Makokedwe a injini

Kulankhula za unit yofunika kwambiri magalimoto: injini, wakhala chizolowezi kukweza mphamvu pamwamba magawo ena. Pakadali pano, si mphamvu zamphamvu zomwe ndizo zikuluzikulu zamagetsi, koma chodabwitsa chotchedwa torque. Kuthekera kwa injini iliyonse yamagalimoto kumatsimikiziridwa mwachindunji ndi mtengo uwu.

Lingaliro la torque ya injini. Za zovuta m'mawu osavuta

Torque pokhudzana ndi injini zamagalimoto ndizomwe zimapangidwa ndi kukula kwa kuyesetsa ndi mkono wa lever, kapena, mophweka, kukakamiza kwa pistoni pa ndodo yolumikizira. Mphamvu iyi imayesedwa mu mita ya Newton, ndipo ikakwera mtengo wake, galimotoyo idzakhala yothamanga kwambiri.

Komanso, mphamvu ya injini, anasonyeza Watts, si kanthu kuposa mtengo wa makokedwe injini mu Newton mamita, kuchulukitsa ndi liwiro kasinthasintha crankshaft.

Tangoganizani kavalo akukoka chilerecho cholemera n’kutsekeredwa m’dzenje. Kukoka silori sikungagwire ntchito ngati hatchi ikuyesera kulumpha kuchokera mu dzenje pothamanga. Apa m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito khama, amene adzakhala makokedwe (km).

Torque nthawi zambiri imasokonezedwa ndi liwiro la crankshaft. M'malo mwake, awa ndi malingaliro awiri osiyana kotheratu. Tikabwereranso ku chitsanzo cha kavalo amene anamatira m’ngalande, kuchuluka kwa masitepe kumaimira liwiro la galimotoyo, ndipo mphamvu imene nyama imagwiritsa ntchito poyenda poyenda ikanaimira torque.

Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kukula kwa ma torque

Pa chitsanzo cha kavalo, n'zosavuta kuganiza kuti pamenepa mtengo wa SM udzatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi minofu ya nyama. Pankhani ya injini yoyaka mkati mwagalimoto, mtengowu umadalira kuchuluka kwa ntchito yamagetsi, komanso:

• mlingo wa kuthamanga kwa ntchito mkati mwa masilinda;
• pisitoni kukula;
• diameter ya crankshaft.

Torque imadalira kwambiri kusamuka ndi kukakamizidwa mkati mwa chopangira magetsi, ndipo kudalira uku ndikofanana mwachindunji. Mwanjira ina, ma motors okhala ndi voliyumu yayikulu komanso kupanikizika amakhala ndi torque yayikulu.

Palinso ubale wachindunji pakati pa KM ndi crank radius ya crankshaft. Komabe, mapangidwe a injini zamagalimoto zamakono ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma torque asinthe mosiyanasiyana, kotero opanga ICE alibe mwayi wopeza torque yapamwamba chifukwa cha kupindika kwa crankshaft. M'malo mwake, opanga akutembenukira ku njira zowonjezerera ma torque, monga kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje a turbocharging, kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa compression, kukhathamiritsa kuyaka, kugwiritsa ntchito manifold opangidwa mwapadera, ndi zina zambiri.

Ndikofunikira kuti KM ukuwonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka injini liwiro, Komabe, atafika pazipita osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana, makokedwe amachepetsa, ngakhale kuwonjezeka mosalekeza liwiro crankshaft.

Mphamvu ya torque ya ICE pakuchita kwamagalimoto

Kuchuluka kwa makokedwe ndiye chinthu chomwe chimayika mwachindunji mphamvu ya mathamangitsidwe agalimoto. Ngati ndinu wokonda kwambiri magalimoto, mwina mwawonapo kuti magalimoto osiyanasiyana, koma ndi mphamvu yomweyo, amachita mosiyana pamsewu. Kapena dongosolo la kukula kwa galimoto yopanda mphamvu kwambiri pamsewu ndilabwino kuposa yomwe ili ndi mahatchi ochulukirapo pansi pa hood, ngakhale ndi kukula kwake ndi zolemera zamagalimoto. Chifukwa chagona ndendende kusiyana kwa torque.

Mphamvu ya akavalo imatha kuganiziridwa ngati muyeso wa kupirira kwa injini. Ndi chizindikiro ichi chimene chimatsimikizira mphamvu liwiro la galimoto. Koma popeza makokedwe ndi mtundu wa mphamvu, zimatengera kukula kwake, osati pa chiwerengero cha "akavalo", momwe mofulumira galimoto akhoza kufika malire pa liwiro. Pachifukwa ichi, si magalimoto onse amphamvu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zowonjezera mathamangitsidwe, ndipo omwe amatha kuthamanga mofulumira kuposa ena, sikuti ali ndi injini yamphamvu.

Komabe, torque yayikulu yokha sikutsimikizira makina abwino kwambiri. Ndipotu, pakati pa zinthu zina, mphamvu ya kuwonjezeka liwiro, komanso mphamvu ya galimoto kugonjetsa mofulumira otsetsereka zigawo zimadalira opareshoni osiyanasiyana zomera mphamvu, magawano kufala ndi kuyankha accelerator. Pamodzi ndi izi, tisaiwale kuti mphindi yafupika kwambiri chifukwa cha zochitika zingapo zotsutsana: mphamvu yogubuduza ya mawilo ndi kukangana m'madera osiyanasiyana a galimoto, chifukwa cha aerodynamics ndi zochitika zina.

Torque vs mphamvu. Ubale ndi mphamvu zamagalimoto

Mphamvu ndi yochokera ku chodabwitsa ngati torque, imawonetsa ntchito yamagetsi yomwe imachitika munthawi yake. Ndipo popeza KM imayimira ntchito yolunjika ya injini, kukula kwa mphindi mu nthawi yofananira kumawonekera mu mawonekedwe a mphamvu.

Njira yotsatirayi imakupatsani mwayi wowona ubale pakati pa mphamvu ndi KM:

P=M*N/9549

Kumene: P mu fomula ndi mphamvu, M ndi torque, N ndi injini rpm, ndipo 9549 ndiye chinthu chosinthira kuti N kukhala ma radian pamphindikati. Zotsatira za kuwerengera pogwiritsa ntchito fomulayi zidzakhala nambala mu kilowatts. Mukafunika kumasulira zotsatira kukhala mphamvu yamahatchi, nambala yotsatiridwayo imachulukitsidwa ndi 1,36.

Kwenikweni, torque ndi mphamvu pakuthamanga pang'ono, monga kupitilira. Mphamvu imachulukirachulukira pamene torque ikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo parameter iyi ikakwera, kuchulukitsa mphamvu ya kinetic, ndikosavuta kuti galimotoyo igonjetse mphamvu zomwe zikuchitapo, komanso mawonekedwe ake osinthika.

Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti mphamvuyo imafika pamtengo wake wapamwamba osati nthawi yomweyo, koma pang'onopang'ono. Pambuyo pake, galimotoyo imayamba pang'onopang'ono, ndiyeno liwiro limawonjezeka. Apa ndi pamene mphamvu yotchedwa torque imabwera, ndipo izi ndizomwe zimatsimikizira nthawi yomwe galimotoyo idzafike ku mphamvu zake zazikulu, kapena, mwa kuyankhula kwina, mphamvu zothamanga kwambiri.

Izi zimachokera ku izi kuti galimoto yokhala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri, koma sikokwanira makokedwe apamwamba, idzakhala yotsika kwambiri pakuthamanga kwa chitsanzo ndi injini yomwe, m'malo mwake, sangadzitamande ndi mphamvu zabwino, koma imaposa mpikisano mu awiri. . Kukankhira kwakukulu, mphamvuyo imaperekedwa ku magudumu oyendetsa galimoto, ndipo kulemera kwa liwiro la magetsi, komwe KM yapamwamba imapindula, galimotoyo imathamanga mofulumira.

Pa nthawi yomweyi, kukhalapo kwa torque n'kotheka popanda mphamvu, koma kukhalapo kwa mphamvu popanda torque sikuli. Tangoyerekezerani kuti kavalo wathu ndi wongolerera wathu zatsekeredwa m’matope. Mphamvu yopangidwa ndi kavalo panthawiyo idzakhala zero, koma torque (kuyesera kutuluka, kukoka), ngakhale kuti sichikwanira kusuntha, idzakhalapo.

Nthawi ya dizilo

Ngati tifanizira magetsi a petulo ndi dizilo, ndiye kuti chosiyanitsa chomaliza (zonse popanda kupatula) ndi torque yayikulu yokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa.

Injini yoyatsira mafuta yamkati imafika pamlingo wake waukulu wa KM pakusintha masauzande atatu kapena anayi pamphindi, koma imatha kukulitsa mphamvu mwachangu, ndikupanga ma revolution zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri mpaka zisanu ndi zitatu pamphindi. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusintha kwa crankshaft ya injini ya dizilo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zikwi zitatu mpaka zisanu. Komabe, mu mayunitsi dizilo, pisitoni sitiroko ndi yaitali, psinjika chiŵerengero ndi makhalidwe ena enieni kuyaka mafuta ndi apamwamba, amene amapereka osati makokedwe ochuluka wachibale mayunitsi petulo, komanso kukhalapo kwa khama pafupifupi kuchokera opanda ntchito.

Pachifukwa ichi, n'zosamveka kuti tikwaniritse mphamvu zowonjezera kuchokera ku injini za dizilo - zodalirika komanso zotsika mtengo "kuchokera m'munsimu", kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri komanso kuyendetsa bwino mafuta kumapangitsanso kusiyana pakati pa injini zoyatsira mkati ndi injini za petulo, potsata zizindikiro za mphamvu ndi mphamvu. liwiro kuthekera.

Features wa mathamangitsidwe olondola galimoto. Momwe mungapindulire kwambiri ndi galimoto yanu

Kuthamanga koyenera kumatengera kuthekera kogwira ntchito ndi bokosi la gear ndikutsata mfundo ya "kuchokera pa torque yayikulu mpaka mphamvu yayikulu". Ndiko kuti, ndizotheka kukwaniritsa zoyendetsa bwino kwambiri zamagalimoto pokhapokha posunga liwiro la crankshaft mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe KM imafikira pamlingo wake. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti liwiro ligwirizane ndi nsonga ya torque, koma payenera kukhala malire pakuwonjezeka kwake. Ngati muthamangira kumathamanga pamwamba pa mphamvu yaikulu, mphamvu zowonjezera zidzakhala zochepa.

Kuthamanga kofanana ndi torque yayikulu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mawonekedwe a injini.

Kusankha kwa injini. Chabwino nchiyani - torque yayikulu kapena mphamvu yayikulu?

Ngati tijambula mzere womaliza pansi pa zonsezi, zimakhala zoonekeratu kuti:

• torque ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa magetsi;
• mphamvu ndi yochokera kwa KM choncho yachiwiri khalidwe la injini;
• kudalira mwachindunji mphamvu pa torque kumatha kuwoneka mu chilinganizo chotengedwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo P (mphamvu) \uXNUMXd M (makokedwe) * n (kuthamanga kwa crankshaft pamphindi).

Choncho, posankha injini ndi mphamvu zambiri, koma makokedwe pang'ono, ndi injini ndi KM zambiri, koma mphamvu zochepa, njira yachiwiri adzapambana. Ndi injini yotereyi yomwe ingakuthandizeni kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse zomwe zili m'galimoto.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, tisaiwale za ubale pakati pa makhalidwe amphamvu a galimoto ndi zinthu monga kuyankha kwa throttle ndi kufalitsa. Njira yabwino kwambiri ingakhale yomwe ili ndi injini yothamanga kwambiri, komanso kuchedwa kochepa kwambiri pakati pa kukanikiza chopondapo cha gasi ndi kuyankha kwa injini, ndi kufalitsa ndi magiya ochepa. Kukhalapo kwa zinthuzi kumalipira mphamvu yochepa ya injini, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti galimotoyo ifulumire mofulumira kuposa galimoto yokhala ndi injini yofanana, koma yocheperapo.