The mankhwala zikuchokera mafuta AI 92, 95, 98

The zikuchokera mafuta zikuphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana mankhwala ndi mankhwala: hydrocarbon kuwala, sulfure, nayitrogeni, lead. Kuti mafuta azikhala abwino, zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana zimawonjezeredwa. Momwemo, sikutheka kulemba chilinganizo cha mankhwala a petulo, chifukwa kapangidwe kake kamadalira kwambiri malo opangira zinthu - mafuta, njira yopangira ndi zowonjezera.

Komabe, mawonekedwe amafuta amtundu umodzi kapena wina wamafuta sakhala ndi vuto lililonse pamachitidwe oyatsa mafuta mu injini yagalimoto.

Monga momwe zimasonyezera, ubwino wa mafuta a petulo makamaka umadalira malo ochotsera. Mwachitsanzo, mafuta omwe amapangidwa ku Russia ndi abwino kwambiri kuposa mafuta ochokera ku Persian Gulf kapena Azerbaijan yemweyo.

Njira yopangira mafuta m'mafakitale aku Russia ndizovuta kwambiri komanso zokwera mtengo, pomwe chomaliza sichimakwaniritsa miyezo yachilengedwe ya EU. Ndicho chifukwa chake mafuta ku Russia ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri. Kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wake, njira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma zonsezi zimakhudza mtengo wake.

Mafuta ochokera ku Azerbaijan ndi Persian Gulf ali ndi zinthu zochepa zolemetsa, ndipo motero, kupanga mafuta kuchokera kumeneko ndikotsika mtengo.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, mafuta anapezedwa ndi rectification - distillation mafuta. Kunena mwachidule, ankatenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwina ndipo mafutawo anawagawa m’tigawo ting’onoting’ono tosiyanasiyana, chimodzi mwa izo chinali mafuta a petulo. Njira yopangira iyi sinali yotsika mtengo komanso yosamalira zachilengedwe, chifukwa zinthu zonse zolemetsa zochokera kumafuta zidalowa mumlengalenga pamodzi ndi mpweya wotulutsa magalimoto. Zinali ndi mtovu wochuluka ndi parafini, zomwe zinachititsa kuti chilengedwe ndi injini za magalimoto anthaŵiyo zivutike.

Pambuyo pake, njira zatsopano zopangira mafuta zidapezeka - kusweka ndi kukonzanso.

Zimatenga nthawi yayitali kufotokoza njira zonse zamankhwalawa, koma pafupifupi zikuwoneka motere. Ma hydrocarbons ndi mamolekyu "aatali", omwe zinthu zake zazikulu ndi mpweya ndi kaboni. Mafuta akatenthedwa, maunyolo a mamolekyuwa amathyoka ndipo ma hydrocarbon opepuka amapezeka. Pafupifupi zigawo zonse zamafuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, osati kutayidwa, monga kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana zapitazi. Pothira mafuta pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosweka, timapeza mafuta, dizilo, mafuta agalimoto. Mafuta amafuta, mafuta owoneka bwino kwambiri amatengedwa kuchokera ku zinyalala za distillation.

Kukonzanso ndi njira yotsogola kwambiri ya distillation yamafuta, chifukwa chake zidatheka kupeza petulo ndi nambala ya octane yapamwamba, ndikuchotsa zinthu zonse zolemetsa pazomaliza.

Mafuta oyeretsera omwe amapezeka pambuyo pa njira zonsezi za distillation, zinthu zochepa zomwe zimakhala ndi poizoni zimakhala mu mpweya wotulutsa mpweya. Komanso, pakupanga mafuta sikungowonongeka, ndiye kuti, zigawo zonse zamafuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga zawo.

Ubwino wofunikira wa petulo, womwe uyenera kuyang'aniridwa panthawi yamafuta, ndi nambala ya octane. Nambala ya octane imatsimikizira kukana kwa mafuta kuti awonongeke. Mafuta ali ndi zinthu ziwiri - isooctane ndi heptane. Choyamba ndi chophulika kwambiri, ndipo chachiwiri, mphamvu ya detonation ndi zero, pansi pazifukwa zina, ndithudi. Nambala ya octane imangosonyeza chiŵerengero cha heptane ndi isooctane. Izi zikutsatira kuti mafuta omwe ali ndi mlingo wapamwamba wa octane amatha kugonjetsedwa ndi detonation, ndiko kuti, amaphulika pokhapokha pazifukwa zina zomwe zimachitika mu cylinder block.

Chemical kapangidwe ka petulo AI 92, 95, 98

Kuwerengera kwa octane kumatha kuonjezedwa mothandizidwa ndi zowonjezera zapadera zomwe zili ndi zinthu monga lead. Komabe, lead ndi chinthu chosasangalatsa kwambiri, osati chachilengedwe kapena injini. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zambiri ndikoletsedwa pakadali pano. Mutha kuwonjezera nambala ya octane mothandizidwa ndi hydrocarbon ina - mowa.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati muwonjezera magalamu zana limodzi la mowa woyera ku lita imodzi ya A-92, mukhoza kupeza A-95. Koma mafuta oterowo adzakhala okwera mtengo kwambiri.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi mfundo monga kusakhazikika kwa zigawo zina za mafuta. Mwachitsanzo, kuti mupeze A-95, mpweya wa propane kapena wa butane umawonjezeredwa ku A-92, womwe umasinthasintha pakapita nthawi. GOSTs amafuna mafuta kuti asunge katundu wake kwa zaka zisanu, koma izi sizichitika nthawi zonse. Mutha kuwonjezera mafuta A-95, omwe amakhala A-92.