Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
Malangizo kwa oyendetsa

Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito

03.03.2023 /

Kuthamanga kwa mpweya kwa radiator yozizira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zonse zoyatsira mkati zamagalimoto popanda kupatula. Iyi ndi njira yokhayo yopewera kutenthedwa kwa magetsi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira nthawi ndi nthawi kuyang'ana thanzi la dera lamagetsi kuti muyatse fan fan.

Kuzizira zimakupiza VAZ 2107

M'mafakitale amagetsi a "zisanu ndi ziwiri" zoyamba, chowotcha cha radiator chinayikidwa mwachindunji pa shaft pampu yamadzi. Monga mpope, inkayendetsedwa ndi lamba kuchokera ku crankshaft pulley. Kapangidwe kameneka kanagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa magalimoto ena panthawiyo. Iwo pafupifupi konse analephera, ndipo kunali kosatheka overheat injini ndi izo. Komabe, anali ndi vuto limodzi. Mphamvu yoziziritsidwa nthawi zonse idatenthedwa pang'onopang'ono. Ichi ndichifukwa chake okonza a AvtoVAZ adasintha mfundo yoyendetsera mpweya wokakamiza, m'malo mwa zimakupiza wamakina ndi magetsi, kuphatikizanso, ndikuyatsa basi.

Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
Kusintha koyambirira kwa VAZ 2107 kunali ndi fani yoyendetsedwa ndi makina

N'chifukwa chiyani mukufunikira fan yamagetsi

Faniyi idapangidwa kuti ipangitse mpweya wokakamiza wa radiator yozizira. Panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito magetsi, refrigerant yamadzimadzi kudzera mu thermostat yotsegulidwa imalowa mu radiator. Kudutsa m'machubu ake, okhala ndi mbale zopyapyala (lamellas), firiji imazizira chifukwa cha kusinthana kwa kutentha.

Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
Pambuyo pake zosintha za "zisanu ndi ziwiri" zidakhala ndi mafani oziziritsa amagetsi

Galimoto ikamayenda pa liwiro, mpweya womwe ukubwera umathandizira kutengera kutentha, koma ngati galimotoyo yayima kwa nthawi yayitali, kapena ikuyendetsa pang'onopang'ono, choziziriracho sichikhala ndi nthawi yoziziritsa. Panthawi ngati imeneyi, ndi fani yamagetsi yomwe imapulumutsa injini kuti isatenthedwe.

Kapangidwe kazipangizo

Fani ya radiator imakhala ndi zinthu zitatu zazikulu:

  • DC injini;
  • zopangitsa;
  • mafelemu.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Kukupiza kumakhala ndi mota yamagetsi, chopondera ndi chimango

Rotor ya injini ili ndi chopondera cha pulasitiki. Ndi iye amene, mozungulira, amapanga mpweya wolunjika. Injini ya chipangizocho imayikidwa muzitsulo zachitsulo, zomwe zimamangiriridwa ku nyumba ya radiator.

Momwe fani yamagetsi imayatsa ndikugwira ntchito

Njira yoyatsira fani ya carburetor ndi jakisoni "zisanu ndi ziwiri" ndizosiyana. Choyamba, sensor yotentha yamakina yomwe imayikidwa m'munsi mwa thanki yakumanja ya radiator yozizira ndiyomwe imayambitsa kuphatikizidwa kwake. Injini ikazizira, zolumikizana ndi sensa zimatsegulidwa. Pamene kutentha kwa refrigerant kumakwera kufika pamlingo wina, kukhudzana kwake kumatseka, ndipo magetsi amayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa maburashi a galimoto yamagetsi. Faniyi ipitiliza kugwira ntchito mpaka choziziritsa kuzizirira ndikutsegula ma sensor olumikizana.

Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
Dera la chipangizocho limatsekedwa ndi sensa yomwe imayankha kusintha kwa kutentha kwa firiji

Mu jekeseni "zisanu ndi ziwiri" kusinthasintha kwamagetsi kwa magetsi kumakhala kosiyana. Apa chirichonse chimayang'aniridwa ndi chipangizo chowongolera zamagetsi. Chizindikiro choyambirira cha ECU ndi chidziwitso chochokera ku sensa yomwe imayikidwa mu chitoliro chosiya injini (pafupi ndi thermostat). Atalandira chizindikiro choterocho, gawo lamagetsi limayendetsa ndikutumiza lamulo kwa wotumizirana yemwe ali ndi udindo woyatsa injini ya fan. Imatseka dera ndikupereka magetsi kugalimoto yamagetsi. Chipangizocho chidzapitiriza kugwira ntchito mpaka kutentha kwa firiji kutsika.

Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
Mu jekeseni "zisanu ndi ziwiri" fani imayatsa pa lamulo la ECU

Mu onse carburetor ndi jakisoni "zisanu ndi ziwiri", zimakupiza magetsi zimatetezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito fuse osiyana.

Fani moto

Galimoto yamagetsi ndiye gawo lalikulu la chipangizocho. Vaz 2107 ntchito mitundu iwiri ya injini: ME-271 ndi ME-272. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe ake, amakhala pafupifupi ofanana, koma kapangidwe kake ndi kosiyana. Mu injini ya ME-271, thupi limasindikizidwa, mwachitsanzo, losasiyanitsidwa. Sichifunikira kukonzanso nthawi ndi nthawi, komabe, pakagwa vuto, likhoza kusinthidwa.

Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
Sikuti injini iliyonse ya fan imatha kulumikizidwa

Chipangizo ndi mawonekedwe a injini ya fan

Mwadongosolo, motere imakhala ndi:

  • nyumba;
  • maginito anayi okhazikika amamatira mozungulira mozungulira mkati mwake;
  • anangula okhala ndi mafunde ndi osonkhanitsa;
  • chogwirizira burashi ndi maburashi;
  • kusewera mpira;
  • thumba lothandizira;
  • chophimba chakumbuyo.

Makina amagetsi a ME-272 nawonso safuna kukonza, koma mosiyana ndi chitsanzo chapitachi, ngati n'koyenera, akhoza kupatulidwa pang'ono ndikuyesera kubwezeretsedwa. Disassembly ikuchitika ndi unscrewing lumikiza mabawuti ndi kuchotsa kumbuyo chivundikirocho.

Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
ME-272 ili ndi mapangidwe osinthika

Pochita, kukonza chowotcha chamagetsi sikungatheke. Choyamba, mutha kugula zida zosinthira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo kachiwiri, chipangizo chatsopano chophatikizidwa ndi cholumikizira sichimawononga ma ruble 1500.

Table: zazikulu luso makhalidwe a galimoto yamagetsi ME-272

makhalidwe aZizindikiro
Mphamvu yamagetsi, V12
Kuthamanga kwake, rpm2500
Maximum current, A14

Kuzizira kwa mafani akuwonongeka ndi zizindikiro zawo

Popeza kuti zimakupiza ndi electromechanical unit, ntchito imene imaperekedwa ndi dera osiyana, zofooka zake akhoza kudziwonetsera okha m'njira zosiyanasiyana:

  • chipangizocho sichimayatsa konse;
  • injini yamagetsi imayamba, koma imayenda mosalekeza;
  • fani imayamba kuthamanga kwambiri kapena mochedwa kwambiri;
  • pakugwira ntchito kwa unit, phokoso lakunja ndi kugwedezeka kumachitika.

Kukupiza sikuyatsa konse

Choopsa chachikulu chomwe chimabwera chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa fani yoziziritsa ndikutentha kwa magetsi. Ndikofunika kulamulira malo a muvi wa sensa ya chizindikiro cha kutentha ndikumva nthawi yomwe chipangizocho chikuyatsidwa. Ngati galimoto yamagetsi sichiyatsa pamene muvi ufika ku gawo lofiira, mwinamwake pali vuto la chipangizocho kapena zinthu zake zozungulira. Zowonongeka izi zikuphatikizapo:

  • kulephera kwa mafunde a armature, kuvala kwa maburashi kapena chotolera ma mota;
  • kusowa kwa sensor;
  • kusweka mu dera lamagetsi;
  • lama fuyusi;
  • kulephera kwa relay.

Kugwira ntchito mosalekeza

Zimachitikanso kuti injini ya chipangizocho imayatsa mosasamala kanthu za kutentha kwa magetsi ndikugwira ntchito mosalekeza. Pankhaniyi, pakhoza kukhala:

  • dera lalifupi mu gawo lamagetsi la fan;
  • kulephera kwa sensa;
  • kupanikizana kwa relay pamalo omwe ali.

Wokupizayo amayatsa molawirira, kapenanso mochedwa

Kuyatsa kosayembekezereka kwa fan kukuwonetsa kuti mawonekedwe a sensa asintha pazifukwa zina, ndipo gawo lake lomwe limagwira ntchito limakhudzidwa molakwika ndi kusintha kwa kutentha. Zizindikiro zofanana ndizo zonse za carburetor ndi jakisoni "zisanu ndi ziwiri".

Phokoso lowonjezera komanso kugwedezeka

Kugwira ntchito kwa fan yoziziritsa yagalimoto iliyonse kumatsagana ndi phokoso lodziwika bwino. Zimapangidwa ndi choyikapo, kudula mumlengalenga ndi masamba ake. Ngakhale kuphatikiza ndi phokoso la injini ya galimoto, mu "zisanu ndi ziwiri" phokoso ili limveka bwino ngakhale kuchokera ku chipinda chokwera. Kwa magalimoto athu, ndizozoloŵera.

Ngati kuzungulira kwa masamba akukupiza kumatsagana ndi kung'ung'udza, kung'ung'udza kapena mluzu, kutsogolo kapena mkono wothandizira pachivundikirocho chingakhale chosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mng'alu kapena kugogoda kumasonyeza kukhudzana kwa choyimitsacho ndi m'mphepete mwa mkati mwa chimango chomwe galimoto yamagetsi imayikidwa. Kuwonongeka kotereku kumatheka chifukwa cha kupindika kapena kusalongosoka kwa masamba a fan. Pazifukwa zomwezo, kugwedezeka kumachitika.

Kuzindikira ndi kukonza

Ndikofunikira kuyang'ana fani ndi zida zake zamagetsi motere:

  1. Lama fuyusi.
  2. Kulandirana.
  3. Galimoto yamagetsi.
  4. Kutentha kachipangizo.

Kuwona lama fuyusi ikugwira ntchito

Fuseyi nthawi zambiri imawunikiridwa poyamba, chifukwa njirayi ndi yosavuta ndipo sitenga nthawi yambiri. Kuti izi zitheke, ndi autotester yokha kapena nyali yoyesera yomwe ikufunika. Chofunika cha diagnostics ndi kudziwa ngati akudutsa magetsi.

Fuse yozungulira ya fan imayikidwa mu chipika chokwera chagalimoto, chomwe chili muchipinda cha injini. Pachithunzichi, idasankhidwa ngati F-7 yokhala ndi 16 A. Kuti muwone ndikusintha, muyenera kuchita izi:

  1. Lumikizani terminal negative ku batire.
  2. Chotsani chipika choyikapo chophimba.
  3. Pezani fuse F-7 ndikuichotsa pampando wake.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Fusesi ya F-7 imayang'anira chitetezo cha ma fan circuit
  4. Lumikizani ma probes oyesa ku ma fyuzi terminals ndikuwona momwe angagwiritsire ntchito.
  5. Bwezerani fuyusi ngati waya wa chipangizocho wawomberedwa.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Fuse yabwino iyenera kunyamula magetsi.

Matenda opatsirana

Monga tanenera kale, mu jekeseni "zisanu ndi ziwiri" palinso relay kuti mutsitse magetsi a fani ya radiator. Imayikidwa mu chipika chowonjezera chomwe chili pansi pa bokosi la glove mu chipinda chokwera ndipo chimatchedwa R-3.

Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
Kupatsirana kwa fan kumalembedwa ndi muvi

Kuyang'ana relay nokha ndizovuta. Ndikosavuta kutenga chipangizo chatsopano ndikuchiyika m'malo mwachidziwitso. Ngati fani yamagetsi imayatsa pamene firiji imatenthedwa kutentha komwe mukufuna, ndiye kuti vuto linali ndendende mmenemo.

Kuyang'ana ndi kusintha galimoto yamagetsi

Zida zofunika:

  • voltmeter kapena multifunctional autotester;
  • zidutswa ziwiri za waya;
  • ma wrenches pa "8", "10" ndi "13";
  • mapuloteni.

Dongosolo la ntchito ndi motere:

  1. Lumikizani cholumikizira mphamvu za fan.
  2. Timagwirizanitsa mawaya awiri kumagulu a theka la cholumikizira chomwe chimachokera ku galimoto yamagetsi, kutalika kwake kuyenera kukhala kokwanira kuti tigwirizane ndi mabatire.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Kuyesa galimoto yamagetsi, iyenera kulumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi batri.
  3. Lumikizani malekezero a mawaya ku ma terminals a batri. Ngati faniyo siyiyatsa, mutha kukonzekera kuyisintha.
  4. Ngati yagwira ntchito bwino, ndi bwino kuyang'ana ngati magetsi akugwiritsidwa ntchito.
  5. Timagwirizanitsa ma probes a voltmeter kwa olumikizana ndi theka lina la cholumikizira (komwe voteji imagwiritsidwa ntchito).
  6. Timayamba injini, kutseka zolumikizana ndi sensa ndi screwdriver (kwa magalimoto a carburetor) ndikuwona kuwerengera kwa chipangizocho. Mphamvu yamagetsi pamalumikizidwe iyenera kukhala yofanana ndi zomwe jenereta imapanga (11,7-14,5 V). Kwa makina ojambulira, palibe chomwe chiyenera kutsekedwa. Ndikofunikira kudikirira mpaka kutentha kwa injini kufika pamtengo womwe gawo lowongolera zamagetsi limatumiza chizindikiro ku relay (85-95 ° C) ndikuwerenga zida zowerengera. Ngati palibe voteji, kapena sizikugwirizana ndi makhalidwe anapereka (mitundu yonse ya injini), chifukwa chake ayenera kufunidwa dera chipangizo.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Magetsi pamalumikizidwe olumikizira ayenera kukhala ofanana ndi ma voliyumu a netiweki yapa board
  7. Ngati injini yamagetsi ikugwira ntchito molakwika, pogwiritsa ntchito socket wrench "8", masulani mabawuti 2 kukonza chophimba cha fan ku radiator (kumanzere ndi kumanja).
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Chimangocho chimamangiriridwa ndi zomangira ziwiri.
  8. Mosamala kokerani chosungiracho kwa inu, nthawi yomweyo ndikutulutsa mawaya a sensor kuchokera ku chosungira.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Galimoto yamagetsi imachotsedwa pamodzi ndi chimango
  9. Pogwiritsa ntchito pliers, timapondaponda ma petals a waya. Timakankhira ma clamps kunja kwa casing.
  10. Chotsani msonkhano wa fan.
  11. Kugwira masamba a choyikapocho ndi dzanja lanu, masulani nati ya kumangiriza kwake ndi socket wrench kuti "13".
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Mukamasula nati, masamba a choyikapochi ayenera kugwiridwa pamanja
  12. Lumikizani cholowetsa kuchokera ku shaft.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Pambuyo pochotsa nati, choyikapocho chimatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta kumtengowo
  13. Pogwiritsa ntchito kiyi "10", masulani mtedza onse atatu omwe amateteza nyumba yamagalimoto ku chimango.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Injiniyo imatetezedwa ndi mtedza atatu.
  14. Timachotsa galimoto yolakwika yamagetsi.
  15. Timayika chipangizo chatsopano m'malo mwake. Timasonkhana motsatira dongosolo.

Diagnostics ndi m'malo sensa kutentha

Masensa a kutentha kwa carburetor ndi jakisoni "zisanu ndi ziwiri" amasiyana osati pamapangidwe okha, komanso pa ntchito. Kwa akale, sensa imangotseka ndikutsegula zolumikizirana, pomwe chomalizacho, chimasintha mtengo wa kukana kwake kwamagetsi. Tiyeni tikambirane njira ziwirizi.

Injini ya carburetor

Kuchokera pazida ndi njira zomwe mudzafunikira:

  • wrench yotsegula pa "30";
  • sipinari kapena mutu pa "13";
  • ohmmeter kapena autotester;
  • thermometer yamadzimadzi yokhala ndi miyeso yofikira 100 ° C;
  • chidebe choyera chotengera firiji;
  • chidebe chokhala ndi madzi;
  • mbaula ya gasi (yamagetsi) kapena boiler yanyumba;
  • nsalu youma.

Cheke ndikusintha algorithm ili motere:

  1. Timalowetsa chidebecho pansi pa pulagi pa silinda yamagetsi.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Nkhata Bay idatulutsidwa ndi kiyi ya "13"
  2. Timamasula pulagi, kukhetsa firiji.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Madzi osefukira amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito
  3. Lumikizani cholumikizira kuchokera kumagulu a sensor.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Cholumikizira chikhoza kuchotsedwa mosavuta ndi dzanja
  4. Kugwiritsa ntchito kiyi "30" kumasula sensor.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Sensayi imatsegulidwa ndi kiyi "30"
  5. Timalumikiza ma ohmmeter probes kwa ma sensor contacts. Kukaniza pakati pawo mu chipangizo chothandizira kuyenera kukhala kosatha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kulumikizana ndi otseguka.
  6. Timayika sensa ndi gawo la ulusi mu chidebe ndi madzi. Sitikuzimitsa zofufuza za chipangizocho. Timatenthetsa madzi mu chidebe pogwiritsa ntchito chitofu kapena boiler.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Madzi akatenthedwa mpaka 85-95 ° C, sensa iyenera kudutsa panopa
  7. Timawerengera kuwerengera kwa thermometer. Madzi akafika kutentha kwa 85-95 ° C, ma sensor amayenera kutseka, ndipo ohmmeter iyenera kuwonetsa zero kukana. Ngati izi sizichitika, timasintha sensayo mwa kusokoneza chipangizo chatsopano m'malo mwa chakale.

Video: momwe mungapewere injini kuti isatenthedwe ndi sensor yolakwika

Chifukwa chiyani chowotcha chamagetsi sichimayatsa (chimodzi mwazifukwa).

Injini ya jekeseni

Injector "zisanu ndi ziwiri" ili ndi masensa awiri a kutentha. Chimodzi mwa izo chimagwira ntchito limodzi ndi chipangizo chomwe chimasonyeza kutentha kwa firiji kwa dalaivala, china ndi kompyuta. Timafunikira sensa yachiwiri. Monga tanenera kale, imayikidwa pa chitoliro pafupi ndi thermostat. Kuti tiwone ndikusintha, tikufuna:

Dongosolo la ntchito ndi motere:

  1. Timapeza sensor. Lumikizani cholumikizira kwa omwe mumalumikizana nawo.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Sensa imayikidwa pa chitoliro pafupi ndi thermostat
  2. Timayatsa poyatsira.
  3. Timayatsa multimeter kapena tester muyeso yamagetsi. Timalumikiza ma probe a chipangizocho ndi olumikizira olumikizira. Tiyeni tione umboni. Chipangizocho chiyenera kuwonetsa pafupifupi 12 V (voltage ya batri). Ngati palibe voteji, vuto liyenera kufunidwa mu gawo lamagetsi la chipangizocho.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Mphamvu yamagetsi imayesedwa pakati pa mapini olumikizira ndi kuyatsa
  4. Ngati chipangizocho chikuwonetsa voteji mwadzina, zimitsani choyatsira ndikuchotsa cholumikizira ku batri.
  5. Pogwiritsa ntchito kiyi pa "19", timamasula sensor. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti madzi ozizira pang'ono athawe. Pukutani zotayira ndi nsalu youma.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Sensayi imatsegulidwa ndi kiyi "19"
  6. Timasinthira chipangizo chathu ku njira yoyezera kukana. Timagwirizanitsa ma probes ake ndi ma sensa contacts.
  7. Timayika sensa ndi gawo logwira ntchito mu chidebe ndi madzi.
  8. Timatenthetsa madzi, ndikuwona kusintha kwa kutentha ndi kukana. Ngati zowerengera za zida zonse ziwiri sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe zaperekedwa pansipa, timalowetsa sensor.
    Momwe mungapangire fani ya radiator ya VAZ 2107 kugwira ntchito
    Sensor resistance iyenera kusintha ndi kutentha

Table: kudalira kukana mtengo DTOZH VAZ 2107 pa kutentha

Kutentha kwamadzi, OSResistance, Ohm
203300-3700
302200-2400
402000-1500
60800-600
80500-300
90200-250

Wokupiza anakakamiza

Eni ena a "zachikale", kuphatikizapo VAZ 2107, amaika batani lokakamiza pamagalimoto awo. Zimakulolani kuti muyambe galimoto yamagetsi ya chipangizocho mosasamala kanthu za kutentha kwa firiji. Poganizira kuti mapangidwe a "zisanu ndi ziwiri" zozizira sizili bwino, njirayi ikhoza kuthandizira kwambiri tsiku lina. Zidzakhalanso zothandiza kwa madalaivala omwe nthawi zambiri amayenda m'misewu yakumidzi kapena amakakamizika kuyima m'misewu yapamsewu.

Kuyatsa mokakamizidwa kwa zimakupiza ndikoyenera pamagalimoto a carbureted okha. M'makina okhala ndi injini za jakisoni, ndikwabwino kudalira gawo lowongolera zamagetsi komanso osasintha magwiridwe antchito ake.

Kanema: wokakamiza wokakamiza

Njira yosavuta yopangira faniyo kuyatsa pofunsidwa ndi dalaivala ndikubweretsa mawaya awiri kuchokera pazolumikizana ndi sensor ya kutentha kulowa m'chipinda chokwera ndikuwalumikiza ku batani lokhazikika la magawo awiri. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito lingaliro ili, mumangofunika mawaya, batani ndi tepi yamagetsi kapena kusungunula kutentha.

Ngati mukufuna "kutsitsa" batani kuchokera ku katundu wosafunikira, mutha kuyika cholumikizira mudera molingana ndi chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa.

M'malo mwake, palibe chovuta pakupanga kwa fan palokha kapena mumayendedwe ake olumikizana. Chifukwa chake pakagwa kuwonongeka kulikonse, mutha kupitiliza kudzikonza nokha.

Kuwonjezera ndemanga