Momwe injini ya haibridi imagwirira ntchito, zabwino ndi zoyipa zamagalimoto azachuma
Zamkatimu
Kutuluka kwa magalimoto osakanizidwa kwakhala njira yokakamiza ya opanga ma automaker pakusintha kuchokera ku injini zoyatsira mkati (ICE) pamafuta a hydrocarbon kupita ku mafakitale oyeretsa. Tekinoloje sinalole kukhazikitsidwa kwa galimoto yamagetsi yodzaza ndi zonse, galimoto yamafuta, kapena china chilichonse kuchokera pamndandanda waukulu wamayendedwe otheka kuti pakhale mayendedwe oyenda okha, ndipo kufunikira kwakula kale.
Maboma adayamba kuletsa kwambiri makampani opanga magalimoto ndi zofunikira zachilengedwe, ndipo ogula amafuna kuwona tsogolo labwino, osati kusintha kwina kowoneka bwino kwa mota yomwe imadziwika kwazaka zopitilira zana pa imodzi mwazinthu zoyenga mafuta.
Ndi galimoto iti yomwe imatchedwa "hybrid"
Mphamvu ya gawo lapakati idayamba kukhala kuphatikiza kwa kapangidwe kake kotsimikizika kwa injini yoyaka mkati ndi imodzi kapena zingapo zamagetsi zamagetsi.
Gawo lamagetsi la gawo loyendetsa magetsi limayendetsedwa ndi ma jenereta omwe amalumikizidwa ndi injini ya gasi kapena injini ya dizilo, mabatire ndi njira yobwezeretsa yomwe imabweza mphamvu zomwe zimatulutsidwa panthawi yoyendetsa galimoto.
Njira zambiri zoyendetsera lingaliroli zimatchedwa ma hybrids.
Nthawi zina opanga amasocheretsa makasitomala poyimbira ma hybrids machitidwe pomwe ma drive amagetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pongoyambitsa injini yayikulu poyambira kuyimitsa.
Popeza palibe kugwirizana pakati pa ma motors amagetsi ndi mawilo ndi kuthekera koyendetsa pamagetsi amagetsi, sikulakwa kunena kuti magalimoto oterowo ndi osakanizidwa.
Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito injini zosakanizidwa
Ndi mitundu yonse ya mapangidwe, makina oterowo ali ndi zinthu zofanana. Koma kusiyana kuli kwakukulu kuchokera ku luso lamakono kuti kwenikweni iwo ndi magalimoto osiyana ndi ubwino ndi kuipa kwawo.
chipangizo
Mtundu uliwonse wa haibridi umaphatikizapo:
- injini kuyaka mkati ndi kufala kwake, pa bolodi otsika-voltage magetsi maukonde ndi thanki mafuta;
- ma traction motors;
- mabatire osungira, nthawi zambiri amakhala okwera kwambiri, okhala ndi mabatire olumikizidwa motsatizana komanso mofananira;
- mawaya amphamvu okhala ndi kusintha kwamphamvu kwambiri;
- zida zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi makompyuta apakompyuta.
Kuwonetsetsa kuti njira zonse zogwirira ntchito zophatikizika zamakina ndi magetsi nthawi zambiri zimangochitika zokha, kuwongolera kwanthawi zonse kumaperekedwa kwa dalaivala.
Ndondomeko za ntchito
Ndizotheka kulumikiza zida zamagetsi ndi zamakina wina ndi mnzake m'njira zosiyanasiyana; pakapita nthawi, ziwembu zokhazikitsidwa bwino, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zawonekera.
Izi sizikugwira ntchito kumagulu amtsogolo agalimoto molingana ndi gawo laling'ono lamagetsi amagetsi pamlingo wonse wamagetsi.
mosasinthasintha
Chiwembu choyamba, zomveka kwambiri, koma tsopano ntchito pang'ono magalimoto.
Ntchito yake yayikulu inali yogwira ntchito pazida zolemera, pomwe zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zidalowa m'malo mwa bulky mechanical transmission, zomwe ndizovuta kwambiri kuzilamulira. Injini, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ya dizilo, imayikidwa pa jenereta yamagetsi yokha ndipo siyimalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi mawilo.
Zomwe zimapangidwira ndi jenereta zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulipira batire la traction, ndipo pamene silinaperekedwe, limatumizidwa mwachindunji kumagetsi amagetsi.
Pakhoza kukhala mmodzi kapena angapo a iwo, mpaka kukhazikitsa pa gudumu lililonse la galimoto molingana ndi mfundo ya otchedwa motor-mawilo. Kuchuluka kwa kukakamiza kumayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi, ndipo injini yoyaka mkati imatha kugwira ntchito mwanjira yabwino kwambiri.
Zofanana
Chiwembuchi tsopano ndichofala kwambiri. Mmenemo, injini yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi injini zoyatsira mkati zimagwira ntchito yotumizira wamba, ndipo zamagetsi zimayang'anira chiŵerengero choyenera cha mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndi galimoto iliyonse. Ma injini onsewa amalumikizidwa ndi mawilo.
Njira yobwezeretsa imathandizidwa, pamene, panthawi ya braking, galimoto yamagetsi imasanduka jenereta ndikubwezeretsanso batire yosungira. Kwa nthawi, galimoto akhoza kungoyenda pa mlandu wake, chachikulu injini kuyaka mkati muffled.
Nthawi zina, batire yamphamvu kwambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yokhala ndi kuthekera kwa kulipiritsa kunja kuchokera pa netiweki ya AC yapanyumba kapena poyatsira yapadera.
Kawirikawiri, udindo wa mabatire pano ndi wochepa. Koma kusintha kwawo ndikosavuta, mabwalo owopsa amagetsi safunikira pano, ndipo kuchuluka kwa batire ndikocheperako kuposa magalimoto amagetsi.
wosakanizidwa
Chifukwa cha chitukuko cha teknoloji yoyendetsa magetsi ndi mphamvu zosungirako, ntchito yamagetsi amagetsi pakupanga kuyesetsa mwakhama kwawonjezeka, zomwe zachititsa kuti pakhale machitidwe apamwamba kwambiri omwe amafanana nawo.
Apa, kuyambira kuyimitsidwa ndikuyenda pa liwiro lotsika kumachitika pamayendedwe amagetsi, ndipo injini yoyaka mkati imalumikizidwa pokhapokha ngati kutulutsa kwakukulu kumafunika komanso mabatire atha.
Ma motors onsewa amatha kugwira ntchito pamagalimoto, ndipo chipangizo chamagetsi choganiziridwa bwino chimasankha komwe ndi momwe angawongolere mphamvu. Dalaivala akhoza kutsatira izi pazithunzi zowonetsera.
Jenereta yowonjezera imagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga mumayendedwe otsatizana, omwe amatha kupereka mphamvu kumagetsi amagetsi kapena kulipiritsa batire. Mphamvu ya braking imabwerezedwanso kumbuyo kwa ma traction motor.
Umu ndi momwe ma hybrids amakono amapangidwira, makamaka imodzi mwazoyamba komanso zodziwika bwino - Toyota Prius.
Kodi injini yosakanizidwa imagwira ntchito bwanji pa chitsanzo cha Toyota Prius?
Galimoto iyi tsopano ili m'badwo wake wachitatu ndipo yafika pamlingo wina wake wangwiro, ngakhale ma hybrids opikisana akupitiliza kukulitsa zovuta komanso luso la mapangidwe.
Maziko a galimoto pano ndi mfundo ya synergy, malinga ndi mmene injini kuyaka mkati ndi galimoto magetsi akhoza kutenga nawo mbali mu osakaniza aliyense kupanga torque pa mawilo. Kufanana kwa ntchito yawo kumapereka njira yovuta ya mtundu wa mapulaneti, kumene mphamvu zimayenda zimasakanizidwa ndikufalitsidwa kudzera muzosiyana ndi mawilo oyendetsa.
Kuthamangitsa ndikuyamba kuthamanga kumachitidwa ndi mota yamagetsi. Ngati magetsi atsimikiza kuti mphamvu zake sizokwanira, injini yamafuta yamafuta yomwe imagwira ntchito pamayendedwe a Atkinson imalumikizidwa.
M'magalimoto wamba omwe ali ndi ma Otto motors, kutentha kotereku sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa chanthawi yochepa. Koma apa amaperekedwa ndi galimoto yamagetsi.
Njira yopanda ntchito imachotsedwa, ngati Toyota Prius imangoyambitsa injini yoyaka mkati, ndiye kuti ntchitoyo imapezeka nthawi yomweyo, kuthandiza mathamangitsidwe, kulipira batire kapena kupereka mpweya.
Kukhala ndi katundu nthawi zonse ndikugwira ntchito pa liwiro labwino kwambiri, kumachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a petulo, kukhala pamalo opindulitsa kwambiri pa liwiro lake lakunja.
Palibe choyambira chachikhalidwe, chifukwa motayi imatha kungoyambika ndikuizungulira mwachangu kwambiri, zomwe ndi zomwe jenereta yosinthika imachita.
Mabatire ali ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana ndi ma voltages, mumtundu wowongoka kwambiri wa PHV, izi ndizofala kale pamagalimoto amagetsi 350 volts pa 25 Ah.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa ma hybrids
Monga kunyengerera kwina kulikonse, ma hybrids ndi otsika poyerekeza ndi magalimoto amagetsi amagetsi komanso anthawi zonse omwe amapaka mafuta.
Koma nthawi yomweyo amapereka phindu muzinthu zingapo, kwa wina yemwe akuchita zazikulu:
- kuphweka kwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi mpweya woipa wa injini zoyatsira mkati;
- kupeza ndalama zina zamafuta, komabe zimatsutsidwa;
- kuthekera koyenda pamakokedwe oyera amagetsi pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito injini zoyatsira mkati ndizoletsedwa;
- kuwonjezereka kosavuta kwa mphamvu zomwe zalengezedwa;
- zosatheka, mosiyana ndi galimoto yamagetsi, kukhala opanda mphamvu kutali ndi magetsi.
Zoyipa zonse zimalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zaukadaulo:
- kufunikira kwa ogwira ntchito oyenerera ophunzitsidwa mwapadera kuti azigwira ntchito ndi ma hybrids;
- kuwonjezeka kwa misa ya galimoto, yomwe imadyanso mafuta;
- mtengo wapamwamba wa galimoto;
- kutayika kwa magalimoto amagetsi chifukwa cha kusungidwa kwa injini yoyaka mkati ndi zonse zomwe zikugwirizana nazo;
- akadali insufficiently anayamba matekinoloje ndi kusowa kwa mgwirizano njira kamangidwe;
- kusowa kwa chilengedwe pakupanga mabatire ndi kutaya kwawo.
N'zotheka kuti kupanga ma hybrids kudzapitirira pambuyo pa kutha kwa magalimoto apamwamba.
Koma izi zidzachitika pokhapokha ngati injini imodzi yamafuta a hydrocarbon imapangidwa, yotsika mtengo komanso yoyendetsedwa bwino, yomwe idzakhala yowonjezera bwino pagalimoto yamagetsi yamtsogolo, ndikuwonjezera kudzilamulira kwake kosakwanira.
