mantha padziko lapansi

Mantha a padziko lapansi ndi chilengedwe chapafupi, ndiko kuti, chinthu chakumapeto kwa chaka

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 50 ndi 60s ndi nyengo zotentha kwambiri za Cold War, mantha aakulu a tsoka la nyukiliya, masiku a vuto la Cuba (October 1962) ndi kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwaukadaulo komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi mantha awa. Soviet? adalowa mu October 1957, patatha mwezi umodzi Laika anapita popanda kubwerera, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, ku Cape Canaveral, atolankhani a ku America adawona kuphulika kwa rocket ya Avangard TV3 ndipo adadza ndi mayina apadera, mwachitsanzo, Staiputnik. kuchokera, i.e. ) kapena Kaputnik.

Zatsopano za plywood Sputnik ndi German idakhazikitsidwa chifukwa tate wa pulogalamu ya rocket yaku America anali Wernher von Braun. Patsiku lomaliza la Januware 1958, Achimerika pomaliza adakwanitsa kutumiza satellite yawo yoyamba ku orbit, patatha zaka ziwiri Yuri Gagarin adapita mumlengalenga ndikubwerera, patatha mwezi umodzi? iye, ngakhale mu ndege ya suborbital, Alan Shepard. Kumbuyo kwa zoyesayesa zonse za mpikisano wa mlengalenga sikunali kunyada kwa dziko la mayiko omwe akugwira nawo ntchito kapena (moseketsa) chikhumbo chofuna kudziwa zosadziwika, koma chidziwitso cha ngozi, chifukwa kukhazikitsidwa koyamba kwa ICBM kunachitika mu August 1957. Inali R-7 Semiorka yokhala ndi mphamvu yonyamula mutu wankhondo wokhala ndi mphamvu ya 5 Mt. Sputnik, Laika, Yuri Gagarin, onse aku Soviet, Russian ndi cosmonauts ena ndi oyenda mumlengalenga akuuluka kuchokera ku Russia cosmodromes adakhazikitsidwa motsatira, kusinthidwa ndikuwonjezeredwa ndi magawo atsopano a roketi zamtunduwu. Mapangidwe abwino oyambira!

Ma roketi a Chemical anali, ndipo akadali, njira yokhayo yopezera ndalama zolipirira anthu ndi kupitilira apo, koma sizabwino. Iwo samaphulika nthawi zambiri, koma chiŵerengero cha malipiro otsika pansi (LEO) ku misa ya rocket yokha, yomwe imakhala yovuta kumanga komanso nthawi yomweyo yotayika, imakhalabe ya zakuthambo (mawu abwino!) 1 mpaka 400 kusinthidwa R-500 kuphatikiza siteji yachiwiri, 7 makilogalamu pa 5900 makilogalamu, Soyuz watsopano 300-000 makilogalamu pa 7100 makilogalamu rocket).

Thandizo laling'ono litha kukhala maroketi opepuka onyamulidwa ndi ndege, monga momwe zilili mu American WhiteKnightTwo suborbital tourism system? SpaceShipTwo (2012?). Komabe, izi sizisintha kwambiri, chifukwa mukufunikabe kuwotcha china chake ndikuchiphulitsa mbali imodzi kuti muulukire kwina. Nzosadabwitsa kuti njira zina zikuganiziridwa, zomwe ziwiri mwa izo ndizoyandikira kwambiri: mizinga yayikulu ikuwombera projectile yomwe ili ndi zomwe zingathe kupirira ma g-force, ndi elevator. Yankho loyamba linali kale pa chitukuko chapamwamba kwambiri, koma womanga ku Canada anayenera kufunafuna ndalama zothandizira ntchitoyi kuchokera kwa Saddam H., ndipo anaphedwa mu March 1990 ndi achiwembu osadziwika? kutsogolo kwa nyumba yake ya Brussels. Zotsirizirazi, zowoneka ngati zosatheka, zakhala zowoneka bwino posachedwa ndi chitukuko cha ultralight carbon nanotube fibers.

Zaka theka lapitalo, ndiko kuti, pafupi ndi nyengo yatsopano ya mlengalenga, kuchepa kwa mphamvu ndi kulephera kwa luso lapamwamba kwambiri la roketi kunapangitsa asayansi kulingalira za kuthekera kwa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri. Zomera zamagetsi za nyukiliya zakhala zikugwira ntchito kuyambira pakati pa 50s, ndipo sitima yapamadzi yoyamba ya nyukiliya, USS Nautilus, idatumizidwa. idalowa ntchito mu 1954, koma ma reactors anali ndipo adakhalabe olemera kwambiri kotero kuti, pambuyo poyesera kangapo, kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito injini zandege kunasiyidwa, ndipo mapulojekiti opangira mapangidwe awo mumlengalenga sanapangidwe.

Panatsala kachiŵiri, koyesa kowonjezereka kothekera kogwiritsira ntchito mabomba a nyukiliya kuwasonkhezera, ndiko kuti, kuponya mabomba a nyukiliya pazamlengalenga kuti zipite mumlengalenga. Lingaliro la injini ya nyukiliya ndi la katswiri wa masamu wa ku Poland ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi ya zakuthambo, Stanislaw Ulam, yemwe adatenga nawo mbali pakupanga bomba la atomiki la America (Manhattan Project), ndipo kenako adalemba nawo bomba la American thermonuclear (Teller-Ulam). ). Kupangidwa kwa zida za nyukiliya (1947) kunali lingaliro lomwe wasayansi waku Poland amakonda kwambiri ndipo linapangidwa ndi gulu lapadera lomwe likugwira ntchito mu 1957-61 pa ntchito ya Orion.

Buku lomwe ndiyenera kulimbikitsa owerenga anga okondedwa lili ndi mutu, wolemba wake ndi Kenneth Brower, ndipo otchulidwa kwambiri ndi Freeman Dyson ndi mwana wake George. Yoyamba ndi katswiri wodziwika bwino wa sayansi ya masamu komanso masamu, kuphatikiza. injiniya wa nyukiliya komanso wopambana Mphotho ya Templeton. Anatsogolera gulu la asayansi tangotchulidwa kumene, ndipo m’bukuli akuimira mphamvu ya sayansi ndi sayansi kuti afike ku nyenyezi pamene mwana wake akuganiza zokhala m’nyumba ya mitengo ku British Columbia ndikuyenda kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Canada ndi Alaska ndi kayak. akumanga. Izi sizikutanthauza, komabe, kuti mwana wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi anakana dziko lapansi kuti atetezere machimo a atomiki a atate wake. Palibe chonga chimenecho, chifukwa ngakhale kuti kusiya mayunivesite otchuka kwambiri aku America chifukwa chokonda mitengo ya paini ndi magombe amiyala kunali chinthu chopanduka, George Dyson adamanga ma kayak ndi mabwato ake kuchokera kumagalasi aposachedwa (panthawiyo) pamafelemu a aluminiyamu, ndipo kenako, i.e. pa nthawi , osaphimbidwa ndi chiwembu cha bukhuli., Anabwerera ku dziko la yunivesite monga wolemba mbiri ya sayansi ndipo analemba, makamaka, buku la ntchito pa ntchito Orion ().

Cosmolot pa mabomba

Mfundo yomwe Ulam adabwera nayo ndiyosavuta, koma gulu la Dyson lidakhala zaka 4 pa ntchito ya titanic kuti apange maziko amalingaliro ndi malingaliro opangira mapangidwe atsopano. Mabomba a atomiki sanaphulike, koma panali zoyesera zopambana momwe kuphulika kosalekeza kwa milandu yaying'ono kunakhazikitsa zitsanzo zoyenda. Mwachitsanzo, mu November 1959, chitsanzo chokhala ndi mamita 1 m'mimba mwake chinakwera pamtunda wa mamita 56. Miyezo ingapo ya ndegeyo inkaganiziridwa, manambala omwe amaperekedwa m'malingaliro awo akugwetsa pansi, chimodzi mwa zazikulu ziwiri zazikuluzikulu. zolakwika zamapangidwe zimathetsedwa ndi elevator yomwe tatchulayi, ndiye ndani akudziwa, mwina tidzawulukira kwinakwake kutali?!

Mfundo yoyamba yothandiza ya Ulam inali yoti kuphulika kwa atomiki sikungakhale m'malo ochepa m'chipinda choyaka moto, monga momwe Freeman Dyson adaneneratu poyambirira. Kodi chombo chopangidwa ndi gulu la Orion chinayenera kukhala ndi galasi lolemera lachitsulo? mbale yomwe imasonkhanitsa mphamvu za kuphulika kuchokera kuzinthu zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimatulutsidwa motsatizana kupyolera mu dzenje lapakati.

Kugwedezeka kwa meganewton kugunda mbale pa 30 m / s pakadutsa mphindi imodzi kungapangitse kuti zikhale zodzaza kwambiri ngakhale ndi zolemera kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale kuti mapangidwe opangidwa bwino ndi zida zingathe kupirira zolemetsa mpaka 000 G,? iwo ankafuna kuti sitima yawo ikhale yokhoza kuthawa ndi anthu, ndipo motero njira yochepetsetsa ya magawo awiri inapangidwa kuti "ifewetse". kukakamiza kopitilira 100 mpaka 2 G kwa ogwira ntchito.

Mapangidwe oyambira a ndege ya Orion (interplanetary) amatengera kulemera kwa matani 4000, galasi lalikulu la 40 m, kutalika konse kwa 60 m, ndi mphamvu yogwiritsa ntchito 0,14 kt. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi deta yomwe ikufanizira mphamvu ya makina oyendetsa ndege ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali: Orion amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mabomba 800 kuti adziike yekha ndi matani 1600 a malipiro apansi pa Earth orbit (LEO), yolemera matani 3350? Saturn V kuchokera ku pulogalamu ya mwezi wa Apollo inanyamula matani 130.

Kuwaza plutonium pa dziko lathu chinali drawback yofunika kwambiri ya polojekiti ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa kusiyidwa Orion pambuyo kusaina mu 1963 Pangano pa kuchepetsa pang'ono mayeso a nyukiliya, amene analetsa kuphulika kwa milandu atomiki mu mlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi. , mlengalenga ndi pansi pa madzi. Chokwezera chamtsogolo chomwe tatchulachi chingathe kuthetsa vutoli, ndipo chombo chogwiritsanso ntchito chotha kutumiza matani 800 amalipiro ku Mars orbit ndi kumbuyo ndi lingaliro loyesa. Mawerengedwe awa akuchepetsedwa, chifukwa kunyamuka pansi ndi kapangidwe ka ndege yoyendetsedwa ndi anthu okhala ndi zotulukapo zodziwikiratu pakulemera kwa zida zodzidzimutsa zidayikidwa pansi, ndiye ngati makina otere ali ndi mawonekedwe osinthika omwe amatha kutulutsa zotulutsa zowopsa komanso gawo la ogwira ntchito kuti aziuluka basi .. .

Elevator yomwe imachotsa Dziko Lapansi kuchokera mu chombo cha nyukiliya idzathetsanso mavuto ena, monga zotsatira za electromagnetic pulses (EMP) pa zipangizo zamagetsi. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti dziko lapansi limatiteteza ndi malamba a Van Allen ku kuwala kwa cosmic ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, koma ogwira ntchito ndi zida za sitima iliyonse m'mlengalenga ayenera kutetezedwa ndi zishango zowonjezera. Orion adzakhala ndi chishango chothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi ma radiation ochokera kuphulika kwa injini monga mbale yokhuthala yachitsulo yachitsulo ndikusungirako ngakhale zishango zamphamvu zowonjezera.

Mabaibulo otsatirawa a Orions anali ndi mphamvu yonyamula taro, chifukwa. ndi unyinji wa matani 10, katundu mphamvu kuchuluka kwa 000 kt, koma katundu kuchokera Padziko Lapansi (tfu, tfu, apage, ndicho theoretically poyerekeza) mu LEO anali kale 0,35% ya unyinji wa sitima (61 matani) , ndipo m’njira yozungulira Mars chikanakhala matani 6100. Ntchito yoipitsitsa kwambiri inali yomanga “chingalawa chapakati pa milalang’amba”? ndi unyinji wa 5300 8 000 matani, amene akhoza kale kukhala mzinda weniweni mlengalenga, ndi mawerengedwe anasonyeza kuti Orions zoyendetsedwa ndi nyukiliya mlandu akhoza imathandizira kwa 000 s (0,1% ya liwiro la kuwala) ndi kuwuluka kwa nyenyezi pafupi ndi ife. Proxima Centauri, mpaka zaka 10.

Gulu la Dyson linathetsa mavuto onse akuluakulu a mapangidwe, ambiri omwe adakonzedwanso m'zaka zotsatira ndi asayansi ena, kukayikira kwakukulu kunathetsedwa ndi zowona zomwe zinachitidwa panthawi ya mayesero a nyukiliya. Zatsimikiziridwa, mwachitsanzo, kuti kuvala kwa mbale yachitsulo kapena aluminiyamu yoyamwa galasi pa nthawi ya ablation (evaporation) ndi yochepa, chifukwa pa kutentha kwa kutentha kwa 67 ° C, ultraviolet imatulutsa makamaka, yomwe sichitha. kudutsa zipangizo zambiri. , makamaka pa zipsinjo za dongosolo la 000 MPa lomwe likuchitika pamwamba pa mbale, ablation ikhoza kuthetsedwanso mosavuta popopera mbale ndi mafuta pakati pa kuphulika. Orionists? idakonzedwa kuti ipange makatiriji apadera komanso ovuta kwambiri? masekeli 340 makilogalamu, koma panopa n`zotheka chifukwa kuphulika basi opangidwa gilamu "atomiki mapiritsi"? laser mtengo, ndipo kuphulika kamodzi kotereku kuli ndi mphamvu ya dongosolo la matani 140-10 a TNT.

Onerani makanema

Ulendo wa cosmonaut woyamba Yuri Gagarin kupita ku Poland.

Ulendo wa cosmonaut woyamba Yuri Gagarin kupita ku Poland

Project Orion? Pa Mars A. Bomb 1993, magawo 7, mu Chingerezi

Project Orion - Ku Mars ndi bomba A. 1993

Project Orion - Ku Mars ndi bomba A. 1993 gawo 2

Project Orion - Ku Mars ndi bomba A. 1993 gawo 3

Project Orion - Ku Mars ndi bomba A. 1993 gawo 4

Project Orion - Ku Mars ndi bomba A. 1993 gawo 5

Project Orion - Ku Mars ndi bomba A. 1993 gawo 6

Project Orion - Ku Mars ndi bomba la A. 1993 komaliza