Ndani akudziwa? Ife kapena nthawi ya mlengalenga?

Metaphysics? Asayansi ambiri amaopa kuti zongopeka za kuchuluka kwa malingaliro ndi kukumbukira zili m'gawo lodziwika bwino losagwirizana ndi sayansi. Kumbali ina, kodi, ngati si sayansi, ndiko kufunafuna kwakuthupi, ngakhale quantum, maziko a chidziwitso, m'malo mwa kufunafuna mafotokozedwe amphamvu?

1. Ma Microtubules - Kuwona

Kuti tigwire mawu kuchokera mu kope la December la New Scientist, katswiri wogonetsa munthu ku Arizona Stuart Hameroff wakhala akunena kwa zaka zambiri kuti. ma microtubules - ma fibrous nyumba okhala ndi mainchesi 20-27 nm, opangidwa chifukwa cha polymerization ya protein ya tubulin ndikuchita ngati cytoskeleton yomwe imapanga selo, kuphatikiza cell ya minyewa (1) - ilipo Quantum "ma superpositions"zomwe zimawathandiza kukhala ndi mitundu iwiri yosiyana panthawi imodzi. Iliyonse mwa mafomuwa imalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso, kubitem, pamenepa kusunga deta kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa momwe zingawonekere kuchokera kumvetsetsa kwachikale kwa dongosolo lino. Ngati tiwonjezera pa izi chodabwitsa qubit entanglement, i.e. kuyanjana kwa tinthu tating'ono komwe sikuli pafupi, zikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha ntchito ya ubongo monga quantum kompyutalofotokozedwa ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo Roger Penrose. Hameroff nayenso anathandizana naye, motero akufotokoza liwiro lodabwitsa, kusinthasintha ndi kusinthasintha kwa ubongo.

2. Stuart Hameroff ndi Roger Penrose

Planck dziko la miyeso

Malinga ndi ochirikiza chiphunzitso cha quantum mind, vuto lachidziwitso limalumikizidwa ndi kapangidwe ka nthawi ya danga pa Planck scale. Kwa nthawi yoyamba izi zinanenedwa ndi asayansi otchulidwa pamwambapa - Penrose ndi Hameroff (90) mu ntchito zawo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2. Malinga ndi iwo, ngati tikufuna kuvomereza chiphunzitso cha quantum cha chidziwitso, ndiye kuti tiyenera kusankha malo omwe njira za quantum zimachitika. Ikhoza kukhala ubongo - kuchokera pamalingaliro a chiphunzitso cha quantum, nthawi ya danga la 10-dimensional yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe ake amkati pamlingo wochepa kwambiri, wa dongosolo la 35-XNUMX mamita. (Pulani kutalika). Pamtunda woterewu, nthawi ya danga imafanana ndi siponji, thovu lomwe lili ndi voliyumu

10-105 m3 (atomu m'malo amakhala pafupifupi zana pa zana quantum vacuum). Malinga ndi chidziwitso chamakono, vacuum yotere imatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa maatomu. Ngati chidziwitso chimakhazikitsidwanso ndi vacuum ya quantum, imatha kukhudza momwe zinthu zilili.

Kukhalapo kwa ma microtubules mu lingaliro la Penrose-Hameroff kumasintha nthawi ya danga kwanuko. Iye "amadziwa" kuti ndife, ndipo akhoza kutikhudza ife mwa kusintha quantum limati mu microtubules. Kuchokera apa, mfundo zachilendo zitha kuperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, kuti kusintha konse mu dongosolo la zinthu mu gawo lathu la danga la nthawi, opangidwa ndi chidziwitso, popanda kuchedwa kulikonse mu nthawi, akhoza kulembedwa mbali iliyonse ya nthawi ya mlengalenga, mwachitsanzo, mu mlalang'amba wina.

Hameroff akuwoneka m'mafunso ambiri atolankhani. chiphunzitso cha panpsychismkutengera lingaliro lakuti pali mtundu wina wa chidziwitso mu chirichonse chozungulira inu. Awa ndi malingaliro akale omwe adabwezeretsedwa m'zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi Spinoza. Lingaliro lina lochokera ndi panprotopsychizm - Wafilosofi David Chalmers adayambitsa. Analipanga ngati dzina la lingaliro lakuti pali chinthu "chosamvetsetseka", chomwe chingathe kuzindikira, koma chimakhala chozindikira pamene chitsegulidwa kapena kugawidwa. Mwachitsanzo, pamene ma protoconscious atsegulidwa kapena kupezedwa ndi ubongo, amakhala ozindikira ndikulemeretsa njira za neural ndi chidziwitso. Malinga ndi Hameroff, mabungwe a panprotopsychic tsiku lina atha kufotokozedwa malinga ndi fizikiki yofunikira m'chilengedwe (3).

Zing'onozing'ono ndi zazikulu zowonongeka

Roger Penrose, nayenso, kutengera chiphunzitso cha Kurt Gödel, amatsimikizira kuti zochita zina zomwe zimachitidwa ndi malingaliro ndizosawerengeka. Zikusonyeza kuti simungathe kufotokoza maganizo a anthu algorithmically, ndi kufotokoza incomputability izi, muyenera kuyang'ana pa kugwa kwa quantum yoweyula ntchito ndi quantum yokoka. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, Penrose adadzifunsa ngati pangakhale kuchuluka kwa ma neuron omwe ali ndi zida kapena zotulutsidwa. Iye ankaganiza kuti neuron ikhoza kukhala yofanana ndi makompyuta a quantum mu ubongo. Ma bits mu kompyuta yakale nthawi zonse amakhala "pa" kapena "off", "zero" kapena "mmodzi". Kumbali inayi, makompyuta a quantum amagwira ntchito ndi ma qubits, omwe amatha kukhala pamwamba pa "zero" ndi "mmodzi".

Penrose amakhulupirira zimenezo kulemera kumafanana ndi kupindika kwa nthawi ya mlengalenga. Ndikokwanira kulingalira nthawi ya danga mu mawonekedwe osavuta ngati pepala lamitundu iwiri. Miyezo yonse itatu ya malo amapanikizidwa pa mtunda wa x, pamene nthawi imayikidwa pa y-axis. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti unyinji, malo, kapena dziko limafanana ndi kupindika kwina mu geometry yofunikira ya nthawi ya mlengalenga yomwe imasonyeza chilengedwe pamlingo wochepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, misa ina mu superposition imatanthawuza kupindika mbali ziwiri kapena zingapo nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimafanana ndi kuwira, kuphulika, kapena kupatukana mu geometry yanthawi ya mlengalenga. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha mayiko ambiri, pamene zimenezi zichitika, thambo latsopano lathunthu likhoza kukhalapo—masamba a nthawi ya mlengalenga amasiyana ndi kuululika payekhapayekha.

Penrose amavomereza pamlingo wina ndi masomphenyawa. Komabe, akukhulupirira kuti kuwirako ndi kosakhazikika, ndiko kuti, kumagwera m'dziko lina kapena dziko lina pambuyo pa nthawi yoperekedwa, yomwe ili molingana ndi kukula kwa kupatukana kapena kukula kwa danga la nthawi ya kuwira. Choncho, palibe chifukwa chovomereza maiko ambiri, koma madera ang'onoang'ono omwe chilengedwe chathu chinang'ambika. Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo yosadziwika bwino, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo adapeza kuti kupatukana kwakukulu kudzagwa mofulumira, ndipo kakang'ono pang'onopang'ono. Choncho molekyu yaing'ono, monga atomu, imatha kukhala pamalo apamwamba kwambiri kwa nthawi yayitali, titero zaka 10 miliyoni. Koma cholengedwa chachikulu ngati mphaka wa kilogalamu imodzi imatha kukhala pamalo apamwamba kwa masekondi 10-37, kotero sitiwona amphaka ali pamwamba.

Tikudziwa kuti njira zaubongo zimatha kuchokera pamakumi mpaka mazana a ma milliseconds. Mwachitsanzo, ndi ma oscillation ndi mafupipafupi a 40 Hz, nthawi yawo, mwachitsanzo, nthawiyi, ndi 25 milliseconds. The alpha rhythm pa electroencephalogram ndi 100 milliseconds. Nthawi iyi sikelo imafuna ma nanograms ambiri mu superposition. Pankhani ya ma microtubules mu superposition, ma tubulini 120 biliyoni adzafunika, mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero chawo ndi 20 XNUMX. neurons, yomwe ndi nambala yoyenera ya ma neuron pazochitika zama psychic.

Asayansi amafotokoza zomwe mongopeka zingachitike panthawi yachidziwitso. Quantum computing imachitika mu ma tubulins ndipo imatsogolera kugwa malinga ndi mtundu wochepetsera wa Roger Penrose. Kugwa kulikonse kumapanga maziko a dongosolo latsopano la masanjidwe a tubulin, omwe amatsimikizira momwe ma tubulins amawongolera magwiridwe antchito a ma synapses, ndi zina zambiri. ophatikizidwa pamlingo uwu.

Penrose ndi Hameroff adatchula chitsanzo chawo anapangidwa kuchepetsa cholinga (Orch-OR-) chifukwa pali malingaliro ozungulira pakati pa biology ndi "mgwirizano" kapena "kupangidwa" kwa kusinthasintha kwachulukidwe. M'malingaliro awo, pali njira zina zodzipatula komanso zoyankhulirana zomwe zimatanthauzidwa ndi ma gelation mkati mwa cytoplasm yozungulira ma microtubules, omwe amapezeka pafupifupi 25 milliseconds iliyonse. Kutsatizana kwa "zochitika zodziwika" izi kumabweretsa kupangidwa kwa chidziwitso chathu. Timakumana nazo ngati kupitiriza, monganso filimu ikuwoneka ngati ikupitirira, ngakhale imakhalabe mafelemu osiyana.

Kapena ngakhale m'munsi

Komabe, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo anali kukayikira za ma hypotheses a ubongo wa quantum. Ngakhale pansi pa mikhalidwe ya labotale ya cryogenic, kusunga mgwirizano wa mayiko a quantum kwa nthawi yayitali kuposa magawo a sekondi ndi vuto lalikulu. Nanga bwanji minofu yaubongo yofunda ndi yonyowa?

Hameroff amakhulupirira kuti pofuna kupewa kusagwirizana chifukwa cha chilengedwe, quantum superposition iyenera kukhala yokha. Zikuwoneka kuti kudzipatula kungachitike mkati mwa selo mu cytoplasmkumene, mwachitsanzo, gelation yomwe yatchulidwa kale kuzungulira ma microtubules imatha kuwateteza. Kuphatikiza apo, ma microtubules ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri kuposa ma neuron ndipo amalumikizana mwadongosolo ngati kristalo. Kukula kwake ndikofunika chifukwa kumaganiziridwa kuti kachigawo kakang'ono, monga electron, akhoza kukhala m'malo awiri nthawi imodzi. Chinthu chachikulu chikamakula, chimakhala chovuta mu labu kuti chigwire ntchito m'malo awiri nthawi imodzi.

Komabe, malinga ndi kunena kwa Matthew Fisher wa payunivesite ya California ku Santa Barbara, wogwidwa mawu m’nkhani imodzimodziyo ya December New Scientist, tili ndi mwaŵi wa kuthetsa vuto la kugwirizana kokha ngati tifika pamlingo waukulu. ma atomiki ozungulira. Makamaka, izi zikutanthauza kupota mu nyukiliya ya atomiki ya phosphorous, yomwe imapezeka mu mamolekyu a mankhwala omwe amafunikira kuti ubongo ugwire ntchito. Fisher adazindikira kusintha kwamankhwala muubongo komwe kumapangitsa ma phosphate ma ions m'malo otsekeredwa. Roger Penrose mwiniwake adapeza kuti izi zikulonjeza, ngakhale amakondabe lingaliro la microtubule.

4. Kupanga nzeru - masomphenya

Zongopeka za kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso zili ndi tanthauzo losangalatsa pazayembekezo zakukula kwa luntha lochita kupanga. M'malingaliro awo, tilibe mwayi wopanga AI yozindikira (4) yozikidwa paukadaulo wakale, silicon ndi transistor. Makompyuta a quantum okha - osati amakono kapena m'badwo wotsatira - adzatsegula njira ya "weniweni", kapena chidziwitso, ubongo wopangidwa.