Ndani anapanga galimoto yoyamba ndipo inapangidwa liti?
Henry Ford nthawi zambiri amalandira ngongole pa mzere woyamba wa msonkhano komanso kupanga magalimoto ambiri a Model T mu 1908.
Ndani anatulukira galimoto yoyamba? Yankho limene anthu ambiri amawavomereza ndi la Karl Benz wa ku Germany, ndipo anthu amene amagwira ntchito pakampani imene inatchuka ndi dzina lake, Mercedes-Benz, satopa kukuuzani.
Komabe, nditaimirira m’nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya Mercedes-Benz ku Stuttgart, ndimachita mantha komanso kudabwa kwambiri nditaona galimoto yoyamba padziko lapansi yokhala ndi thupi loonekera. Zowonadi, mawu oti "ngolo yopanda akavalo" yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyo ikuwoneka kuti ndiyoyenera, koma inali galimoto ya Benz, yovomerezeka mu 1886, yomwe idadziwika kuti ndiyo galimoto yoyamba kupanga, ngakhale magalimoto ena apamsewu adatsogolera ntchito yake zaka zambiri. .
Nchifukwa chiyani zili choncho, ndipo kodi Benz ikuyenera kutamandidwa chifukwa chopanga galimoto yakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi?
Amawonjezera mafuta pamoto wa mkangano wokhudza galimoto yoyamba
Zitha kutsutsidwa kuti wanzeru waluso yemwe amadziwika ndi abwenzi ake kuti Leo adayambitsa Benz kupanga galimoto yoyamba zaka mazana angapo.
Pakati pa zinthu zambiri zodabwitsa zopangidwa ndi Leonardo da Vinci wamkulu anali mapangidwe a galimoto yoyamba yodziyendetsa yokha (yopanda akavalo).
Kujambula kwake mwanzeru, komwe adakokedwa ndi dzanja lake mu 1495, kunali kodzaza ndi masika ndipo amayenera kudulidwa asananyamuke, koma kunali kovuta kwambiri ndipo, monga momwe zinakhalira, kunali kotheka.
Mu 2004, gulu lochokera ku Institute and Museum of the History of Science ku Florence linagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko zatsatanetsatane za da Vinci kuti apange chitsanzo chokwanira, ndipo ndithudi, "galimoto ya Leonardo" inagwira ntchito.
Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi chakuti mapangidwe akale amaphatikizapo chiwongolero choyamba padziko lonse lapansi ndi rack ndi pinion system, maziko a momwe timayendetsabe magalimoto athu lero.
Kunena chilungamo, Leonardo mwina sanathe kuyika lingaliro lake la fanizo kuti likwaniritsidwe - m'malo mwake, zikadakhala zosatheka ndi zida zomwe anali nazo panthawiyo - kapena kukwera kuzungulira tawuni. Anayiwalanso kuyatsa mipando.
Ndipo, ponena za magalimoto amakono omwe timawadziwa lero, chinthu chofunika kwambiri chinali kusowa m'galimoto yake yomwe Benz angadzitamande nayo; injini woyamba kuyaka mkati choncho galimoto yoyamba mafuta.
Zinali ntchito mafuta ndi mamangidwe a injini kuti pamapeto pake anapambana mpikisano kulenga dziko loyamba okwera akavalo, ndi chifukwa chake German akupeza kuzindikira ngakhale kuti Mfalansa dzina lake Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot anamanga woyamba. galimoto yodziyendetsa yokha, yomwe kwenikweni inali thalakitala yokhala ndi mawilo atatu ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asitikali, koyambirira kwa 1769. Inde, inkatha kuthamanga pafupifupi 4 km/h ndipo sinali galimoto kwenikweni, koma chifukwa chachikulu chomwe idaphonya mbiri yapanyumba ndikuti kutsika kwake kumadutsa pa nthunzi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ikhale yayikulu. sitima yapamtunda.
Kumbukirani kuti Automobile Club of France imati Cugnot ndiye adapanga galimoto yoyamba. Tres French.
Mofananamo, Robert Anderson amanyalanyaza zonena kuti anapanga galimoto yoyamba padziko lapansi chifukwa makina ake odzipangira okha, omwe anamangidwa ku Scotland m'ma 1830, anali "ngolo yamagetsi" osati injini yoyaka mkati.
Inde, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti Karl Benz sanali woyamba kubwera ndi injini. Kalelo mu 1680, katswiri wina wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku Dutch dzina lake Christian Huygens anadza ndi lingaliro la injini yoyaka mkati, ndipo mwina ndi chinthu chabwino kuti sanapangepo, chifukwa cholinga chake chinali kuyika mphamvu ndi mfuti.
Ndipo ngakhale Karl Benz anathandizidwa ndi mwamuna wina dzina lake lodziwika bwino kwa mafani a Mercedes-Benz (kapena Daimler Benz, monga momwe amatchulidwira mwanjira ina), Gottlieb Daimler, amene mu 1885 anapanga injini yamakono yoyamba padziko lapansi yokhala ndi silinda imodzi, yoyima komanso jekeseni mafuta kudzera mu carburetor. Anachiphatikizira ku mtundu wina wa makina otchedwa Reitwagen ("ngolo yokwera"). Injini yake inali yofanana kwambiri ndi injini ya petulo ya silinda imodzi, yokhala ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yomwe idzayendetsedwa ndi galimoto yovomerezeka ndi Karl Benz chaka chotsatira.
Benz, katswiri wamakina, amatenga gawo la mkango wa mbiri yake popanga galimoto yoyamba ya injini yoyaka mkati mwa dziko lapansi, makamaka chifukwa anali woyamba kupereka chiphaso cha chinthu choterocho, chomwe adachilandira pa January 29, 1886. .
Kuti apereke ulemu kwa Carl wakale, adadzipangira yekha ma spark plugs, makina opatsirana, kapangidwe ka thupi lopumira komanso radiator.
Ngakhale kuti Benz Patent Motorwagen yoyambirira inali galimoto yamawiro atatu yomwe inkawoneka ndendende ngati ngolo yanthawiyo, kavaloyo adasinthidwa ndi gudumu limodzi lakutsogolo (ndi mawilo awiri akuluakulu koma owonda kumbuyo), Benz adasintha posakhalitsa. pulojekiti yopanga galimoto yeniyeni yamawilo anayi pofika 1891.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, Benz & Cie, yomwe adayambitsa, idakhala yopanga magalimoto akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi.
Kuchokera kuti?
Funso loti galimoto yoyamba idapangidwa liti ndi yotsutsana ngati tanthauzo lake. Ndithudi Gottlieb Daimler amadzinenera kuti ali ndi mutu umenewu, chifukwa sanangopanga injini yoyamba iyi yokha, komanso makina opambana kwambiri mu 1889 ndi injini ya V-stroke four-cylinder twin-cylinder yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi mapangidwe omwe akugwiritsidwabe ntchito lero. chigawo cha silinda imodzi pa Benz Patent Motorwagen.
Mu 1927, Daimler ndi Benz anagwirizana n’kupanga Gulu la Daimler, lomwe tsiku lina lidzakhala Mercedes-Benz.
Ngongole iyeneranso kuperekedwa kwa French: Panhard ndi Levassor mu 1889, kenako Peugeot mu 1891, adakhala opanga magalimoto enieni padziko lonse lapansi, kutanthauza kuti sanangopanga ma prototypes, adamanga magalimoto athunthu ndikugulitsa.
Posakhalitsa Ajeremani adawagwira ndikuwaposa, inde, komabe, ndizomveka zomveka kuti simumva rap ya Peugeot pazachinthu china.
Galimoto yoyamba yopangidwa mochuluka m'njira yamakono inali 1901 Curved Dash Oldsmobile, yomangidwa ku Detroit ndi Ransom Eli Olds, yemwe adadza ndi lingaliro la mzere wa msonkhano wa galimoto ndikuyamba Motor City.
Henry Ford wotchuka kwambiri nthawi zambiri amapatsidwa mbiri chifukwa cha mzere woyamba wa msonkhano ndi kupanga magalimoto ambiri ndi Model T yake yotchuka mu 1908.
Zomwe adapanga zinali njira yolumikizirana yowongoleredwa bwino komanso yokulirapo yotengera malamba onyamula katundu, zomwe zidachepetsa kwambiri ndalama zopangira komanso nthawi yolumikizira magalimoto, zomwe zidapangitsa Ford kukhala wopanga magalimoto akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Pofika m’chaka cha 1917, magalimoto ochititsa chidwi a Model T okwana 15 miliyoni anali atapangidwa, ndipo chilakolako chathu chamakono cha galimoto chinali pachimake.
