USS Hornet, gawo 2

Wowononga "Russell" amadzutsa onyamula ndege otsala "Hornet" m'madzi. Chithunzi NHHC

Pa 10:25 a.m., wonyamulira ndegeyo anali kugwedezeka mu utsi, akulemba pa starboard. Kuukira konseko kunatenga kotala la ola basi. Oyendetsa ngalawa ndi owonongawo adapanga mphete yoteteza mozungulira Hornet ndikuzungulira motsatana ndi mfundo za 23, kudikirira kuti zichitike.

M'katikati mwa zaka za m'ma 30s, lamulo la US Army Air Corps (USAAC) linayamba kuzindikira zofooka za asilikali awo, zomwe, malinga ndi mapangidwe, makhalidwe ndi zida, zinayamba kuonekera momveka bwino potsutsa dziko lapansi. atsogoleri. Chifukwa chake, adaganiza zoyambitsa pulogalamu yopezera wankhondo watsopano wochita bwino kwambiri (kufunafuna). Chinsinsi cha kupambana chinali injini yamphamvu yoziziritsidwa ndi madzi. Ngakhale chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa makina oziziritsa kwambiri (ma radiator, ma nozzles, akasinja, mapampu), injini zotere zinali zovuta kwambiri komanso zosavuta kuwonongeka kuposa injini zoziziritsa kukhosi zoziziritsa kukhosi (kuwulutsa ndi kutayika kwa zoziziritsa kulibe ndege kunkhondo), koma iwo anali ndi gawo laling'ono laling'ono, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha aerodynamic cha airframe ndi kuchepetsa kukoka ndipo, motero, kupititsa patsogolo ntchito. Mayiko otsogola ku Europe pakupanga ukadaulo wa ndege - Great Britain, France, Germany - adagwiritsa ntchito injini zapamzere kulimbikitsa omenyera awo atsopano.

Chidwi chachikulu pakati pa asilikali chinayambitsidwa ndi injini ya Allison V-12 1710-cylinder in-line liquid-utakhazikika. Njira imodzi kapena imzake, panthawiyo inali injini yokhayo ya ku America yamtundu wake yomwe ikanatha kukwaniritsa zomwe asilikali akuyembekezera. Injini ya B-1710-C1 yopangidwa mwapadera idapangidwa ndi 1933 hp mu 750, ndipo patatha zaka zinayi adapambana mayeso a benchi ya maola 150, ndikupereka mphamvu yokhazikika ya 1000 HP pamlingo wanyanja. pa 2600 rpm. Opanga a Allison akuyembekezeka kuonjezera mphamvu ku 1150 hp munthawi yochepa. Izi zidapangitsa USAAC kuzindikira injini ya V-1710 C-series ngati njira yayikulu yopangira zida zankhondo zankhondo, makamaka omenyera nkhondo.

Kumayambiriro kwa May 1936, akatswiri a Wright Field Air Corps (Ohio) adapanga zofunikira zoyamba za womenyana watsopano. Liwiro lalikulu lomwe limakhala losachepera 523 km/h (325 mph) pa 6096 m ndi 442 km/h (275 mph) pamlingo wanyanja, nthawi yothawa pa liwiro lalikulu ola limodzi, nthawi yokwera 6096 m - zosakwana mphindi 5, kuthamanga- mmwamba ndi kutulutsa (kwa chandamale ndi pamwamba pa chandamale cha 15 m kutalika) - zosakwana mamita 457. Komabe, zofunikira zamakampani sizinaperekedwe, chifukwa USAAC ikukambirana za kusankhidwa kwa msilikali watsopano komanso momwe angakwaniritsire ntchito zapamwamba zoterezi. Zinatsimikiziridwa kuti ntchito yake yaikulu ikakhala kumenyana ndi mabomba okwera kwambiri omwe akuuluka m’mwamba kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, funso la kugwiritsa ntchito injini imodzi kapena ziwiri ndikuwapatsa ma turbocharger adaganiziridwa. Mawu akuti "kutsata interceptor" adawonekera koyamba. Zinapezeka kuti ndegeyo sanafune kuyendetsa bwino, chifukwa sakanatha kuchita nawo nkhondo yosunthika yolimbana ndi adani. Panthaŵiyo anthu ankaganiza kuti oponya mabomba oyenda maulendo ataliatali sadzakhala ndi operekeza omenyana nawo. Komabe, chofunika kwambiri chinali kukwera ndi liwiro lapamwamba. M'nkhaniyi, womenyana ndi injini ziwiri zomwe zili ndi mphamvu ziwiri zoyendetsera kayendetsedwe kake kaŵirikaŵiri kulemera kwake, miyeso ndi kukoka coefficient zikuwoneka kuti ndizo zabwino kwambiri. Zomwe zinakambidwanso zinali nkhani zokulitsa kuchuluka kovomerezeka kololedwa kwa kapangidwe kake kuchokera ku g + 5g mpaka g + 8–9 ndi kupatsa ndege zida ndi mfuti zazikulu ngati chida chothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi mabomba kuposa mfuti zamakina.

Panthawiyi, mu June 1936, USAAC inalamula kupanga asilikali 77 a Seversky P-35, kutsatiridwa ndi asilikali 210 a Curtiss P-36A mwezi wotsatira. Mitundu yonse iwiriyi idayendetsedwa ndi ma injini a Pratt & Whitney R-1830 ndipo pamapepala anali ndi liwiro lapamwamba la 452 ndi 500 km/h (281 ndi 311 mph) motsatana pa 3048 m. V-1710 powered target fighter. Mu Novembala, dipatimenti ya Zida idasintha pang'ono zofunikira za cholumikizira cha injini imodzi. Kuthamanga kwakukulu pamadzi a m'nyanja kunachepetsedwa kufika ku 434 km / h (270 mph), nthawi yothawa yawonjezeka mpaka maola awiri, ndipo nthawi yokwera kufika ku 6096 m yawonjezeka mpaka mphindi 7. Panthawiyo, akatswiri ochokera ku General Staff of the Air Force (GHQ AF) ku Langley Field, Virginia, adalowa nawo pazokambiranazo ndipo adapempha kuti awonjezere liwiro la 579 km / h (360 mph) pamtunda wa 6096 m ndi 467 km/h. (290 mph) pamtunda wa nyanja, kuchepetsa nthawi yothawa pa liwiro lalikulu kubwereranso ola limodzi, kuchepetsa nthawi yokwera kuchokera ku 6096 m kufika ku maminiti a 6 ndikuchepetsa nthawi yonyamuka ndi kutulutsa kufika mamita 427. Pambuyo pa mwezi umodzi wa kukambirana, zofunikira za GHQ AF zidavomerezedwa ndi zida za dipatimenti.

Panthawiyi, mutu wa May wa USAAC, General Oscar M. Westover, adapita kwa Mlembi wa Nkhondo Harry Woodring ndi malingaliro ogula ma prototypes a interceptors awiri - ndi injini imodzi ndi ziwiri. Atalandira chivomerezo cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa pulogalamuyi, pa Marichi 19, 1937, dipatimenti ya Materiel idapereka mafotokozedwe a X-609, kumveketsa zofunikira zaukadaulo ndiukadaulo wa interceptor wa injini imodzi (m'mbuyomu, mu February, idapereka X yofananira. -608 mawonekedwe). -38 kwa womenya-injini yamapasa, yopita ku Lockheed P-608). Anatumizidwa kwa Bell, Curtiss, North America, Northrop ndi Sikorsky (X-609 - Consolidated, Lockheed, Vought, Vultee ndi Hughes). Mapangidwe abwino kwambiri omwe adaperekedwa mugulu lililonse adayenera kumangidwa ngati ma prototypes, omwenso adayenera kupikisana wina ndi mnzake. Wopambana yekha wa mpikisanowu adayenera kupita kupanga mndandanda. Poyankha mafotokozedwe a X-1937, makampani atatu okha adapereka malingaliro awo: Bell, Curtiss ndi Seversky (otsirizirawo sanaganizirepo kale, ndipo cholinga chochita nawo mpikisano sichinaperekedwe mpaka chiyambi cha 18). North America, Northrop ndi Sikorsky adasiya mpikisano. Bell ndi Curtiss adapereka awiri aliyense, pomwe Seversky adapereka zisanu. Mapangidwe a Bell adalandiridwa ndi dipatimenti yazinthu pa Meyi 1937, XNUMX.

Pakati pa mwezi wa Ogasiti, akatswiri ochokera ku Air Corps Directorate adayamba kusanthula zomwe zidatumizidwa. Ntchito yomwe sinakwaniritse ngakhale chinthu chimodzi idakanidwa. Izi zinali tsogolo la polojekiti ya Seversky's Model AR-3B, yomwe nthawi yake yokwera mpaka kutalika kwa 6096 m idadutsa mphindi 6. Bell Model 3 ndi Model 4, Curtiss Model 80 ndi Model 80A ndi Seversky AP-3 m'mitundu iwiri ndipo mapulojekiti a AP-3A adatsalirabe pabwalo lankhondo. Bell Model 4 inapeza ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri, yotsatiridwa ndi Bell Model 3 ndi yachitatu, Curtiss Model 80. Ntchito zina zonse sizinalandire ngakhale theka la chiwerengero chapamwamba cha mfundo. Kuwunikaku sikunaganizire za mtengo wokonzekera zolemba, kupanga fanizo ndikuyesa mtunduwo munjira yamphepo, yomwe pamtundu wa 4 idakwana PLN 25. madola apamwamba kuposa Model 3 ndi $ 15k kuposa Model 80.