira bwino ya pampu yamafuta imapangitsa kuti mafuta azikhala osakwanira m'chipinda choyandama, zomwe zikutanthauza kuchepetsa gawo lake pakusakaniza kwamafuta a mpweya. Pamagetsi a dizilo ndi jakisoni, ntchito yopopa yosagwira bwino imapangitsa kuti mafuta asamayende bwino komanso kuchepa kwa gawo lake pakusakaniza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyatsa zomwe zili mu silinda.

Valve yowunikira imayang'anira kuthamanga kwa njanji, chifukwa kupanikizika komwe kumapangidwa ndi mpope ndikwambiri kuposa zomwe zimafunikira kuti njanji igwire ntchito. Pa injini zokhala ndi carburetor, ntchitoyi imaseweredwa ndi zoyandama ndi singano. Kuonjezera apo, valavu yosabwerera imalepheretsa dongosolo kuti lisatuluke pambuyo poti mafuta owonjezera atatayidwa. Ngati valavu ya cheke yatsekedwa ndipo sichitulutsa mafuta ochulukirapo, ndiye kuti kusakaniza kumakhala kolemera kwambiri, komwe kumapangitsa kuyaka kwake. Ngati gawo ili likudutsa mafuta mbali zonse ziwiri, ndiye kuti panjira kapena carburetor amakhala airy, n'chifukwa chake galimoto m'misika pambuyo kuyambitsa injini ozizira.

Ma voltage osakwanira a network network

Mpweya wa batri wamba popanda katundu ndi 13-14,5 V, komabe, posintha njira yoyatsira ndikuyatsa choyambira, imatha kutsika mpaka 10-12 V. choyambiracho chikayatsidwa, voteji imatha kutsika kwambiri m'munsi mwa mulingo uwu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zosakwanira. Chifukwa cha izi, mafuta sangayatse konse, kapena amayaka pang'onopang'ono ndipo alibe nthawi yotulutsa mpweya wokwanira wokwanira kuti pisitoni ifulumire.

Kuyambitsa kuzizira kwa injini kumabweretsa kutsika kwamagetsi, komwe pambuyo pake sikukwanira kupanga mphamvu yokwanira.

Chifukwa china chamagetsi otsika a netiweki pa bolodi, chifukwa chomwe galimoto imayimilira ikazizira, ndi ma terminals a oxidized batire. Chosanjikiza cha oxide chimakhala ndi kukana kwakukulu kuposa chitsulo chomwe ma terminals amapangidwira, kotero kutsika kwamagetsi pamene choyambitsacho chikayatsidwa chidzakhala chachikulu kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phokoso ligwe. Ngati, kuwonjezera pa oxide wosanjikiza, ma terminals sakumizidwa mokwanira, ndiye kuti choyambira chikayatsidwa, kutumizira mphamvu zamagetsi kudzera m'ma terminal kumayimitsa kwathunthu, ndipo kuti muyambitsenso, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kukhudzana kwambiri ndi gawo la batri.

Pamagalimoto okhala ndi jekeseni kapena injini yamakono ya dizilo, kutsika kwa voliyumu ya pa intaneti kumayipa kwambiri kapena kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito a pampu yamafuta, chifukwa chomwe kukakamiza kwa njanji kapena kulowera kumunsi kumakhala kotsika. Izi zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa atomization ya mafuta, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimayaka pang'onopang'ono kuposa momwe ziyenera kukhalira, ndipo kuyaka kwake kumafuna mphamvu yamphamvu (injector) kapena kutentha kwa mpweya (dizilo). Komanso, chifukwa cha kulephera kapena kusagwira ntchito kwa mpope mafuta kungakhale osauka kukhudzana mu dera mphamvu yake, chifukwa cha kuthamanga mu njanji ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa kofunika, zomwe zimabweretsa osauka atomization mafuta kapena dizilo mafuta ndi complicating kuyatsa. kusakaniza.

Jenereta imapanga magetsi ndikuonetsetsa kuti zipangizo zonse zamagetsi zimagwira ntchito m'galimoto.

POD yolakwika

Nthawi yoyatsira imamangiriridwa ku malo a crankshaft kapena camshaft. Pa galimoto yokhala ndi carburetor, imamangiriridwa ku camshaft, ndipo ngodya yokhayo imayikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito wofalitsa (wogawira moto). Pa injini za jakisoni, imamangiriridwa ku crankshaft, pomwe pazida za dizilo, zonse ziwiri zimapezeka. Pa makina okhala ndi carburetor, UOZ imayikidwa potembenuza wogawirayo kumutu wa silinda (mutu wa silinda), koma ngati unyolo wanthawi kapena lamba wanthawi (nthawi) walumpha mano amodzi kapena angapo, ndiye kuti nthawi yoyatsira imasinthanso.

Pamagalimoto okhala ndi jekeseni, gawoli limalembetsedwa mu firmware ya electronic control unit (ECU) ya injini ndipo silingasinthidwe pamanja. ECU imalandira zidziwitso kuchokera ku crankshaft position sensor (DPKV), kotero ngati zida zochepetsera zidalumphira kapena kutembenuka, komanso ngati kusokonezeka kwa dera la DPKV kumasokonekera, ma signature samafika nthawi yake kapena samafika konse, zomwe zimasokoneza ntchito ya poyatsira moto.

Kuponderezana kosakwanira

Izi zimatengera dera:

• makoma a silinda;
• mfuti;
• pisitoni mphete;
• ma valve ndi mipando yawo;
• kukweretsa ndege za chipika ndi mutu wa silinda;
• mitu ya silinda gaskets;
• kugwirizana kwa zizindikiro za crankshaft ndi camshaft.

Kwa injini zamafuta, psinjika ya 11-14 atm ndi yachilendo (malingana ndi nambala ya octane yamafuta), injini ya dizilo ndi 27-32 atm, komabe, ntchito ya injini "yotentha imasungidwa pamitengo yotsika kwambiri. Zing'onozing'ono izi, mpweya wocheperako umakhalabe m'chipinda choyaka pamene TDC ifika, mpweya wonse kapena mpweya wa mafuta osakaniza umalowa muzowonjezera kapena kutulutsa mpweya, komanso injini ya crankcase. Popeza mu injini za carburetor ndi mono-jekeseni, komanso mayunitsi amagetsi okhala ndi jekeseni wosalunjika, mpweya ndi mafuta zimasakanizidwa kunja kwa chipinda choyaka moto, kotero kusakaniza kumafinyidwa mu silinda.

Kuponderezana mu injini kumatha kuchepa chifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Zitha kukhala zosakwanira mu silinda imodzi ndi zonse.

Pakupanikizika pang'ono, pisitoni ikafika ku TDC, kuchuluka kwa kusakaniza sikukwanira kuyambitsa injini, ndipo mu injini za dizilo ndi injini zojambulira mwachindunji, kuchuluka kwa kusakaniza kwamafuta a mpweya kumasinthanso kukulitsa. Chotsatira cha izi ndizovuta kuyambitsa injini yozizira, koma ngakhale muzochitika ngati n'zotheka kuyambitsa magetsi, galimotoyo imayamba ndikuyimitsa patapita masekondi pang'ono pozizira.

Izi zimatchulidwa makamaka m'magalimoto okhala ndi carburetor, pomwe dalaivala angathandize kuyambira ndikukankhira chopondapo cha gasi. Njirayi imatchedwa "gassing". Koma mutangoyamba, galimoto yotereyi imatha kuyima nthawi iliyonse, chifukwa mphamvu yotulutsidwa ndi silinda iliyonse sikwanira ngakhale kusunga rpm yofunikira. Ndipo cholakwika china chilichonse chimangowonjezera vutolo.

Kumbukirani, ngati galimotoyo ikhala ikuzizira, koma itatha kutentha, XX imakhala yokhazikika, onetsetsani kuti muyeza kuponderezedwa.

Pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizochi (compressometer) kuyeza kuponderezedwa kwa injini

Mphamvu yofooka

Sizovuta kudziwa mphamvu ya spark, chifukwa ichi mutha kuyitanitsa pa intaneti kapena kugula kafukufuku wapadera wokhala ndi spark gap pamalo osungira magalimoto apafupi ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuyeza mphamvu ya spark. Ngati palibe zida zotere, ndiye kuti mutha kudutsa ndi msomali wamba wandiweyani: ikani mu waya wa spark plug ndikubweretsa ku zitsulo za injini pamtunda wa 1,5-2 cm, kenako funsani wothandizira kuti atembenuke. pa kuyatsa ndi kutembenuza choyambira. Yang'anani pa spark yomwe ikuwonekera - ngati ikuwonekera bwino ngakhale masana, ndipo phokoso lalikulu likumveka, ndiye mphamvu yake ndi yokwanira ndipo chifukwa chomwe galimoto imayambira ndi kusungirako kuzizira kuyenera kuyang'ana chinthu china.

Mukawona mphamvu ya spark, muyenera kulabadira kandulo, coil ndi poyatsira gawo.

Mafuta oyipa

Ngati nthawi zambiri mumadzaza galimoto yanu kumalo osungira mafuta osadziwika, ndikuyendetsa ndi mafuta ochepa mu thanki, ndiye pamene galimoto ikuyamba ndipo nthawi yomweyo imakhazikika pazizira, ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zingatheke. Madzi omwe ali mumafuta amakhazikika pansi pa thanki, motero pakapita nthawi kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kokulirapo kotero kuti kumayamba kukhudza momwe injini ikuyendera. Kuti muwone momwe mafutawo alili, tsitsani madzi mu thanki mu botolo kapena mtsuko, izi zitha kuchitika m'njira ziwiri:

• ikani payipi yaitali yosinthasintha mu chidebe;
• kulumikiza payipi kapena njanji chubu, ndiye kuyatsa poyatsira, kenako pampu mafuta adzapereka zina zili mu thanki mafuta.

Ngati botolo ndi mdima, ndiye kutsanulira nkhani zake mu mandala mtsuko ndi kuika mu ozizira, mdima chipinda kwa tsiku, mwamphamvu kutseka chivindikiro. Ngati mu tsiku zomwe zili mkati mwake zimatha kupatukana kukhala madzi owoneka bwino komanso osawoneka bwino okhala ndi malire omveka bwino pakati pawo, ndiye kuti mafuta osakhala bwino, komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi, amatsimikiziridwa, koma ngati sichoncho, ndiye kuti mafuta, malinga ndi chizindikiro ichi, amafanana ndi chizolowezi.

Werenganinso: Momwe mungayikitsire mpope wowonjezera pa chitofu chagalimoto, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira

Kuyang'ana mtundu wamafuta ndi chipangizo

Mutha kuzindikiranso mafuta otsika kwambiri ndi mtundu wamadzimadzi. Mafuta opangidwa bwino amakhala ndi utoto wopepuka, wowoneka bwino wachikasu.

Mukaonetsetsa kuti madziwo ndi ochuluka, tsitsani madzi onse mu thanki, kenako lembani mafuta atsopano. Pankhaniyi, ndikofunikira kukhetsa zomwe zili mumafuta, chifukwa zimakhalanso ndi madzi ambiri. Ngati simungathe kuchita izi nokha, funsani ndi galimoto yapafupi, kumene ntchito yonse idzachitidwa mu mphindi 20-30.

Pomaliza

Ngati galimoto ikuyamba ndi kuzizira pamene kuzizira, musakhetse batire poyesa kuyambitsanso injini kangapo, m'malo mwake, fufuzani ndi kudziwa chomwe chimayambitsa khalidweli. Kumbukirani, injini yagalimoto ndi dongosolo lazinthu zambiri, kotero kuti kugwira ntchito molakwika ngakhale kagawo kakang'ono kapena gawo kungalepheretse kugwira ntchito kwa mphamvu zonse.

Masamba pamasamba oyambira ozizira